Fruit Trees

• Studies on Genetic Relationship and Evolutionary Path of Subgenus Amygdalus in China
• QIU Rong, CHENG Zhong-Ping, WANG Zhang-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 205-214.
• Abstract ( 1587 ) HTML ( 1833 ) PDF (999KB) ( 1833 ) 　　　
• The genetic relationship and evolutionary path of subgenus Amygdalus in China，the botanical characters，internal transcribed spacer（ITS）of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and psbA-trnH of the chloroplast DNA were analyzed. Results indicated that the genetic relationships of A. communis and A. nana，A. pedunculata and A. triloba，A. mongolica and A. tangutica were close respectively. According to the origin of almond and their geographic distribution，it is inferred that the evolution sequences of subgenus Amygdalus in China are as follows：The original species A. nana evolved to A. communis，A. triloba and A. tangutica，then A. triloba and A. tangutica evolved to A. pedunculata and A. mongolica respectively.
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• Investigation and Analysis on the Genetic Diversity of Persimmon Germplasms in Plateau of Northwest Guangxi
• DENG Li-Bao, HE Xin-Hua, LI Tian-Wen, HU Ying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 215-224.
• Abstract ( 1927 ) HTML ( 1443 ) PDF (426KB) ( 1443 ) 　　　
• The germplasm resources of persimmon in Yungui plateau of northwest Guangxi were investigated and researched. The collected germplams which included original wild type were analyzed by morphology and SCoT molecular marker. The results showed that Yungui plateau of northwest Guangxi possessed rich persimmon germplasm resources，31 different accessions of germplasm which belonged to three species Diospyros kaki Thunb.，D. oleifera Cheng and D. kaki var. silverstris Mak. were corrected. The corrected persimmon germplasms had large variations on morphology as well as at the level of DNA. Thirty-five independence morphological characters were used to conduct the Q-style systematic clustering analysis and the 31 accessions of persimmon germplasm were divided into 5 groups at the Euclidean distance of 9.8，which accorded with their fruit shapes and germplasm types. Thirteen primers were used to amplify the persimmon genome DNAs and 161 SCoT loci were produced，154 of which were polymorphic loci and with a polymorphism rate of 95.65%. The cluster analysis conducted by UPGMA showed that 31 accessions of persimmon germplasm could be distinguished from each other and were divided into five groups at the similarity coefficient of 0.686，which was similar to the result of morphology analysis.
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• The Comparison of the Hormones and Mineral Elements Contents Among Pollen，Style and Ovary in Pear
• JIA Bing, ZHANG Shao-Ling
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 225-233.
• Abstract ( 1944 ) HTML ( 1612 ) PDF (348KB) ( 1612 ) 　　　
• ‘Dangshan Suli’and‘Housi’pear were as experiment materials in this study，the hormones and mineral elements content in pollen，style and ovary were respectively measured by method of ELISA （Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay）and ICP-AES（Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry），the effects of the hormone and mineral elements levels in style on pollen germination were discussed. The results showed that hormone levels in style exhibit gradient distribution，from the top to the bottom in style morphology，the endogenous hormones ABA，IAA，ZR contents were gradually increased，while GA₃ was gradually decreased；The mineral elements K，Ca，Fe，Zn，B showed a gradually decreased. The elongation of pollen tube could be promoted treated with 2.5 mg · L^-1 IAA and 5 mg · L^-1 6-BA；Further analysis showed that the ABA，IAA contents in style is higher than that in pollen，so the major hormones for pollen germination requirement probably come from style，because the elongation of pollen tubes could be promoted by increased hormone levels in style. The mineral elements K，Ca，Fe，Zn and B in pollen higher than the style and ovary，therefore，the required mineral elements in the process of pollen germination may come from the pollen itself，because the elongation of pollen tubes could not be significantly promoted by increased mineral levels in style.
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• Effects of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth and Controlling Fusarium-wilt Disease of Banana Seedlings
• LI Wen-Ying, PENG Zhi-Ping, YANG Shao-Hai, YU Jun-Hong, HUANG Ji-Chuan, WU Xue-Na, YANG Lin-Xiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 234-242.
