Genetic & Breeding · Germplasm Resources · Molecular Biology

• Interaction Between the Coat Protein of Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus and Two E3 Ubiquitin Ligases of Pear and Their Subcellular Localization
• QIU Hui, ZHU Dejuan, ZHANG Yongle, GAO Yujie, LI Liu, WANG Guoping, and HONG Ni,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1715-1727. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0967
• Abstract ( 112 ) HTML ( 126 ) PDF (3632KB) ( 126 ) 　　　
• Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus（ACLSV）possesses a positive single stranded RNA and widely infects pear and other fruit trees. The coat protein（CP）of the virus functions in the viral pathogenesis. In order to gain a deep understanding of the interaction characteristics between the virus and its host plants，a yeast two hybrid（Y2H）assay was carried out by using pGBKT7-CP（expressing ACLSV CP）as a bait vector to screen pear proteins in a cDNA library of pear‘Hongxiangsu’，and 33 host factors potentially interacting with ACLSV CP were identified. Furthermore，the interaction relationships between CP and two RING type E3 ubiquitin ligases（named MIEL and BOI）from pear were confirmed by both Y2H and bimolecular fluorescence complementation（BiFC）assays. In BiFC assays，the interaction signal of CP with BOI located at plasmodesma and nucleus，which was similar to the subcellular locations of the two proteins. The interaction signal of CP with MIEL located at endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus，which was similar to the subcellular locations of MIEL. The truncated mutants of the three proteins were constructed. In Y2H assays，only MIEL mutant containing the zf CHY domain（1–99 aa）interacted with CP，and other MIEL mutants and all BOI mutants failed to interact with CP，and all CP mutants cannot interact with the two host proteins.
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• Screening of Ziziphus jujuba‘Hupingzao’Fruit Coloring Substances and Their Related Genes
• LI Jie, WU Chao, JIA Xiangqian, and WANG Juan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1728-1742. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0527
• Abstract ( 88 ) HTML ( 74 ) PDF (3212KB) ( 74 ) 　　　
• The white ripening，semi-red and whole red fruits of Ziziphus jujuba‘Hupingzao’as materials，the contents of the main pigment substances in the peel were determined and transcriptome sequencing was carried out to elaborate the changes of coloring genes in the peel of jujube at the molecular level. The results showed that after the white ripening period，the anthocyanin content of jujube peel began to decrease significantly. In the three periods，the flavonoid content of jujube peel decreased significantly. The chlorophyll content did not change much from the white maturity stage to the semi-red stage，and decreased significantly at the full red stage. The content of carotenoids was relatively stable in the veraison stage. Flavonoids，anthocyanins，carotenoids and chlorophyll are the coloring substances of jujube peel，and the anthocyanins are divided into six types：delphinidin，cyanidin，petunidin，malvidin，peonidin and pelargonidin. According to the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis in transcriptome sequencing，the number of differential genes in flavonoids，anthocyanins，flavonoids and flavonols，carotenoids and porphyrin metabolic pathways were 35，22，6，30 and 38，respectively. Among them，the white anthocyanidin reductase gene（LOC107429483），transcription factor gene MYC2（LOC107430586）and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene（LOC107420289）played a major role in the coloring of jujube peel，and β-carotene hydroxylase gene（LOC107414761）was the key gene affecting carotenoid synthesis. The chloroplast A oxygenase gene（LOC107410684）in porphyrin metabolism is a key gene affecting total chlorophyll content.
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• Screening of Kiwifruit Canker Resistance-Related Genes Based on the Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Hybrids from Actinidia chinensis
• KUANG Meimei, LI Li, MA Jianwei, LIU Yuan, JIANG Hongfei, LEI Rui, MAN Yuping, WANG Yifan, HUANG Bo, WANG Yanchang, and LIU Shibiao,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1743-1757. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0593
• Abstract ( 77 ) HTML ( 47 ) PDF (4476KB) ( 47 ) 　　　
• Kiwifruit bacterial canker is a devastating disease in the kiwifruit industry，causing huge losses to the industry. Great differences in resistance are found in materials with different genetic background. To study the early response of kiwifruit to canker and to explore the genes related to resistance，transcriptome sequencing and comparative analysis was performed on the resistant‘21-2-4’ and the susceptible‘19-3-11’in the offspring of Actinidia chinensis‘Jinnong’× male after 6 h and 24 h inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae（Psa）. The results showed that the defense of‘21-2-4’and‘19-3-11’against Psa mainly focused on 24 h and 6 h respectively. KEGG analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in the primary and secondary metabolic pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction，phenylpropanoid biosynthesis，starch and sucrose metabolism. Gene expression patterns in resistant and susceptible materials were compared，and possible candidate genes in disease- esistant pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction，plant hormone signal transduction，and phenylpropane biosynthesis were screened. By using the resistant‘Jinnong’and susceptible‘Hongsheng’，the genes screened were verified by qRT-PCR，and then PR1（Acc06864/Acc06865/Acc06866）and FLS2（Acc06484）were selected as candidate genes for further study.
