Reviews

• Review and Prospects of Chinese Cabbage Breeding for the Past 70 Years in China
• ZHANG Fenglan, SU Tongbing, ZHANG Bin, YU Shuancang, YU Yangjun, ZHANG Deshuang, ZHAO Xiuyun, WANG Weihong, LI Peirong, XIN Xiaoyun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1111-1135. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0048
• Abstract ( 289 ) HTML ( 174 ) PDF (1126KB) ( 174 ) 　　　

• This paper systematically summarizes and presents the significant achievements and research advancements in Chinese cabbage breeding over the past 70 years. It focuses on four major phases of Chinese cabbage breeding in China，the innovation and utilization of Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，innovations and breakthroughs in breeding technologies，and the innovation and promotion of Chinese cabbage varieties. Additionally，the paper analyzes several existing challenges in the development of Chinese cabbage breeding and the seed industry in China. These challenges include the lack of large-scale application of efficient biobreeding technologies，insufficient systematic and in-depth exploration and evaluation of superior germplasm resources，severe homogeneity of varieties，substantial gaps between certain cropping types and foreign varieties，the need for further enhancement of research and development capabilities in seed enterprises，the preliminary formation of vegetable seed production base layout，steady improvement in seed quality，and the necessity for further enhancements in seed processing and treatment technologies. The paper proposes future directions for the Chinese cabbage seed industry，focusing on efficient breeding technologies，breeding objectives，seed production，and the improvement of seed quality.

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• Research Progress on Bolting Resistance Traits in Chinese Cabbage
• ZHANG Meidi, MA Ming, LI Xiaonan, JIANG Mingliang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1136-1158. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1017
• Abstract ( 188 ) HTML ( 96 ) PDF (1544KB) ( 96 ) 　　　

• Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）is an important vegetable crop in China，however，premature bolting has become a major limiting factor for its production in high-altitude areas during summer and in northern regions during spring，and the development of bolting-resistant varieties has emerged as a crucial objective in Chinese cabbage breeding. This article reviews the research on the influencing factors of Chinese cabbage bolting traits，the genetic inheritance patterns of bolting resistance traits，the functional identification of bolting resistance genes，and the current status of bolting resistance breeding，the review aims to provide valuable references for the breeding of bolting-resistant cultivars and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying bolting resistance in Chinese cabbage.

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• Review and Prospects of Cauliflower Breeding During the Past 50 Years in China
• SUN Deling, YAO Xingwei, CHEN Rui, YANG Yingxia, SHAN Xiaozheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1159-1179. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0177
• Abstract ( 105 ) HTML ( 45 ) PDF (888KB) ( 45 ) 　　　

• This article systematically reviews the research progress and achievements in Chinese cauliflower breeding over the past five decades，focusing on breakthroughs in germplasm resource collection，identification，evaluation，utilization，and innovation；critical gene discovery and functional characterization；modern molecular breeding；and new cultivar development. By integrating domestic and international germplasm resources，distinctive regional varieties（e.g.，Fujian，Guangdong，Wenzhou，and Shanghai types）and European/Japanese germplasm types have been established，significantly enhancing the genetic diversity of Chinese cauliflower. Breakthroughs in haploid breeding，genomics，and molecular marker-assisted breeding technologies have enabled the creation of key germplasm resources with disease resistance，stress tolerance，high quality，and male sterility，driving the cultivation of mainstream commercial cultivars. Breeding strategies have evolved through three phases：conventional breeding，utilization of self-incompatibility lines，and application of male sterile lines，progressively establishing a modern commercial breeding system and achieving seed-source independence. However，challenges persist，including insufficient elite germplasm reserves，inadequate exploration of core genes，cultivar homogenization，and limited stress resistance. functionalization and quality enhancement，the breeding of multi-resistant and broadly adaptable varieties，the advancement of mechanization-compatible and simplified cultivation practices，as well as the development of small-sized and diversified cultivars. Concurrently，enhancing germplasm resource sharing and molecular breeding technologies will be critical to address climate change and meet industrial upgrading demands.

