Using diphenylboric acid 2-amino ethyl ester（DPBA），a flavonol fluorescent dye，and a laser scanning confocal microscope（LSCM），we found that an increase of flavonol fluorescence appeared in the guard cells of the abaxial epidermis of detached leaves of apple（Malus ´ domestica Korkh.‘Fuji’），especially around the nucleus，after 5-ALA pretreatment for 2–4 h. 5-ALA pretreatment also inhibited ABA-induced stomatal closure，which was inseparably related to the reduction of the reaction oxygen species（ROS）accumulation. Coincidently，pretreatment of quercetin or kaempferol，two kinds of natural flavonols，also inhibited stomatal closure induced by ABA，and meanwhile decreased ROS content in the guard cells of apple leaves. Furthermore，the exogenous flavonols eliminated the effect of H₂O₂ that induced stomatal closure in apple leaves. Together with these above，it can be deduced that 5-ALA-induced stomatal opening is associated with its up-regulation of flavonol levels in guard cells，which then eliminates ROS levels. Therefore，flavonols are involved in stomatal regulation induced by 5-ALA in apple leaves.

In order to further reveal and perfect the theoretical basis of micro-environment regulation mode，twelve-year-old‘Red Fuji’apple trees（rootstock Malus ´ hupehensis Rehd.）in field were used to study the changing of the soil physical property，soil fertility，soil enzyme activities，root activity and root architecture. The results indicated that，compared with the normal fertilization management，the treatment of micro-environment regulation decreased the soil bulk density，increased the soil porosity and enhanced the soil field capacity of 0–40 cm soil layer which was the root concentrated distribution layer，and improved the water content of different soil layer especially during the period of drought. The micro-environment regulation treatment increased nutrient content，had a great effect on increasing the content of organic matter，available N and rapidly available K，and still maintained a high level for three years. The root activity and root density of the micro-environment regulation treatment were significantly higher than that of control，and the effect of increasing the biomass of 0–1 mm diameter root was the most obvious. Compared with composited soil，the buffer system treatment improved the environment of the surrounding soil through the moisture absorption of the brick which further improved the effects on soil and roots.

A strain of endophytic fungi A1 was isolated from the roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings by using dilution separation methods after surface disinfection and grinding，and was identified as Penicillium oxalicum by observation of morphology，cultural characteristics compared the ITS rDNA sequences and β-tubulin sequences with the known standard strains sequences that of GenBank，and the MEGA5.05 software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of the A1 strain. The similarity of the ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences between A1 strain and Penicillium oxalicum（KF152942.1，KC344990.1）were 100%，so it was finally identified as the nearest genetic relationship with Penicillium oxalicum. By using a potato medium and a corn meal medium，endophytic fungi A1 was respectively confrontation test with Fusarium oxysporum，F. moniliforme，F. proliferatum and F. solani. It could inhibit growth of hypha of F. oxysporum，F. moniliforme，F. proliferatum and F. solani to a variable extent，and increased by 42.0%，74.0%，47.0% and 54.5% on the potato medium，and the coefficient of antagonism could be reached Ⅱ or Ⅰ. Similarly，growth of hypha was increased by 60.5%，82.2%，68.4% and 53.4% and the coefficient of antagonism could be reached Ⅱ or Ⅰon the corn meal medium. That Penicillium oxalicum A1 had better inhibitory effect on four kinds of Fusarium sp. of the apple replant disease. Pot experimental results showed that fresh weight and dry weight were obviously increased by function of A1 manure，and were 2.53 and 2.35 times respectively higher than the control，so A1 manure could reduce the apple replant disease to a certain extent. At the same time soil F. oxysporum gene copy number was detected by using real-time fluorescence quantitative technique and found that Penicillium oxalicum A1 could inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum，and could be ulteriorly studied as a antagonism strain to control the apple replant disease.