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• Transcription Metabolic Mechanism of Humic Acid Biodegradable Plastic Film to Improving the Fruit Quality of Tomato in the Greenhouse
• HAN Ying, DUAN Ying, NIU Yijie, LI Yansu, HE Chaoxing, SUN Mintao, WANG Jun, LI Qiang, CHEN Shuangchen, and YAN Yan,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1758-1772. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0116
• Abstract ( 46 ) HTML ( 32 ) PDF (3989KB) ( 32 ) 　　　
• Humic acid biodegradable plastic film is a new type of biodegradable plastic film that has received widespread attention due to its significant improvement in the soil quality of facility cultivation and the increase in tomato quality. To investigate the effects and regulatory mechanisms of humic acid biodegradable plastic film on the quality and nutritional components of tomato fruits，this study used facility tomato‘Tiancuicui’as the experimental material，flavor sensory evaluation was conducted on mature tomato fruits treated with PBAT/PLA ordinary degradable plastic film（PT）and humic acid biodegradable plastic film（FZS），and the content of soluble sugars，lycopene and other nutrients were measured. PCA，OPLS-DA，KEGG and other analysis methods were used to jointly analyze the transcriptome and GC/LC–MS non targeted metabolomic of ripe fruits. The results showed that FZS treatment significantly reduced the number of thin-walled cells by 28.10%，thickness of epidermis and stratum corneum in tomato fruit by 24.28% and 43.99%，respectively，promoting tomato fruit ripening，increasing soluble sugar and sugar acid ratio，reducing fruit acidity and hardness，and improving fruit quality；transcriptome analysis identified 500 differentially expressed genes，mainly enriched in pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism，glycolysis，and cell wall structure；metabolomic analysis identified 143 differential metabolites，mainly enriched in pathways including butyric acid metabolism，lysine degradation，and ABC transporters；transcription metabolism joint analysis revealed that the impact of FZS on tomato fruit flavor quality is positively regulated by the carbohydrate/energy metabolism pathway，amino acid and hormone transport；the carbohydrate metabolism pathway involved in glucose-6- phosphate，fructose-6-phosphate，and galactose are the main regulatory pathways.
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• Integrated Transcriptomic and Targeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Regulation of Carotenoid Accumulation During Pepper Fruit Development
• DUAN Minjie, LI Yifei, WANG Chunping, YANG Xiaomiao, HUANG Renzhong, HUANG Qizhong, and ZHANG Shicai,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1773-1791. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0374
• Abstract ( 52 ) HTML ( 40 ) PDF (6053KB) ( 40 ) 　　　
• In this study，the fruit of pepper inbred line 1189 during different developmental stages was used to investigate the profiles of carotenoids by combination of metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Transcription factors that may be involved in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis（WGCNA）. A total of 60 carotenoids were identified by targeted metabolome. After analysis，it was found that the main components at young fruit stage and mature green fruit stage were lutein（73.4% and 64.5%）and the lutein contents sharply decreased at color-changed fruit stage. The capsanthin content（32.5%）was highest at red ripe fruit stage and the lutein In this study，the fruit of pepper inbred line 1189 during different developmental stages was used to investigate the profiles of carotenoids by combination of metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Transcription factors that may be involved in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis（WGCNA）. A total of 60 carotenoids were identified by targeted metabolome. After analysis，it was found that the main components at young fruit stage and mature green fruit stage were lutein（73.4% and 64.5%）and the lutein contents sharply decreased at color-changed fruit stage. The capsanthin content（32.5%）was highest at red ripe fruit stage and the lutein
