Review

• Advances in Regeneration and Genetic Transformation of Rosaceae Fruit Trees
• LI Kunkun and XU Changjie*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1633-1644. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0104
• Abstract ( 347 ) HTML ( 1153 ) PDF (712KB) ( 1153 ) 　　　
• Rosaceae fruits are very important for fruit production in China and worldwide. Recently，significant advances in regeneration and genetic transformation of Rosaceae have been achieved and applied to various Rosaceae trees and fruits. However，the factors affecting the process of regeneration and transformation have not been reviewed in detail. This paper reviews recent progress in the regeneration pathway，factors affecting regeneration，genetically modified species and main traits，and the factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The differences between species of Rosaceae fruits are emphasized，and the trends and areas for future studies are highlighted.
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• Research Progress on the Interaction Between Scion and Rootstock in Fruit Trees
• HE Wen1,2，PAN Heli1，PAN Tengfei1，TANG Haoru2，WANG Xiaorong2,*，and PAN Dongming1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1645-1657. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0147
• Abstract ( 308 ) HTML ( 1357 ) PDF (791KB) ( 1357 ) 　　　
• Grafting，an old plant propagation practice，is still widely used in fruit trees，which can improve horticulture traits，such as fruit yield and quality，abiotic and biotic stress，and scion phenotypes. The research progresses on the interaction between scion and rootstock in fruit trees were reviewed in this paper，and their limitation and promising application prospect were also summarized at the end. Previous studies have shown three aspects as follows.（1）Grafting compatibility required for plant cell-to-cell trafficking and communication via the intercellular connections. The physiological and biochemical metabolisms between rootstock and scion also have certain impacts on graft healing.（2）The interaction between scions and rootstock may involve reducing the size of the root system，or the graft junction itself may restrict the flow of water，nutrients and minerals. Endogenous hormone can modify plant growth and increase stress resistance. Some of the proteins and RNA are involved in long distance transmission signal regulating the plant development.（3）Graft hybridization provides a new direction for fruits breeding. Understanding the interaction between scions and rootstock will shed light on graft compatibility and may help us to understand the potential signals regulating growth or stress resistance. In addition，we should illustrate how the endogenous hormone regulates healing progress and nutrient transfer of grafted union. Also，the molecular mechanism of long distance transmission signals and genetic exchange between scion and rootstock is needed to be clear in the future.
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• Review of Molecular Marker and Marker Assisted Breeding of Apple
• CHANG Yuansheng，CHENG Lailiang，WANG Haibo，HE Ping，LI Huifeng，and LI Linguang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1658-1680. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0016
• Abstract ( 371 ) HTML ( 1395 ) PDF (837KB) ( 1395 ) 　　　
• In this paper，we reviewed apple molecular markers according to the source of markers：bulked segregent analysis，cross population，genome wide association and gene functions. We also reviewed the application of molecular marker assisted breeding in apple，hoping to provide foundations for molecular marker assisted breeding and uncover the inheritance of quantitative characters in apple.
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• Technical Approach and Research Prospect of Saving and Improving Efficiency of Chemical Fertilizers for Apple in China
• GE Shunfeng*，ZHU Zhanling*，WEI Shaochong，and JIANG Yuanmao**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1681-1692. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0382
• Abstract ( 371 ) HTML ( 1156 ) PDF (726KB) ( 1156 ) 　　　
• Chemical fertilizer plays an important role in apple production under the poor soil condition in China. At the same time，improper use of chemical fertilizer resulted in low utilization efficiency and negative impact on fruit quality，soil quality，eutrophication，and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore，scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in chemical fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue related to the green and sustainable development of apple industry. This paper analyzed current status on the nutrient management in apple orchard and overviewed current technologies of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizer. The technologies include soil amelioration and soil fertility improvement，best nutrient management，root-zone nutrient regulation，newly emerging fertilizer，and regional formulation fertilizer technology based on‘Regional Fertilizer Formula and Site Specific Adjustment’. Future research prospect related to saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers for apple is also discussed.
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• Advances in Glycosylated Anthocyanins in Grapes
• ZHU Lei1，LI Dandan1，WANG Helin1，and ZHANG Yali2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1693-1703. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0301
• Abstract ( 360 ) HTML ( 929 ) PDF (857KB) ( 929 ) 　　　
• The colors of grapes and wines depend on their contents and types of anthocyanin compounds. Anthocyanins were transformed from anthocyanidins through glycosylation. So glycosylation plays an important role in the synthesis pathway of grape anthocyanin compounds. In grape berries，glycosylated anthocyanins include 3-O-glucoside and 3,5-O-diglucosides of anthocyanidins，i.e. monoglucoside anthocyanins and diglucoside anthocyanins. The compositions of glycosylated anthocyanins are one of the critical factors which determine red wine quality. In this review，the compositions of glycosylated anthocyanins in grape berries and the effects of glycosylated anthocyanins on the colours and stabilities of wines were briefly introduced. And the key enzyme genes and transcription factors of the biosynthesis of monoglucoside anthocyanins and diglucoside anthocyanins in grapes were mainly reviewed. The purpose of this review was providing references for the comprehensive revelation of biosynthetic regulation of glycosylated anthocyanins and the breeding of red wine grape cultivars with high quality.