The delayed cultivation has been used to realize the long-term supply of fresh table grapes around the world. In order to make clear the changes of grape quality and the relationship between volatile compounds and developmental stages during on-vine storage under delayed cultivation facilities，this study chose Vitis vinifera‘Italia’as test material and measured the changes of berries respiration intensity，single berry weight，brightness L^*，brightness style a^* and b^*，tint strength C^*，and content of MDA，titratable acid，vitamin C，soluble sugar and volatile compounds. The results indicated that on-vine storage period could be divided into three stages by physiological indexes and the principal component analysis. The initial stage started from 0 to 20 days after maturation. During this period the berries respiration intensity，single berry weight，L^*，b^*，C^* and content of MDA，glucose，fructose and sucrose increased，while the absolute value of a^*，content of titratable acid and vitamin C decreased. As for volatile compounds，the content of linalool was stable，and C6 compounds were decreasing，but aldehydes were increasing. When grape berries developed to the middle stage（30–60 days after maturation），the respiration intensity and content of MDA increased while other indexes like tint strength，content of soluble sugar，soluble acid and vitamin C decreased undulately. As for volatile compounds，the content of linalool decreased while geraniol increased. Esters accumulated in this stage but the content of aldehydes decreased. In the final stage（70 to 80 days after maturation），berries respiration intensity and MDA content were high and other physiological indexes were low. As for volatile compounds，the contribution of C6 compounds to the fruit aroma increased. In conclusion，this study revealed that the grape quality was enhanced during the initial on-vine storage stage，then gradually declined in the middle stage with the contribution of major terpenes to aroma changing and lost the market value as C6 aldehydes metabolic pathway activated in the final stage. So the middle stage（30–60 days after maturation）was the key period for grape quality regulation during on-vine storage under delayed cultivation.

Fusarium wilt is the most destructive disease of banana production，which caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense（Foc）. Foc tropical race 4（Foc TR4）is the most pathogenic type. Rapid and accurate evaluation system for resistance of banana to Foc TR4 is essential for both basic research and banana breeding. In this study，we compared the incubation effects of immersing root method and improved drenching root method，and the detection effectives of two primers. The results showed that the resistance of banana could be evaluated accurately by using improved immersing root method with concentration of 1 × 10⁴. For molecular detection，corms with index of disease up to scale 3 could be amplified by first PCR using the special primers Foc TR4 F/R，and all diseased bubs of ID scale up to 1 could be de detected by Sub-PCR.

Effects of grafting on the pepper fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics were studied under high temperature（45 ± 1）℃ and low temperature（4 ± 1）℃ stress in this study. The grafted pepper‘P205’or‘Yelimu’was used as a rootstock，and the self-rooted pepper‘Sandaojin’was used as a scion. Results showed that the fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve（OJIP）of self-rooted seedlings had significant changes with a decrease in J，I and P points after heat and chilling stress. JIP-test revealed a significant K phase. Under heat treatment，the ΔK values of self-rooted and grafted seedlings were more than twice higher than those under the chilling stress，indicating that the photosynthetic apparatus of pepper leaves were more susceptible to heat injury. Under heat and chilling stress，the self-rooted seedlings had the greater decrease than those of the grafted seedlings in maximum photochemical efficiency（F_v/F_m）and performance index（PI_abs）. The PI_abs was more sensitive to heat and chilling stress than F_v/F_m. For all the tested materials，the phenomenological energy fluxes per excited cross section（ABS/CS_m?TR_o/CS_m and ET_o/CS_m）and the density of RCs（RC/CS_m）were decreased，while the relative variable fluorescence at J-step（V_J），the dissipated energy flux per CS（DI_o/CS_m），the quantum yield for energy dissipation（Ψ_Do）and the total performance index（PI_total）were increased. All fluorescence parameters of self-rooted seedlings had significant difference compared to the control group. Rootstock‘P205’and‘Yelimu’were adaptable for heat and chilling treatment，respectively. The PI_total of grafted and self-rooted pepper increased sharply after high or low temperature stress，followed with a complete recovery at 25 ℃ after 4 h，suggesting that the photosynthetic apparatus of photosystemⅠ（PSⅠ）was less damaged than PSⅡ during the temperature stresses.