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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of AcGAI in Onion Flowering Regulation
• ZHAO Jingyi, WU Xiaoxu, HU Yunjie, GAI Shuting, ZHU Zhihao, QIN Lei, and WANG Yong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1792-1802. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0385
• Abstract ( 52 ) HTML ( 38 ) PDF (6709KB) ( 38 ) 　　　
• AcGAI of DELLA family was cloned from a long-day ecotype onion inbred line SB2. Sequence analysis showed that the full length of AcGAI coding region was 1 575 bp，which was estimated to encode 524 amino acids. AcGAI has typical DELLA and GRAS domain. qRT-PCR results showed that AcGAI was expressed in the leaves，leaf sheaths，bulbs，flower stems and flowers of onion during the reproductive growth stage，and the expression level was higher in the flowers. AcGAI overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines showed delayed flowering time. AcGAI was heterogeneously overexpressed in the gai and della mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana，and the early flowering phenotypes of the gai and della mutants were inhibited to varying degrees. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of the photoperiodic core gene CO and the flowering regulation key gene FT in AcGAI overexpressed plants，and it was found that the expressions of CO and FT were significantly decreased. AcGAI interact with AcCO by yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation technique. This study suggests that GAI involved in flowering regulation by regulating the expression of CO.
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• Identification and Expression Pattern Analysis of GST in Zingiber officinale
• WANG Yanhong, XI Keyong, TIAN Ye, LIU Deqi, ZHOU Kegui, YIN Junliang, LIU Yiqing, and ZHU Yongxing,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1803-1822. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0384
• Abstract ( 82 ) HTML ( 73 ) PDF (11721KB) ( 73 ) 　　　
• To analyze the information of the glutathione-S-transferase（GST）gene family in ginger （Zingiber officinale Roscoe.），based on ginger genome data，the members and expression patterns of the ZoGST family were identified and analyzed. Furthermore，the expression characteristics of 10 ZoGST under different stress conditions were detected using qRT-PCR. A total of 58 members of the GST family were identified in the ginger genome，encoding proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 110 to 675 aa，molecular weights ranging from 12.21 to 72.51 kD，isoelectric points ranging from 4.55 to 9.51. The phylogenetic tree shows that ZoGST can be divided intoⅠ–Ⅹsubfamilies，with members from the Ⅶ andⅩsubfamilies being the majority. The members of the ZoGST family are distributed on 11 chromosomes，and collinearity analysis shows that there are 6 pairs of segment duplications in this family member. Analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements revealed that the upstream promoter region contains regulatory elements related to light response，stress，and hormone regulation. Transcriptome sequencing data analysis shows that ZoGST has certain tissue expression specificity and responds to stress such as diseases and low temperatures. Among them，ZoGSTDHAR5，ZoGSTF9，ZoGSTF13，etc. are highly expressed in ginger at different growth stages，different parts，low temperatures，and disease stresses. qRT-PCR analysis showed that under salt stress，the expression levels of ZoGSTDHAR2（except for rhizomes），ZoGSTEF1G2，and ZoGSTF9 were significantly downregulated in different tissues of ginger. Under flooding stress，the expression levels of ZoGSTDHAR2 and others were significantly upregulated in leaves and rhizome. Under drought stress，the expression levels of ZoGSTF9 and others were significantly upregulated in roots.