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• A Review on Research of the Wild Species in Genus Eriobotrya Germplasm and Their Innovative Utilization
• LIN Shunquan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1704-1716. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0488
• Abstract ( 315 ) HTML ( 764 ) PDF (883KB) ( 764 ) 　　　
• 1. Investigation，collection and conservation of the Eriobotrya germplasm. After the investigation of Eriobotrya species distributed in the 14 provinces of China，we confirmed that totally there were 20 wild Eriobotrya species which mainly distributed in Yunnan and other several provinces. Other 6 Eriobotrya species were found in several Southeast Asia countries such as Vietnam，Laos，Burma and Thailand. All the mentioned 26 Eriobotrya species were collected and ex situ conserved. 2. Categorization，identification and evaluation of the Eriobotrya germplasm. Based on newly finding，1 new species was published（E. fulvicoma Chun & Liao），1 species was revised（E. × dadunensis H. Z. Zhang & W. B. Liao），1 species was redescribed（E. kwangsiensis Chun），new distributions of 4 species were reported，and illustration of the 26 Eriobotrya species was published. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that species with smaller leaf and less stigma number（2，3 or 4） such as E. henryi Nakai，E. seguinii Card and E. angustissima Hook. f. are the basal taxa of Eriobotrya species，while species with bigger leaf and 5 stigmas such as cultivated loquat（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.），E. malipoensis Kuan and E. elliptica Lindl. are grouped together. More than 50 traits of the 26 Eriobotrya species were characterized comprehensively and the traits with potential economic values，such as the hybridization compatibility，the karyotype，contents of the triterpene acids，developmental characters of the root，resistance to the loquat leaf spot，flowering habit and the fruit quality，were further evaluated in some species. 3. Utilization research of the Eriobotrya germplasm. Several species or their interspecific hybrids were identified as the rootstocks for cultivated loquat，including E. fragrans Champ，E. salwinensis Hand-Mazz and E. elliptica Lindl. Content detection of the triterpene acids with main medical compositions for production of antitussive，ursolic acid，for example，in the leaf indicated that several wild loquats，such as E. deflexa Nakai and E. fragrans Champ，showed a higher content level than that of the cultivated loquat. Furthermore，pathology analysis data showed that the ursolic acid and oleanolic acid extracted from leaf of E. fragrans Champ could not only inhibit the survival and proliferation of human lung cancer cell but also could induce its apoptosis. At the same time，hundreds of hybridization tests with interspecific crossing or intergenetic crossing were performed to reveal their cross-compatibility and transferable capacity of the valuable characters to the cultivated loquat.
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• Progress in Mechanisms of Floral Inhibiting Factor AGL18 in Regulating Flowering Time of Arabidopsis and Mustard
• LI Changman1,2,*，LI Zhaochuang2,*，WANG Zhimin2，SONG Ming2，and TANG Qinglin2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1717-1729. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0424
• Abstract ( 221 ) HTML ( 944 ) PDF (809KB) ( 944 ) 　　　
• Flowering time of cruciferous crops is regulated by floral signals of several pathways，such as vernalization pathway，photoperiod pathway，autonomous pathway and gibberellins pathway，which finally integrate into flowering integration pathway to mediate the flowering time delicately. MADS-box factors play a vital role in flowering-time control. Recent studies have revealed that AGL18 is one of MADS family members involved in floral regulation of flowering integration factors. We summarize the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of crucifer AGL18 in flowering pathways in this paper and discuss the future research interests of AGL18 in regulating floral transition. This work provides valuable information for in-depth studies on molecular regulation of the floral transition and edible organ development in cruciferous vegetables.
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• Research Progress on Mapping of Genes Associated with Main Agronomic Traits of Cabbage
• ZHU Xiaowei，BO Tianyue*，CHEN Jinxiu，TAI Xiang，and REN Yunying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1729-1737. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0515
• Abstract ( 335 ) HTML ( 1112 ) PDF (668KB) ( 1112 ) 　　　
• This review summarizes gene mapping of head，leaf，bolting and flowering related traits，and disease resistance of cabbage using forward genetics method. The aim is to provide references for improving main agronomic traits of cabbage using marker-assisted selection and molecular design breeding.