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• Progress and Prospects of Mustard（Brassica juncea）Breeding in China
• WAN Zhengjie, FU Wenyuan, YU Changchun, CHENG Fei, GUO Liping, CHENG Qiqi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1180-1188. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1009
• Abstract ( 106 ) HTML ( 42 ) PDF (753KB) ( 42 ) 　　　

• Since the“14th Five-Year Plan”period，the breeding process of mustard vegetables in China has accelerated，and significant breakthroughs have been made in new cultivar cultivation and breeding technology，providing important technical support for the construction of mustard seed sources and the upgrading of cultivars in China. This article primarily reviews the three generations of mustard cultivars in China since the 1950s，transitioning from local varieties，conventional varieties to first-generation hybrid cultivars. It also outlines the development of mustard breeding technology in China，evolving from farmer-saved seeds，systematic breeding，sexual hybridization breeding，utilization of heterosis to biotechnology breeding. Addressing key technical issues in China’s mustard industry，this article envisions future directions and goals for mustard breeding，aiming to provide robust technical support and theoretical foundations for the high-quality development of China’s mustard industry. It offers new insights for cultivating high-quality，multi-resistant，widely adaptable，and machine-friendly specialized mustard cultivars.

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• Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding in Brassica juncea
• SHA Tongyun, LI Zhangping, HU Zhongyuan, ZHANG Mingfang, YANG Jinghua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1189-1212. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0083
• Abstract ( 109 ) HTML ( 50 ) PDF (3322KB) ( 50 ) 　　　

• Brassica juncea，an important allopolyploid of the U's triangle model of Brassicaceae，exhibits abundant genetic variation，with vegetable-used B. juncea displaying characteristics of fresh and processing mixed main vegetables in China. This article provided a comprehensive review of the origin，domestication，genome resources and the mechanism of subgenome asymmetric evolution in allopolyploid B. juncea，which contributes to the phenotypic variations. It also provided an update on functional gene mining and molecular breeding for important traits，such as shoot branching，tumida stem formation，disease resistance，quality，and cytoplasmic male sterility. Finally，new considerations and prospects are proposed for the exploration of complex traits using big data analytics and the establishment of high-throughput molecular design breeding systems in B. juncea.

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• Multi-omics Approaches to Improve the Studies on the Mechanisms of Clubroot Resistance in Brassica Hosts
• ZHENG Jingyi, LI Xiaonan, PIAO Zhongyun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1213-1232. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0153
• Abstract ( 89 ) HTML ( 26 ) PDF (1402KB) ( 26 ) 　　　

• Clubroot，caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin，is a soil-borne pathogen that has emerged as one of the most devastating diseases in global Brassica crop production. Notably，the geographical distribution of infected areas has exhibited a significant expansion trend in recent years. Therefore，systematically elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of P. brassicae and the regulatory mechanisms of host immune response networks in Brassica species is critical for breeding resistant cultivars and establishing integrated disease management systems. Currently，leveraging breakthroughs in high-throughput sequencing technologies and the exponential growth of multi-omics data，researchers have unveiled the molecular atlas of the P. brassicae-Brassica host interaction interface from multidimensional perspectives. This review comprehensively synthesizes key advancements in the field，with a focus on the pivotal role of integrated multi-omics approaches in deciphering the pathogen’s biological characteristics，genetic mapping of resistance genes，and decoding host-pathogen interaction mechanisms. The findings aim to provide theoretical foundations and technical pathways for developing targeted molecular breeding strategies and innovative disease control strategies against clubroot.

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• Research Overview and Prospects of the Downy Mildew in Cruciferous Vegetables
• LIANG Yahan, ZHANG Shujiang, LI Fei, ZHANG Shifan, ZHANG Hui, SUN Rifei, LI Guoliang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1233-1250. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0525
• Abstract ( 98 ) HTML ( 43 ) PDF (894KB) ( 43 ) 　　　

• In order to systematically and effectively prevent downy mildew in cruciferous vegetables, this study summarized previous studies，including the research progress of pathogenic bacteria（origin and distribution，characteristics and types of downy mildew，genome sequencing，harmful symptoms，transmission route），the resistance of cruciferous vegetables to downy mildew （resistance source screening，resistance gene mapping，molecular marker development，resistance mechanism），the control of downy mildew of cruciferous vegetables（resistant variety selection，cultivation technology，chemical control，biological control，intelligent control），and future research prospects for the resistance of cruciferous crops to downy mildew.