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• Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Collection Construction of Magnolia biondii Germplasm
• QIN Zilu, XU Zhengkang, DAI Xiaogang, and CHEN Yingnan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1823-1832. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0468
• Abstract ( 64 ) HTML ( 36 ) PDF (1459KB) ( 36 ) 　　　
• In this study，genome ploidy levels of 917 Magnolia biondii germplasms collected from Nanzhao Country，Hennan Province were analyzed by using the flow cytometry. Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Magnolia biondii germplasms were investigated by using SSR markers. In addition，simulated annealing algorithm was used to construct a core collection for the M. biondii Pamp. germplasms based on the maximizing genetic diversity（SAGD）and allele maximization（SANA），respectively. The results showed that all the investigated M. biondii Pamp. germplasms were diploids. A total of 57 alleles（Na）were detected by 10 SSR primers，and the average of effective allele number（Ne）was 2.667. The Shannon’s information index（I），the observed heterozygosity（Ho），the expected heterozygosity（He）and the polymorphism information content（PIC）were 1.124，0.422，0.586 and 0.547，respectively，indicating a high genetic diversity in the germplasm resources of M. biondii Pamp. Both genetic structure and cluster analysis analyses indicated that the 917 M. biondii Pamp. germplasms could be divided into four subgroups，and there were obvious genetic exchanges among different subgroups. The genetic parameters of core collection obtained by SAGD were higher than those of SANA，therefore 183 （20% of the original collection）germplasms were selected through the SAGD method to construct the core collection of M. biondii Pamp. The retention rate of Na，Ne，I，Ho and He was 94.74%，105.40%，103.38%，104.27% and 104.61%，respectively. The principal coordinate analysis（PCoA）showed that the core collection constructed by this study was uniformly distributed within the initial collection and had a good representation. The constructed core collection will provide a scientific basis for conservation and utilization of M. biondii Pamp. germplasm resources.
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• Functional Analysis of SoF3′H in the Synthesis of Anthocyanidin in Syringa oblata Petals
• MA Bo, LI Lei, HU Zenghui, LENG Pingsheng, WANG Jinxuan, LENG Zhuo, YANG Yihui, JIA Liming, and WU Jing,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1833-1843. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0587
• Abstract ( 43 ) HTML ( 29 ) PDF (3770KB) ( 29 ) 　　　
• Flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase（F3′H），a key enzyme in the anthocyanidin synthesis pathway，plays an important role in plant flower coloration. In this study，in order to further explore the role of F3'H in flower pigment synthesis in lilac（Syringa oblata），the SoF3'H was cloned，and the protein homology sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree were examined. qRT-PCR in different flower developmental stages and organs was used to analyze the SoF3'H expression patterns. Functional validation was performed by transient silencing and overexpression of the SoF3'H gene in the lilac petals. The promoter of SoF3′H was cloned and analyzed，the yeast one-hybrid assay was performed to verify the binding of SoAN2 and SoF3'H promoter，and the expression patterns of SoAN2 was performed. The results showed that the coding sequence of SoF3′H was 1 587 bp，putatively encoding for 528 amino acids. SoF3′H has a conserved domain of p450 superfamily，belonging to the cytochrome P450 family，and has the highest similarity（82.46%）with Olea europaea. Accompanied with flower development，the petals were discolored and the expression levels of SoF3'H was decreased gradually. In different organs at flower full blossom stage，the highest expression level of SoF3'H was found in corolla lobes，and relatively lower expression occurred in roots，stamens and stems. The silencing of SoF3'H resulted in significant fading of petals and remarkable reduction of anthocyanidin content. Contrarily the overexpression of SoF3'H led to significant coloration of petals and obvious increased of anthocyanidin content. Then，the 2 000 bp long promoter sequence of SoF3'H was cloned，which has MYB binding site. SoAN2，a member of MYB family，was confirmed to bind to this promoter directly and the expression of SoAN2 at different flower development stages tended to decrease. The results further suggested that SoAN2 can promote the expression level of SoF3'H to increase anthocyanidin content regulating petal coloration.
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• Molecular Characterization of the Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus and Cymbidium Chlorotic Mosaic Virus Mix-Infecting Cymbidium hybridum in Yunnan
• JIN Xiaoxiang, YAO Junxi, YIN Yueyan, LI Tingting, GUO Miao, ZHONG Jing, HE Shouxing, CHEN Yue, HE Jiawei, YAN Bo, and DING Ming,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1844-1852. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0555
• Abstract ( 26 ) HTML ( 10 ) PDF (1120KB) ( 10 ) 　　　
• Forty greenhouse-grown orchid samples were collected in Lijiang City，Yunnan Province，China，to assess the presence of viruses. Total RNAs from two samples were extracted and subjected them to high-throughput transcriptome sequencing（HTS）using the Illumina HiSeq platform. BLASTN searches revealed the presence of contigs with high similarities to cymbidium mosaic virus（CymMV），odontoglossum ringspot virus（ORSV），and cymbidium chlorotic mosaic virus（CyCMV）. RT-PCR assays were conducted to confirm the presence of these viruses in the individual collected samples，and 10 samples were found to be mix-infected by ORSV and CyCMV. To further ascertain their molecular characteristics，the complete genomic sequences of the ORSV-DH and CyCMV-DH isolates were cloned. The full-length sequences of the ORSV-DH and CyCMV-DH genomes were determined to be 6 611 nt （GeneBank accession No. OP644547）and 4 083 nt（GeneBank accession No. OP629812），respectively. Sequence alignments revealed that ORSV-DH displayed nucleotide sequence identities of 97.69%– 99.41% with previously reported ORSV isolates，whereas CyCMV-DH showed identities of 89.84%– 98.19% with other CyCMV isolates. Phylogenetic trees of ORSV-DH and CyCMV-DH based on their complete genomic sequences were constructed and showed closely related to the Japanese isolate ORSV-Cy-1（S83257）and the Japanese isolate CyCMV-Japan（NC_027123），respectively.