Small type of Chinese cabbage[Brassica pekinensis（Lour.）Olsson]was used as material. The hydroponic experiment was conducted to study effects of ammonium︰nitrate ratios（0︰10，10︰90，15︰85 and 25︰75；total nitrogen concentration 5 mmol · L^-1）on growth，osmotic regulation and antioxidant enzyme activities of Chinese cabbage seedling under normal（200 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1）and low（100 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1）light intensity. After 14 days treatment，plants fertilized with ammonium︰nitrate（15︰85）under normal light intensity were the best in growth potential. The leaf area，growth range，fresh weight and dry weight of plants improved 33.8%，30.5%，77.9% and 72.9% compared with ammonium︰nitrate（0︰100），respectively. The leaf area，growth range，fresh and dry weight of the plants in low light intensity were apparently lower than those of plants in normal light intensity，indicating that low light intensity suppressed the growth of seedlings. The malonaldehyde（MDA），superoxide anionand hydrogenperoxide（H₂O₂）contents of seedling leaves in low light intensity apparently rose up，resulting in higher membrane lipid peroxidationin plants. However，the leaf area，growth range，fresh weight and dry weight of plants fertilized with ammonium∶nitrate（10︰90）improved 20.4%，14.9%，55.9% and 36.5% compared with ammonium∶nitrate（0︰100），respectively. Furthermore，ammonium∶nitrate（10︰90）significantly improved the soluble sugar，soluble protein contents and superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT），ascorbate peroxidase（APX）activities in Chinese cabbage，decreased the reactive oxide species contents，and effectively suppressed membrane lipid peroxidation. In normal light intensity，the ammonium∶nitrate ratio（15︰85）was beneficial for plant growth while the suitable ratio was 10︰90 in low light treated plants. In conclusion，appropriate ammonium︰nitrate（10︰90）enhanced shading tolerance of Chinese cabbage seedling by decreasing the contents of membrane lipid peroxidation substances，and increasing theactivities of antioxidant enzymesand the contents of osmotic regulation substances.

An investigation was made on a long-term fertilization facility vegetable field，to study the correlation between soil FDA hydrolysis enzyme and soil fertility（physical and chemical properties，enzyme activities，microbial fertility）. The results showed that organic manure treatment and comprehensive performance was higher than that of single nitrogen fertilizer，especially，manure + urea 46.12 g. Organic fertilizer with nitrogen fertilizer can make the FDA hydrolase activity increased by more than 66.2%. FDA hydrolase activity showed a significant positive correlation with and soil physicochemical properties（organic matter，available phosphorus，available potassium，water content）（r > 0.9，p < 0.05）. The amount of N inputted would effect the correlation between available nitrogen，pH and FDA hydrolase activity，FDA hydrolytic enzyme activity also showed a positive correlation with other soil urease，invertase，cellulase，neutral phosphatase，catalase，polyphenol oxidase and microbial functional diversity indices（H，S，U），only Simpson index（D）was negative （0.7 < | r | < 1）.  FDA hydrolase activity was significantly correlated with fruit yield （0.8 < r < 1，p < 0.05）.

Two different fleshed watermelon cultivars，orange-yellow fleshed‘WM-Clr-2’and red fleshed‘PI 179881’were used in this study. Lycopene and β-carotene accumulation were analysised using HPLC at 7 growth stages through the whole fruit-set period for totally 56 days. The relative expression of eight genes（PSY1，PSY2，PDS，ZDS，CRTISO，LCYB，NCED1，NCED7）involved in the lycopene and β-carotene biosynthesis and biodegradation were analysised by qRT-PCR. According to the results，the accumulation of both lycopene and β-carotene were higher in‘PI 179881’than in‘WM-Clr-2’at each growth stage based on the phenotype of HPLC analysis. PSY1 gene were higher expressed in‘PI 179881’than in‘WM-Clr-2’，on the contrary，NCED1 and LCYB genes showed lower expression levels in‘PI 179881’than in‘WM-Clr-2’.The analysis of lycopene and β-carotene accumulation and the transcriptional expression of eight genes confirmed that a large quality of lycopene accumulated in red-fleshed‘PI 179881’，reflecting the elevated expression of the PSY1 gene，the down-regulation of the LCYB gene and the low transcriptional levels of the NCED1 gene. The reduced transcriptional expression of PSY1 gene and the increased expression of NCED1 gene and LCYB gene were the main factors contributing to low accumulation of lycopene and β-carotene in‘WM-Clr-2’.