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• Advances in Phenylaprapanoid Metabolism and Its Enzyme Genes in Solanaceae Vegetables
• WANG Xing，LUO Shuangxia，YU Ping，LUO Lei，ZHAO Jianjun，WANG Yanhua，SHEN Shuxing*，and CHEN Xueping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1738-1748. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0499
• Abstract ( 256 ) HTML ( 1228 ) PDF (2017KB) ( 1228 ) 　　　
• Phenylaprapanoid metabolism in plant contains phenylalanine metabolism and some products anabolism in its downstream branches. The metabolites such as anthocyanin，chlorogenic acid，lignin，procyanidine，rutin and so on take phenylalanine as the precursor substance in Solanaceae vegetables are closely related with product quality and resistance. This review provides the advances in phenylaprapanoid metabolism and its enzyme genes in Solanaceae vegetables.
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• Development and Regulation Mechanism of Tomato Locular Gel
• LIU Lei1，SHU Jinshuai1，SU Long1,2，and LI Junming1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1749-1758. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0490
• Abstract ( 533 ) HTML ( 1011 ) PDF (677KB) ( 1011 ) 　　　
• The formation of tomato locular gel is an important process and typical feature of fleshy fruit development. It plays an important role in the regulation of fruit ripening，flavor and texture changes，seeds development and dormancy. The outer placenta tissue differentiated into locular tissue and ultimately developed into highly liquefied jelly-like appearance. During the formation of gel，cell differentiation，division and expansion are involved which are important issues of plant developmental biology. The regulation of plant hormones，hydrolases，cell cycle and transcription factors play important effects in the formation of locular gel. The AGAMOUS gene family and endoreduplication may be the determinant factor. In this paper，the formation of tomato locular gel，and its function and regulation are reviewed. It will provide reference for further understanding the mechanism of formation and regulation of locular gel.
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• Research Progress of Nitrogen Utilization and Assimilation in Tea Plant
• TANG Dandan，LIU Meiya*，FAN Kai，and RUAN Jianyun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1759-1771. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0335
• Abstract ( 311 ) HTML ( 832 ) PDF (873KB) ( 832 ) 　　　
• Tea plant[Camellia sinensis（L.）O. Kuntze]is an ammonium preferring plant species，and the two main inorganic nitrogen sources ammonium（NH4+）and nitrate（NO3-）are absorbed with distinct absorption and assimilation rates. Previous studies showed that preference assimilation of ammonium in tea plant maybe due to the different mechanisms behind the processes of utilization and assimilation of these two nitrogen forms. Glutamine synthetase（GS）has been dissected to restrict nitrogen assimilation in plants. In this review，we sort out the research progress of pivotal role of genes involved in nitrogen absorption and assimilation in tea plant，specifically the GS1 family gene，which would help to clarify the whole process of nitrogen utilization and assimilation in tea plant.
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• The Utilization and Prospect of Genome Editing in Horticultural Crops
• CUI Xia* and ZHANG Shuaibin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1772-1786. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0453
• Abstract ( 657 ) HTML ( 1532 ) PDF (700KB) ( 1532 ) 　　　

• Genome editing is a new technology based on programmable nucleases to make precise changes in the genomes of cells. These nucleases create site-specific double-strand breaks（DSBs）at desired locations in the genome. The induced double-strand breaks are repaired through nonhomologous end-joining（NHEJ）or homologous recombination（HR），resulting in targeted mutations including deletion，insertion and exchange of specific DNA fragment. Here，we explained the principle of ZNF，TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 and mainly summarized their usage in plants，especially in horticultural plants. As a precise and efficient method of genetic engineering，genome editing was developed rapidly in recent years，which will be utilized widely to improve agronomic traits of plant in the future.

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• Progress of Chromosome Identification Technology and Application on Horticultural Plants
• SHU Qiaoli1，CHEN Zhi3，DANG Jiangbo1，YANG Xing1，SUN Haiyan1，LIANG Guolu1，HONG Qibin2,*，and XIANG Suqiong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1772-1786. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0865
• Abstract ( 332 ) HTML ( 696 ) PDF (769KB) ( 696 ) 　　　

• This paper mainly reviewed the advances of chromosome specimen preparation，identification technology and application on horticultural plants，which would provide some references for chromosome structure research，phylogeneticy relationship analysis，gene locating of important agronomic traits and molecular assistant new varieties selection of horticultural plants.

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• The Recent Advances of Transient Expression System in Horticultural Plants
• LIAO Jingjing，NIU Congcong，XIE Qunjie，XING Qiaojuan，and QI Hongyan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1787-1795. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0398
• Abstract ( 411 ) HTML ( 1687 ) PDF (791KB) ( 1687 ) 　　　
• Transient expression technology is a rapid and efficient technology of large-scale function analysis，with extensive application. The paper reviewed the principles of transient expression system，influencing factors，and applications in horticultural plants. Meanwhile it also proposed some deficiencies which still existed in this system，and put forward some recommendations and future applications in horticultural plants.