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Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry

• Effects of Different Temperatures’ Biochar on Soil Fungi Community Structure Under Apple Replantation
• LIU Yinghao, LI Yun, LÜ Weijing, CHEN Ran, JIANG Weitao, YIN Chengmiao, MAO Zhiquan, and WANG Yanfang,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1853-1867. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0187
• Abstract ( 50 ) HTML ( 50 ) PDF (2721KB) ( 50 ) 　　　
• Phenolic acids，such as phlorizin，are one of the important factors that cause apple replant disease. In this study，the effects of biochar with different firing temperatures on the fungi community structure and diversity of apple（Malus hupehensis）replanted soil were studied by pot experiments of apple seedlings in replanted soil. There are eight treatments，which are replant soil（control），and addition of 300 ℃ biochar，400 ℃ biochar，500 ℃ biochar，50 mg • kg-1 phlorizin，300 ℃ biochar + phlorizin，400 ℃ biochar + phlorizin，500 ℃ biochar + phlorizin. After 120 days of pot experiment，the soil fungal communities were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that added biochar could improve the growth of apple seedlings under phlorizin stress，and change the fungal community structure of continuous cropping soil and increase the unique number of soil fungi OUT（operational taxonomic unit）. PCoA analysis and UPGMA cluster analysis showed that soil fungal community structure and diversity with the addition of biochar were significantly different from the control soil. The addition of biochar had a certain impact on the structure and function of soil fungi at different species levels，making the abundance of dominant soil fungi change greatly. The addition of biochar had a certain effect on alleviating continuous cropping obstacles by improving the structure of fungal communities.
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Cultivation Physiology & Biochemistry

• Effect of‘Yanfu 3’Apple Grafted with Different Rootstocks on Absorption and Utilization of 15N-urea
• LI Xujiao, LÜ Qi, YAO Dongdong, ZHAO Fengyun, WANG Xiaofei, and YU Kun,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1868-1880. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0579
• Abstract ( 56 ) HTML ( 40 ) PDF (1382KB) ( 40 ) 　　　
• Soils in Xinjiang are highly saline and poor in organic matter，with unsuitable rootstock grafting leading to yellowing and weakening of apple trees.‘Yanfu 3’apple grafted on Malus micromalus Makino，M. hupehensis Rehd.，and M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer as test materials. The 15N isotope tracer technique was used to conduct the variations in biomass，root morphology（root length，root surface area，and root volume），15N uptake and utilisation，and soil residues among the grafting combination in using fruit tree hole storage bricks. As a whole，the biomass levels were in the order of M. micromalus Makino > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. sievesii （Ledeb.）Roemer；the root-to-crown ratio was in the order of M. sieversii（Ledeb.）Roemer. > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. micromalus Makino；the root morphologyof the three soil depths was in the order of M. micromalus Makino > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. sieversii（Ledeb.）Roemer. M. micromalus Makino had the maximum Ndff and 15N partitioning in leaves，while M. sieversii（Ledeb.）Roemer had the maximum Ndff and 15N partitioning in roots. M. micromalus Makino were of maximum values in total plant N，15N uptake and 15N utilisation. In terms of soil 15N accumulation，the three rootstocks in the 0–45 cm soil layer showed the accumulation of 15N as M. sieversii（Ledeb.）Roemer > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. micromalus Makino. In conclusion，among the three rootstocks，grafted plants of M. micromalus Makino had the greatest plant growth，greatest total plant N and plant 15N use efficiency，with less soil residue adapted to the saline soils in the Xinjiang region.