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• Advances in Genomics and Molecular Breeding in Radish
• CHU Wenlong, ZHANG Xiaoli, XU Liang, WANG Yan, LIU Liwang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1251-1270. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0367
• Abstract ( 113 ) HTML ( 57 ) PDF (3840KB) ( 57 ) 　　　

• With the rapid development of genomics and biotechnology，the genetic improvement of radish has transformed from conventional breeding to the stages of molecular design breeding and intelligent breeding. This article systematically reviews the latest progress in the research of radish nuclear genome，pan-genome and cytoplasmic genome. Focusing on the main breeding objectives，the molecular basis related to formation and thickening of radish taproot，resistances to main diseases and abiotic stresses，quality，bolting and male sterility were discussed，and their applications in the field of molecular breeding were also discussed. Based on the genomic information and the molecular basis of traits，the theoretical framework of the“Precise and Intelligent Breeding”strategy is further proposed. Multi-omics data were integrated for comprehensive analysis to reveal the regulatory mechanism of complex traits. Strengthening the research on Speed breeding，establishing a precise and intelligent breeding technology system from the interaction of genotype-phenotype-environment to design breeding，which would provide theoretical and technical support for the collaborative genetic improvement of yield，resistance and quality of Brassicaceae vegetable crops including radish.

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Genetic & Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Biology

• Brassica Interspecies Hybridization and Polymerization Creates New Materials for High Resistance to Clubroot
• JIANG Shunshun, CHU Mengyu, YANG Jinxi, GAO Mengjie, FANG Zhiguo, WU Lei, REN Xuesong, LI Qinfei, SONG Hongyuan, SI Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1271-1284. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0913
• Abstract ( 73 ) HTML ( 31 ) PDF (5433KB) ( 31 ) 　　　

• Cabbage 9LQ（CRb）was carried out with Chinese cabbage 8574（CRd）and turnip ECD4（PbBa8.1）by distantly hybridized combined embryo rescue technology，and the hybrid progeny was selected by molecular marker-assisted selection，and a total of 7 strains containing two resistance sites（two antibody materials）were screened，and the morphology and pollen vigor identification showed that the hybrid progeny were different from the parents，9LQ × ECD4 could not produce pollen，and the pollen fertility of 8574 × ECD4 was normal. A total of 27 hybrid progeny were obtained by hybridization with Z3（CRb^kato）with amphibiotic materials，and 4 strains containing 3 resistance sites（tri-antibody materials）were screened out by molecular marker-assisted selection，and the morphological and pollen vigor identification showed that the morphological characteristics of the hybrid progeny were different，the pollen fertility of 3R-9，3R-10 and 3R-19 was 100%，and the expression of 3R-26 was partially sterile. A total of 8 hybrid progeny were obtained by hybridizing the triplicate material with 9LQ，and four pairs of primers B0902，Yau389，A08-300 and OA were used for molecular marker-assisted selection，and one strain containing four resistance sites（4R-6）was successfully screened，and morphological identification showed that the quadruple antibody material grew robustly and the leaves began to have ball-setting traits. The identification of resistance to clubroot showed that the four resistant materials showed excellent resistance to the physiological races of Plasmodiophora brassicae from many regions.

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• Development and Application of VEGMarkerDB：a Molecular Marker Database for Brassica Vegetable Crops
• YANG Baoju, HE Xiaoning, CHEN Haixu, CAI Xu, HOU Jiawei, LI Yufang, WANG Hui, WANG Xiaowu, WU Jian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1285-1300. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0204
• Abstract ( 70 ) HTML ( 23 ) PDF (3855KB) ( 23 ) 　　　

• As a direct characterization of genetic polymorphisms at DNA level，molecular markers have important application value in vegetable genetic research. Aiming at the problems of complex operation and low efficiency of primer design in existing molecular marker analysis tools，in this study，VEGMarkerDB，a molecular marker database for Brassica vegetables，was developed based on SNP and InDel markers with integrated data storage and high-throughput primers design. The system adopts B/S architecture，builds back-end services based on Django framework，and combines MySQL database management system. Resequencing data and VCF variation files of cabbage（Brassica rapa），cabbage（B. oleracea），rapeseed（B. napus）and mustard（B. juncea）were integrated. The database provides mutation site retrieval services，which can be queried according to the location of chromosomes to realize the rapid location of molecular marker information. This system provides real-time feedback on candidate primer parameters（e.g.，Tm value，GC content，amplicon length）via an interactive visual interface，while automatically generating standardized experimental reports. Experimental validation using laboratory materials demonstrated a KASP primer design success rate exceeding 95%. The system’s technical innovations include：(1) Establishment of an integrated management platform for multispecies molecular marker resources in Brassica vegetables；(2) Implementation of web-based parallel primer design architecture；(3) Development of a closed-loop optimization mechanism integrating experimental validation with algorithmic refinement. As a modular technical platform accessible at VEGMarkerDB（vegmarker.top/），this system not only advances molecular breeding research in vegetable crops but also demonstrates extensibility to other agricultural systems through its adaptable framework.