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• Research Advances in the Regulatory Mechanisms of Leaf Coloration
• LI Weixing1,2，YANG Shunbo1，HE Zhichong1，and JIN Biao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1811-1824. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0167
• Abstract ( 531 ) HTML ( 1461 ) PDF (1735KB) ( 1461 ) 　　　
• In this review，we summarize recent advances in the mechanism of leaf coloration，including the functional significance of ecological adaptation，the effects of environmental factors，physiological and biochemical changes，and biosynthesis of chlorophyll，carotenoid，anthocyanin at transcriptional and miRNA regulations. These results will provide a reference for studying plant pigments and leaf color improvements.
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New Cultivars

• A New Yellow Flesh Kiwifruit Cultivar‘Nongda Jinmi’
• YAO Chunchao1，LI Jianjun2，YU Junyi1，and LIU Zhande1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1825-1826. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0056
• Abstract ( 463 ) HTML ( 638 ) PDF (902KB) ( 638 ) 　　　
• ‘Nongda Jinmi’is a new yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar，which is selected from the crossing of‘Jinnong 2’בMale of Jinyang 1’. The fruit shape is nearly cylindrical，while the fruit skin is brown green with short hairs. The average fruit weight is 82.1 g. The flesh color is yellow. The soluble solids content is 20.2%，total sugar content is about 14.2%，titratable acid content is 1.42% and vitamin C content is 2.04 mg ? g-1. The fruit taste is good，with sweet and sour balance，and good aroma. The ripening date is the early of September. The yield is up to 30 t ? hm-2.
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• A New Spring Chinese Cabbage Hybrid‘Shiyu Chunbao’
• FU Yali，YUAN Ruijiang*，AN Jinjun，WANG Liqiao*，XUE Shaohong，and YANG Jin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1827-1828. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0089
• Abstract ( 141 ) HTML ( 582 ) PDF (1071KB) ( 582 ) 　　　
• ‘Shiyu Chunbao’is a new hybrid of early-mid maturity spring Chinese cabbage with a growth period of 60–65 days. Its leaf-head shape is flat-topped and inter leaves are yellow. Its single head weight is 3 kg with 30 cm in height and 18 cm in diameter. The net yield is about 91.3 t ? hm-2. It is highly resistant to downy mildew，virus and soft rot. It is suitable to be cultivated in Beijing，Hebei，Heilongjiang and Yunnan.
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• A New Cucumber Hybrid‘Zhongnong 37’for Protected Cultivation
• GU Xingfang*，ZHANG Shengping，WANG Ye，and MIAO Han
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1829-1830. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0607
• Abstract ( 341 ) HTML ( 672 ) PDF (1190KB) ( 672 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhongnong 37’is a newly bred F1 hybrid which was developed by crossing 1254 as female parent with 141708 as male parent. It’s fruit is about 35 cm in length with short neck and bright dark-green color. It has good earliness with high prophase yield. It takes only 35 d from trans-planting to harvest. It is resistant to virus，powdery mildew，and tolerant to scab，target leaf spot and Fusarium wilt. Also it is tolerate to low temperature and weak light，and suitable for protected cultivation.
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• A New Morchella Cultivar‘Chuan Yangdujun 5’
• CHEN Ying，TANG Jie，PENG Weihong*，GAN Bingcheng，HUANG Zhongqian，and WANG Yong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1831-1832. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0026
• Abstract ( 272 ) HTML ( 634 ) PDF (1057KB) ( 634 ) 　　　
• A new Morchella importuna cultivar‘Chuan Yangdujun 5’was bred from wild strain which from Ruoergai County in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province. The fresh fruiting body grow both solitary and caespitose. The color of fresh fruiting body is brown to dark brown. The cap is cone. The density of cap ridges are medium. The stipe is yellowish white. Sichuan and the climate similar area are suitable cultivated place. The growth period is 95–110 d in Chengdu plain region. The yield of fresh fruiting body is 2.7 t ? hm-2.
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• A New Fast-growing Sweet Osmanthus Cultivar‘Yutian Lügui’
• REN Jie1,2，TANG Fei1，LEI Jingyang1,2,*，LEI Zhenya2，and JI Jinming2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(9): 1833-1834. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0138
• Abstract ( 460 ) HTML ( 551 ) PDF (1207KB) ( 551 ) 　　　
• ‘Yutian Lügui’is a new fast-growing cultivar which is selected from the progeny of Osmanthus fragrans. The new leaves of this cultivar are pale green，and then dark green after mature. The thickly leathery leaves，with 6–8 lateral veins，both ends acuminate. From September to early October，the flowers are green or white，with medium flowers and no fruit. The tree grows fast with wide adaptability，which is suitable for cultivation in Anhui and surrounding areas.
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