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Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry

• Studies on the Physiological Indexes and Endogenous Hormones Variation During Flower Development in Michelia crassipes
• GUO Qunyan, LIU Caixian, YU Qiuxiu, ZHANG Hua, and ZHENG Meiting
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1881-1890. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0562
• Abstract ( 52 ) HTML ( 49 ) PDF (2488KB) ( 49 ) 　　　
• To study the physiological changes and endogenous hormones variation during the flower development of Michelia crassipes，the flower buds from green flower bud stage，purple flower bud stage and the first-open stage were collected，to measure the physiological indexes and the variant endogenous hormones. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar，soluble protein，chlorophyll and POD activity were decreased during the development of flower bud. The contents of free proline，malondialdehyde，anthocyanin and SOD activity showed the highest value in purple bud stage. According to the UPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis，a total of 49 hormone substances belonging to 8 classes were detected during the whole developmental process. The flower buds in green flower bud stage accumulated relatively more auxin，salicylic acid（SA）and abscisic acid（ABA），while in purple flower bud stage，the auxin content accounted for the largest proportion of total hormones. The auxin and jasmonic acid（JA）were the predominant hormones in the first-open stage. Additionally，the gibberellin（GA）and ethylene（ETH）contents were increased during the flower development，but the cytokinin（CK）and strigolactones（SLs）contents were decreased. The hormones with significant difference in the content were screened and significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathway. These results indicated that the different physiological activities and hormone interaction patterns worked cooperatively to regulate the flower organs development and anthocyanin accumulation during flower developmental process. Especially，the soluble sugar，soluble protein，auxin，abscisic acid and jasmonic acid might play an important role.
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Cultivation Physiology & Biochemistry

• Establishment of Regeneration in Vitro System of Camellia japonica and Relationship Between Endogenous Hormones and Adventitious Bud Differentiation
• WANG Jianzhao, GAO Yuan, DAO Mei, ZHANG Hongye, YANG Ziyun, CHEN Longqing, and WU Tian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1891-1905. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0621
• Abstract ( 42 ) HTML ( 59 ) PDF (4093KB) ( 59 ) 　　　
• A regeneration system has been established in this study using Camellia japonica leaves as explants. The highest frequency of callus induction（79.19%）was obtained by culturing the leaf explants on the MS media containing 5.0 mg • L-1 6-BA，0.1 mg • L-1 2,4-D，5.0 mg • L-1 PVP and 3% sucrose. Differentiated adventitious buds were generated by directly transferring the explants to the condition of light（12 h • d-1）. The frequency of adventitious buds generation was 51.32%. Consequently，adventitious roots were induced from these buds using 1/8MS media containing 0.5 mg • L-1 IBA，1.0 mg • L-1 PVP and 2% sucrose. The highest frequency of root induction was 50%. The C. japonica seedlings rate was 66.67%. The endogenous hormone levels in the tissue-cultured materials were detected using LC–MS/MS. The results demonstrated that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway，zeatin biosynthesis pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway were changed in the callus with ability to differentiate adventitious buds. Among all the endogenous hormones detected，a total of 30 were down-regulated（90.9%），only three hormones showed up-regulation. The endogenous hormone levels largely determined the induction of callus and differentiation of adventitious buds of C. japonica explants grown under the same culture conditions.