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• Preliminary Transcriptome Analysis of Folate Synthesis and Metabolism in Cabbage
• ZHANG Yue, FENG Yiliao, WANG Bei, REN Wenjing, JIANG Chunyu, ZHAO Xinyu, WANG Caihong, YANG Limei, ZHUANG Mu, LÜ Honghao, WANG Yong, ZHANG Yangyong, JI Jialei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1301-1316. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0045
• Abstract ( 112 ) HTML ( 72 ) PDF (5443KB) ( 72 ) 　　　

• A targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the folate composition and content of 127 cabbage inbred lines. The main folate components in cabbage were identified as 5-methyl- tetrahydrofolate（60%-80% of the total）and 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate（15%-25% of the total）. Early-maturing，round-headed high-folate inbred line Q428 and low-folate inbred line Q372 were selected for further study. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Q428 and Q372 identified 10 305 differentially expressed genes，with 5 178 genes upregulated and 5 127 genes downregulated in Q428. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were associated with processes such as photosynthesis，light harvesting，protein-chromophore interactions，and chlorophyll binding. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these genes were primarily involved in carbon metabolism，amino acid biosynthesis，and starch and sucrose metabolism.Through a collinearity analysis with 24 Arabidopsis folate biosynthesis genes，a total of 57 folate-related genes were identified in cabbage，of which 12 key genes showed significant differential expression between Q428 and Q372. Compared to Q372，the expression levels of BoGCHI，genes associated with the GDC complex（BoGCSH，BoGCSL，BoGCSP，BoGCST），BoMTHFR，and BoSHMT1a were significantly upregulated in Q428，while the expression of BoGGH was significantly downregulated. The differential expression of these genes is preliminarily hypothesized to be a key factor affecting the folate content in cabbage，and these genes could serve as molecular targets for manipulating folate content in cabbage through biotechnological breeding techniques.

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• Enhancing Ascorbic Acid Content in Non-heading Chinese Cabbage Using Gene Editing Technology
• WANG Wenlong, LIU Zhaokun, LU Wenjun, WANG Yaolong, LI Xiaofeng, ZHU Hongfang, LIU Tongkun, LI Ying, HOU Xilin, ZHANG Changwei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1317-1325. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0036
• Abstract ( 93 ) HTML ( 28 ) PDF (2597KB) ( 28 ) 　　　

• To increase the ascorbic acid content in non-heading Chinese cabbage，the variety‘Yellow Rose’was used as the experimental material. Targeting the uORF sequence of the GGP gene in non-heading Chinese cabbage，a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing vector was constructed. Through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation，four different gene-edited types of the GGP gene uORF in‘Yellow Rose’were obtained. The ascorbic acid content was measured in the T₁ generation homozygous green plants of the regenerated edited lines，showing a 26.2% to 67.1% increase compared to empty vector transgenic regenerated plants. This study provides a foundation for applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system in gene editing and molecular breeding research in non-heading Chinese cabbage.

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• Characterisation and Phylogeny of the Chloroplast Genome of Wucai（Brassica campestir）
• WANG Yulong, ZHU Zhenxi, ZHANG Haoying, LI Yu, CHEN Kejia, WANG Chenggang, HOU Jinfeng, CHEN Guohu, TANG Xiaoyan, WANG Wenjie, WU Jianqiang, YUAN Lingyun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1326-1340. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0880
• Abstract ( 82 ) HTML ( 22 ) PDF (4078KB) ( 22 ) 　　　

• The chloroplast genome of Wucai（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen）was assembled and annotated by high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of Wucai（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen）was a tetrameric ring structure with a total length of 153 483 bp，containing a large single-copy region（LSC，83 282 bp），a small single-copy region（SSC，17 775 bp），and an inverted repeat region（IRs，26 213 bp）. A total of 132 genes，including 87 protein-coding genes，8 rRNA genes and 37 tRNA genes，were obtained from the annotation of the Wucai chloroplast genome，and the codon preference analysis showed a clear A／U preference. In addition，28 repetitive structures and 90 SSR variant sites were identified in the Wucai chloroplast genome，and six highly mutated regions were identified by sliding window analysis. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Wucai was located in the same branch with Brassica（B. rapa subsp. pekinensis，B. rapa，B. juncea，B. oleracea and B. napus）and was most closely related to B. pekinensis.