Gynura bicolor is rich in anthocyanidin and other functional components. In order to explore genetic basis for the synthesis of these active substances，the transcriptome of Gynura bicolor was sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform，a total of 21 387 624 reading fragments were generated which formed 33 314 unigenes by sequence splicing. 2 387 SSR were found in 7 792 unigenes over 1 kb. All unigenes were annotated by different databases. 22 048 and 14 417 unigenes were annotated against Nr and SwissProt database respectively，and 29 unigenes were related to anthocyanidin biosynthesis；by Pfam database the 13 909 unigenes were included in 5 198 families of protein functional regions and 12 unigenes were related to anthocyanidin biosynthesis；by GO database the 11 613 unigenes were divided into 3 categories containing 51 function groups and 24 unigenes were related to anthocyanidin biosynthesis；by COG and KOG databases the 6 589 and 13 498 unigenes were grouped into 24 functional categories and 25 ones，respectively；by KEGG database the 4 466 unigenes were divided into 108 metabolism pathways，47 unigenes involved flavonoid biosynthesis.

In order to accurately define the different flower color of flare tree peony（Paeonia rockii），the phenotypic value of flower colors was measured in 466 individuals by colorimeter. A numerical taxonomical study of flower color was carried out by cluster analysis and ISCC-NBS methods. The results showed that the ISCC-NBS method was preferably corresponded with CIELab color system. According to the standard，all colors were divided into eight groups（white，yellow，pale pink，pink，blue，red，purple and black）and the distribution range of flower-color parameters in each distinct group was defined.

In the study，the full-length cDNA sequence of ZDS gene（SrZDS）was cloned from yellow sepals of Strelitzia reginae using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The cDNA sequence was 2 111 bp and included a whole open reading frame of 1 710 bp. The amino acid was highly conserved compared with other ZDS homologues and shared up to 86% homology with ZDS from Zea mays. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SrZDS was more related to ZDS from Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis. The fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis indicated that SrZDS was highly expressed in early flowering period and blooming period，the transcript level was the highest in yellow sepals. UPLC analysis indicated that carotenoid contents has the highest levels in yellow sepals，and has the highest levels in blooming period. These results suggested that the changes in genes expression related to carotenoid contents.

Comparisons of chromosome ploidy，DNA fingerprint，fruit and leaf morphology，and fruit nutrition index were carried out among the common‘Dongzao’cultivated in Zhanhua County，Shandong，and three bigger-fruit variants，i.e.‘Zhandong 2’，variant No.1 and No.2. The results showed that the three bigger-fruit variants were all mixoploids（2x + 4x）according to flow cytometry analysis，and their mother plants were pure diploids. No differences of DNA fingerprint were observed using 74 pairs of SSR primers between the three bigger-fruit variants and their diploid controls（common‘Dongzao’），indicating that they were really originated from the common diploid‘Dongzao’and their 4x parts were autotetraploids. Compared to their diploid controls（common‘Dongzao’），the three mixploid variants had bigger and broader fruits with smaller fruit shape index，wider leaves with smaller leaf shape index，and significant higher content of vitamin C in fruit. However，the soluble sugar and titrable acid contents in fruits did not 

always change in accordance with the variations of ploidy. Compared to‘Zhandong 2’having been released as a new excellent cultivar，the average fruit weight of variant No.1 and No.2 increased by 22.95% and 15.90% and reached 27.05 g and 25.50 g，repectively.

The complete coding sequence of D27 gene was cloned according to the sequence information of D27 in woodland strawberry genome，which is the key gene in biosynthesis pathway of phytohormone strigolactone. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA5.0 based on amino acid sequences of D27 genes derived from woodland strawberry and other plants. The results revealed that D27 gene in woodland strawberry possessed high sequence homology with other known D27 genes. Three different treatments were carried out in current study，which consisted of normal phosphorus application （control），phosphorus starvation and mycorrhiza fungi symbiosis under phosphorus starvation. Using plasma-atomic emission spectrometry（ICP-AES），the phosphorus content in Fragaria vesca under three treatments was detected. The results showed that the phosphorus content under mycorrhiza fungi symbiosis treatment was significantly higher，while the phosphorus content under phosphorus starvation was significantly lower when compared with control. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that D27 was upregulated by 11 times in mycorrhizal roots and by 7 times in phosphorus starvation roots in comparison with that of the control roots，respectively. It revealed that the expression of D27 was regulated by both phosphorus level and mycorrhiza formation.