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Plant Protection

• Resistance of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complexes from Grape to Azoxystrobin
• YANG Jinghui, XU Yuan, XIAO Ting, CHU Shupin, LIU Jixiang, and YAO Kebing,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1906-1912. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0494
• Abstract ( 36 ) HTML ( 31 ) PDF (738KB) ( 31 ) 　　　
• The sensitivity and resistance molecular mechanism of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complexes（CGSC）derived from the hilly area of Jiangsu Province to azoxystrobin were studied. Employing the methods of spore germination and discriminative dose（a concentration that fully inhibits mycelial growth of the sensitive strains），the effective inhibition medium concentration values（inhibits mycelia growth by 50% relative to the control，EC50）to azoxystrobin and sensitivity types of 51 single spore isolates of CGSC（C. aenigma，C. viniferum and C. fructicola）were identified. The field control efficacy test inoculated with conidia suspension of sensitive，resistant and mixed strains（the resistant strain and sensitive strain with the same conidia concentration were mixed in equal volume）was used to evaluate the epidemic of fungicides resistance of CGSC. Furthermore，the molecular mechanisms of azoxystrobin were determined by the sequence analysis of the target gene（mitochondrial cytochrome b，CYTB）. Among the 27 strains of C. aenigma and 16 strains of C. viniferum，20 and 14 strains were sensitive to axoxystrobin，with EC50 values of 0.0388（0.0150–0.0770）and 0.0614（0.0213–0.0906）mg • L-1，respectively，while the EC50 values of resistant strains were greater than 100 mg • L-1. All the C. fructicola strains were resistant and their EC50 values were greater than 100 mg • L-1. Field inoculated test of azoxystrobin at twice recommended field dose（250 mg • L-1）against resistant strains have lost the control efficacy（control efficacy 7.11%）. Sequence analysis of target gene（CYTB）showed that all resistant strains harbored G143A（Glycine substituted by Alanine）point mutation in CYTB. The CYTB can be divided into two types based on whether there are partial deletions in the sequence of the intro adjoining after the G143 amino acid position. The sensitivity of different species in CGSC to azoxystrobin exhibits heterogeneity. The prevalence of resistant populations was the main factor leading to a decrease in field control effectiveness. The genotype of resistance to azoxystrobin of CGSC belonged to the point mutation of single base of target gene，which resulted in the substitution of amino acids，i.e. G143A，and no other genotypes of point mutations were found in this research.
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• Effect of Rhizosphere Microorganisms Induced by Potato-Onion on Tomato Root-Knot Nematode Disease
• GONG Xiaoya, LI Xian, ZHOU Xingang, and WU Fengzhi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1913-1926. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0306
• Abstract ( 22 ) HTML ( 14 ) PDF (2692KB) ( 14 ) 　　　
• High-throughput sequencing and plant-soil feedback were used in this study，the effect of potato-onion companion induced tomato rhizosphere microorganisms on the tomato toot-knot nematode disease，soil microbial community structure and induced resistance were studied. The results showed that potato-onion companion induce the tomato rhizosphere microorganisms to decreased the tomato disease index，root-knot number and root-knot index and increased the Meloidogyne incognita egg hatching and the lethality rate. Under root-knot nematode stress，the Bacillus and Pseudomonas relative abundance were increased in tomato rhizosphere. Meanwhile，potato-onion companion changes tomato rhizosphere microbes enhanced systemic resistance by increasing expression of resistance-related genes，defense enzyme activity and JAs activity. In conclusion，potato-onion companion with tomato changed tomato rhizosphere microorganisms not only has direct inhibition effect on root-knot nematode，but also enhances resistance to root-knot nematode by inducing resistance.
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Reviews

• Advances in the CRISPR/Cas DNA-Free Genome Editing in Plant
• LU Di, HU Chunhua, SHENG Ou, YANG Qiaosong, DOU Tongxin, HE Weidi, DENG Guiming, GAO Huijun, LIU Siwen, LI Chunyu, DONG Tao, YI Ganjun, and BI Fangcheng,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1927-1948. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0894
• Abstract ( 61 ) HTML ( 52 ) PDF (1761KB) ( 52 ) 　　　
• CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology has become an important tool for the genetic improvement of crops. However，common genome editing methods of Agrobacterium-mediated or particle bombardment delivery DNA can lead to the integration of exogenous vector fragments into the plant genome，raising consumer concerns about its potential biosafety. At present，some plants have established DNA-free genome editing systems，but there are problems such as low delivery efficiency，low editing efficiency，and regeneration difficulties. In this review，the advances in the establishment and application of plant CRISPR/Cas DNA-free genome editing system were summaried from three aspects：the vector elements，delivery methods and the commonly used editing strategy. The main existing problems and future perspectives were discussed.