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• Functional Identification and Expression Analysis of BjuSPL10 in Regulating Brassica juncea Bolting and Flowering
• ZHAO Yiman, LI Jingfei, TANG Zhuoran, GE Jiaxing, WEI Dayong, WANG Zhimin, ZOU Jiaqi, TANG Qinglin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1341-1350. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0835
• Abstract ( 114 ) HTML ( 76 ) PDF (3813KB) ( 76 ) 　　　

• In this study，the BjuSPL10 gene was cloned from Brassica juncea. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BjuSPL10 gene was different in different parts of Brassica juncea，and the expression level was the highest in flowers. Subcellular localization revealed that BjuSPL10 protein was localized in the nucleus. Subsequently，the BjuSPL10 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Brassica juncea. The results showed that BjuSPL10 could significantly promote bolting and flowering in transgenic lines，and increase the expression level of flowering integrator BjuSOC1 gene. Furthermore，yeast one-hybrid and luciferase assays showed that the BjuSPL10 protein directly interacted with the promoter of BjuSOC1 gene，then enhanced its expression level.

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Genetic & Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Biology

• Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of the Fertility Restoration Gene for NWB-CMS in Radish（Raphanus sativus）
• WANG Qingbiao, WANG Yanping, WU Xiangyu, CHEN Ningjie, CHI Ting, HUA Dingzhu, GE Ailing, GUO Yu, WEI Lei, ZHANG Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1351-1363. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0116
• Abstract ( 80 ) HTML ( 30 ) PDF (3157KB) ( 30 ) 　　　

• NWB cytoplasmic male sterility（NWB-CMS）in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）represents a novel sterility source distinct from Ogura-CMS and has been widely utilized in hybrid breeding. This study investigated the genetic model underlying fertility restoration of NWB-CMS through extensive genetic testing using ten East Asia big long radish（R. sativus var. hortensis L.）and six European small radish（R.sativus var. sativus L.）and preliminary mapping of restorer fertility genes. Results revealed that fertility-restoring materials predominantly originated from the European small radish subspecies，with varying numbers of restorer genes across different nuclear backgrounds. At least three independent restorer loci were identified for NWB-CMS. In the F₂ segregating population derived from the cross between sterile line“YB-A” and restorer line“KP”，fertility restoration followed a genetic model controlled by one major gene and multiple minor-effect genes. Bulk segregant analysis localized the restorer genes to chromosomal regions Chr1:32.5-33.7 Mb（Rfn1.1），Chr9:12.2-13.3 Mb（Rfn9.1），and Chr4:16.7-18.6 Mb（Rfn4.1），31.9-33.1 Mb（Rfn4.2），and 34.3-37.9 Mb（Rfn4.3）. Further analysis of the Rfn4 locus suggested potential large-segment duplications and chromosomal inversions among the three targeted genomic intervals. Molecular markers（Rf-118 etc.）specific to the Rfn4 locus were developed to marker-assisted selection of male-sterile lines and to facilitate precise tracking of the Rfn4 locus，which aid in the screening and localization of additional fertility-restoring loci.

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Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry

• Analysis of Flavor Quality of Chinese Cabbage Yutian Baojian
• XU Xiuxiu, YE Xinyu, SHI Bo, ZHANG Shujiang, ZHANG Shifan, LI Fei, LI Guoliang, SUN Rifei, WANG Shunli, SUN Huagang, ZHANG Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1364-1374. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0009
• Abstract ( 90 ) HTML ( 45 ) PDF (1777KB) ( 45 ) 　　　