In order to study the effect of GA₃ on cucumber in greenhouse. Fruiting cucumber cv.‘Zhongnong 26’was selected and different concentration 0（control），10，50，100 and 200 mg · L^-1 of gibberellin（GA₃）was applied to plant as spray and water was applied in control in greenhouse. The effect of GA₃ on physiological characteristics，yield and quality of cucumber were studied. The results showed that foliar applied GA₃ promoted the growth of cucumber compared with the control. Plant height，stem diameter，number of leaves and pigment content，net photosynthetic rate（P_n）as well as contents of N，P，K，Ca，Mg and Fe of cucumber were highest treated with 50 mg · L^-1 GA₃. The content of chlorophyll a and b，content of carotenoid and P_n treated with 50 mg · L^-1 GA₃ was increased by 27.16%，24.22%，29.24% and 22.44% respectively compared with that of control. Application of GA₃ also increased the fruit setting rate，number of fruits and yield per plant significantly. The 24% increase was recorded in yield of cucumber treated with 50 mg · L^-1 GA₃（18.22 kg · m^-2）compared with control. In addition the quality of cucumber was improved. The results indicated that the adverse effects of suboptimum temperature and light condition in greenhouse on cucumber in early spring could be alleviated by foliar applied GA₃ and the best concentration was 50 mg · L^-1.

As one of the most important economic crops in Xinjiang，Hami melon（Cucumis melo L.）is of high reputation over the world. However，virus diseases are currently a serious threat for sustainable production of Hami melon because of the lack of effective antivirus chemical and appropriate virus-control method. To develop virus-resistant varieties，young leaves of Hami melon with virus-infected symptoms were collected from Shanshan county，which is one of the major Hami melon growing locations in Xinjiang. This specimen was biologically cloned by three local lesion passages in Chenopodium quinoa. Such biologically cloned virus is hereafter called an isolate，which was further identified by RT-PCR amplification，molecular cloning and sequencing. The results showed that the purified isolate was Watermelon mosaic virus（WMV），which was then inoculated to some common commercial melon varieties and 13 international universal hosts for identification of melon powdery mildew physiological races by mechanical rubbing，the laboratory evaluation of virus resistance indicated that there was no immune and high resistance varieties in the present study. The number of resistance，moderate resistance，sensitivity，and high sensitivity varieties were 1，11，10，and 3，respectively，out of these，cultivar Iran H showed resistance to WMV isolate.

‘Ganfeng Chunyu’，a new white cucumber of F₁ hybrid，is bred by crossing inbred line Calb02122-1-0 and qb213-0. It has growth strength and female line，the female flows percentage reached 65.0%. The simple fruit weight is 150.5 g，length is 18.5 cm，diameter is 4.3 cm. The fruit skin is yellowish-white，thorn is white and the tumor is medium. The fruit is beautiful and good uniformity. The content of soluble solids is 35.0 g · kg^-1，soluble sugar is 23.4 g · kg^-1. It has the white-cucumber’s fuller flavor. It is suitable for greenhouses in winter and plastic shed for spring. It’s yield approached 77.07 t · hm^-2.

‘Nongkeda 13’is a new mid-maturation watermelon cultivar which was selected from the cross-combination of M08 × F10. The whole growth period is 100 d，and the period for fruit development is around 35 d. It has a vigorous growth potential with an average single fruit weight of 6.5 kg and a yield of 49.785 t ? hm-2. Its fruit shape is oval and the shape index is 1.4. The fruit skin is dark green covered with clear blackish green fine stripes，and the pericarp thickness is about 1.2 cm. The fruit flesh is red fine sandy and juicy but with less fiber. The center sugar content is 11.5%，value of that is close to the edge sugar content. The cultivar has a high disease-resistance as well as a strong adverse-resistance. It is suitable to cultivate in the open field of Northern China covered with film mulch in the early spring.