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• The Role of Light and Temperature Related Genes Alternative Splicing in Regulating Plant Flowering Time
• WEN Songqin, LI Jialin, CHI Zhuoheng, XIA Yan, WANG Shuming, WU Di, HAO Yawen, GUO Qigao, LIANG Guolu, and JING Danlong,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1949-1963. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0946
• Abstract ( 53 ) HTML ( 38 ) PDF (1388KB) ( 38 ) 　　　
• Alternative splicing（AS）is a powerful method to regulate gene transcription during plant growth and development. In plants，many genes undergo alternative splicing，and alternative splicing of genes that control flowering time is influenced by light and temperature signals. In this article，the types of alternative splicing，the molecular mechanism of variable splicing，and the properties and functions of alternative splicing of genes in regulating flowering time under seasonal light and temperature changes were focused on studying，with the aim of understanding the mechanism to improve the splicing of gene variables involved in the regulation of flowering time in plants and to provide a new idea for studying the mechanism of regulation of plant growth and development.
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• Research Progress on Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Alleviate Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Horticultural Crops
• LI Yadi, WANG Hanxiang, HU Baigeng, YANG Hui, HU Xinxi, XIONG Xingyao, and WANG Wanxing,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1964-1976. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0981
• Abstract ( 57 ) HTML ( 45 ) PDF (1018KB) ( 45 ) 　　　
• Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can change the morphological or physiological characteristics of plants by fixing nitrogen，solubilizing phosphorus，solubilizing potassium，generating iron carriers，secreting secondary metabolites and phytohormones，and regulating plant stress resistance genes to increase the utilization rate of nutrients in plants and thus improve the yield，quality，and stress resistance of plants. The research progress of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in enhacing the resistance of horticultural crops to drought，extreme temperature，heavy metals and salt stress，and theprospects and directions of their application are outlined.
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New Cultivars

• A New Medium and Late Ripening Table Grape Cultivar‘Jinguang’
• HAN Bin, LIU Changjiang, YIN Yonggang, SUN Yan, JIA Nan, ZHAO Shengjian, GUO Zijuan, and LI Minmin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1977-1978. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1211
• Abstract ( 41 ) HTML ( 51 ) PDF (1010KB) ( 51 ) 　　　
• ‘Jin Guang’is a late-ripening table grape cultivar through‘Kyoho’self crossing. Its average fruit weight is 738.8 g，and the average single berry weight is 12.0 g. The berry is oval and yellow to green. The pulp is crisp and more fruit juices，and it has strawberry flavor. The soluble solids content is more than 18.0%，the titratable acid content is 0.58%. It had a high yield（22 700 kg • hm-2）and long shelf life. It is harvested in late September in Changli County，Hebei Province. Moreover，it is suitable for cultivation in the greenhouse and the open field in ares such as Beijing，Tianjin and Hebei.
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• A New Hybrid Wax Gourd Cultivar‘Yacui 1’
• JIANG Biao, XIE Dasen, LIU Wenrui, YAN Jinqiang, WANG Min, He Xiaoming, PENG Qingwu, LIN Yu’e, Liang Zhaojun, and CHEN Lin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1979-1980. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1017
• Abstract ( 28 ) HTML ( 28 ) PDF (1262KB) ( 28 ) 　　　
• ‘Yacui 1’is a high quality hybrid of wax gourd with wax powder，with inbred lines P128 and H3 as female and male parent，respectively. The fruit is in short cylinder shape，with no furrow or shallow furrow. The pericarp color is green，and the fruit surface is covered with thick powder. The single fruit weight is about 2.5 kg. The fruit is 27.0 cm in length，12.3 cm in diameter，and about 3.9 cm in flesh thickness. The flesh is dark green，and firm with compactness ratio of 0.952 g • cm-3. The content of soluble solid is about 4.2%. In the field，it showed moderate resistance to Fusarium wilt and virus disease. It takes 103 days from sowing to harvest in spring，and the yield is about 60 800 kg • hm-2. ‘Yacui 1’is suitable for planting in the spring and autumn seasons in southern China.
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• A New Magnolia Cultivar‘Qinhe’
• YAN Huiling, WANG Yaling, LI Renna, YE Wei, and FAN Lu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(8): 1981-1982. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1061
• Abstract ( 31 ) HTML ( 21 ) PDF (1290KB) ( 21 ) 　　　
• The new Magnolia Cultivar‘Qinhe’was obtained by artificial hybridization between M. liliiflora‘Hong Yuanbao’and M. virdula. Each single flower has perianth segments 9–11 and the shape is obovate，with dark purple powder on the outer surface（RHS colour chart 66D）and very light purple on the inner surface（RHS colour chart 73D）. The flower bud has terminal and axillary.
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