• In this study，the sugar components，organic acids，and total free amino acid contents of three different lines of Yutian Baojian were measured and comprehensively evaluated，using the overlapping-leaf Chinese cabbage cultivar‘Zhongbai 61’as a control. The results showed that the glucose，fructose，and ascorbic acid contents of the three different lines of Yutian Baojian were significant higher than those in the control，showing a high-sugar，high-acid，and sweet flavor. A total of 22 free amino acids were measured，and the contents of 8 essential amino acids，9 infant-essential amino acids，and flavor amino acids in Yutian Baojian were significantly higher than those in the control. Among the different lines of Yutian Baojian，the‘Dabaojian 234’belonged to fructose，citric acid，and malic acid cumulative cabbage，with fructose accounting for 57.23%，citric acid and malic acid accounting for 40.12% and 37.41%，respectively. This line exhibited higher sweetness and milder sourness.‘Erbaojian Taqing 07’and ‘Xiaobaojian 07’were types of Chinese cabbage in which glucose and malic acid accumulate. The proportions of glucose were 52.71% and 54.98%，and the proportions of malic acid were 72.44% and 58.44%. In addition，the taste activity values（TAV）of cysteine were 1.84 and 2.17，which endow‘Erbaojian Taqing 07’and‘Xiaobaojian 07’with aromatic characteristics. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between sugar components and organic acids，and the sugar-acid ratio was mainly affected by sugar components. Strong correlations were observed among flavor active amino acids，while their associations with sugars and organic acids were weak.

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Plant Protection

• Identification of Pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae and Study on Green Control in Harbin City
• ZHANG Shuqing, MEN Wanjie, TIAN Tian, CHEN Qiuming, YE Tingyu, YU Hongrui, MA Xinyan, IQBAL Hussain, LEI Na, YU Xiaolin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1375-1388. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-1059
• Abstract ( 110 ) HTML ( 58 ) PDF (2532KB) ( 58 ) 　　　

• Clubroot，caused by the soil-borne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin，is a major challenge for Brassicaceae crops. In this study，using the Williams system and European Clubroot Differential（ECD）series，pathotypes of P. brassicae collected from Acheng District，Wuchang City，and Songbei District in Harbin were identified. Acheng District had the P1 pathotype（ECD31/31/28），and Wuchang City had the P2 pathotype（ECD31/14/31），while the strains from Songbei District didn’t infect the plants in either system. Additionally，to evaluate the effect of crop rotation，the different crops including soybean，pea，potato-onion，garlic and potato as predecessors to Chinese cabbage disease index at the above three sites，quantitative PCR was used to quantify the number of dormant spores in the soil before and after Chinese cabbage cultivation to assess the effect of preceding crop treatments on the dormant spores. The crop rotation experiment shows that pea and potato-onion rotations were particularly effective，significantly reducing both the disease index and the number of dormant spores in the soil，suggesting that crop rotation using these two crops as preceding crops can be a useful strategy for managing clubroot. Furthermore，greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological fungicides and biocontrol agents against Chinese cabbage clubroot disease. In greenhouse experiments，fluazinam proved highly effective，not only inhibiting the disease but also promoting plant growth. These findings make fluazinam a promising solution for managing clubroot in Harbin City so far.

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New Technology and New Method

• Establishment of an Efficient Genetic Transformation System Mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in Turnip
• MA Xi, ZHANG Jinrui, ZHUANG Hongmei, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Mi, YUAN Xiaoqi, YI Xiaofang, WANG Congcong, WANG Haiyun, WANG Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2025, 52(5): 1389-1398. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0140
• Abstract ( 124 ) HTML ( 89 ) PDF (4299KB) ( 89 ) 　　　

• Turnip（Brassica rapa var. rapa L.）has problems such as poor regeneration and low transformation efficiency. The influenced factors including explants type，bacterial infection concentration，infection time，co-cultivation time and acetosyringone（AS）were firstly screened to establish the genetic transformed hairy roots system by Agrobacterium rhizogenes with a white skin turnip variety from Xinjiang Keping. The results showed that 6 d rootless seedlings were selected as explant and the suspension added 200 μmol · L^-1 AS with the bacterial concentration OD₆₀₀ of 0.4 was infected for 12 min. After 36 h co-cultivation，hairy roots were exhibited the highest transformation efficiency in MS bacteriostatic medium with 400 mg · L^-1 carbenicillin，as well as the visual marker RUBY was applied to efficiently screening for transgenic positive hairy roots. Furthermore，based on this system combined with developmental regulators，the stable positive transgenic plants were successfully obtained with a transformation efficiency of 10.61%.The whole process from seed germination，shoot regeneration to rooting could be completed within 3 months.

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