• Abstract ( 1780 ) HTML ( 2186 ) PDF (262KB) ( 2186 ) 　　　
• Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria（PGPR），which can promote the plant growth and yield，and inhibit plant pathogens，are microorganisms colonized in the plant rhizosphere. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of PGPR on the growth of banana seedlings，absorption and utilization of nutrient and the suppression of the banana fusarium-wilt disease. The results showed that 56 days after treatments by PGPR，the differences of height，stem diameter，above-ground biomass，root length，root biomass，total biomass，leaf area per plant and leaf chlorophyll content of banana seedlings between treatment and control were remarkable increased by 18.5%–28.9%，17.0%–18.2%，16.8%–33.9%，41.5%–47.6%，65.5%–69.5%，24.8%–39.8%，24.0%–38.3% and 30.0%–44.9%，respectively. The absorptions of N，P2O5，K2O，CaO and MgO of seedlings treated by PAB-2 were higher than those of control，increased by 51.1%，46.1%，165.2%，7.4%，32.8% respectively. Inoculated by FOC，MAD contents of leaf in the treatments of PGPR were decreased by 4.4%–10.6%. Disease Severity Indices（DIS）of banana fusarium-wilt in the treatments of PGPR were reduced by 12.5–31.3，which the total control effects reached 18.8%–46.9%. The results indicated that the application of PGPR could effectively promote growth，nutrition absorption of banana seedlings，and reduce the occurrence of banana fusarium wilt.
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• Cloning and Expression of Longan Carbonic Anhydrase Gene Under Low Temperature Stress
• CHEN Hu, HE Xin-Hua, LUO Cong, YANG Li-Tao, HUANG Xing, HU Ying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 243-252.
• Abstract ( 1621 ) HTML ( 1338 ) PDF (665KB) ( 1338 ) 　　　
• The protein expressions of longan（Dimocarpus longan Lour.）under low temperature stress were studied using proteomics method. The results showed that the expression of carbonic anhydrase（CA） protein was down-regulated. The CA（GenBank accession number：JN033201）cDNA obtained by RT-PCR was 1 119 bp of full length with a 966 bp open read frame which encodes a putative CA gene with 321 amino acids. Comparison of the amino acids sequences homology in CA from 12 different species indicated that CA had a range of 81% to 88% identity in amino acids sequence with homologues of other plants. The deduced amino acids sequence not only contained a typical CA domain，but also was very conservative. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the CA expressed in root，stem and leaf，while the amount of expressions were different in different organs. The mRNA of CA was the most abundant in leaf，the least in root and stem. Furthermore，the mRNA of CA was changed with time extension under low temperature stress. A 40.5 kD heterologous protein was obtained when CA gene was expressed in E. coli. These results suggested that CA might be involved in function of chilling stress.
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• Cloning of TIR1 and ABP1 Genes from Embryogenic Calli of Longan and Analysis of Their Expression During Longan Somatic Embryogenesis
• LI Hui-Hua, LAI Zhong-Xiong, SU Ming-Hua, LIN Yu-Ling
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 253-264.
• Abstract ( 1913 ) HTML ( 1227 ) PDF (575KB) ( 1227 ) 　　　
• The RT-PCR with RACE method was used to clone the complete mRNA sequences of the transport inhibitor response 1 gene（DL-TIR1） and auxin binding protein 1 gene（DL-ABP1）from embryogenic calli of longan（Dimocarpus longan Lour.）. And bioinformatics methods were used to analyze obtained sequences and putative amino acid sequences. Then qRT-PCR（real-time reverse transcription PCR）method was used to determine the mRNA transcription level of two genes in the process of somatic embryogenesis in longan. The results were as follows：The full length TIR1（DL-TIR1，GenBank，GQ870264） mRNA，about 2 328 bp，consisting of an open reading frame of 1 761 bp ，and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of 118 bp and 449 bp，respectively. The putative protein had 586 amino acids，and the identity with the other polypeptides varied between 85%–57%. DL-TIR1 expressed in 8 different stages during somatic embryogenesis，which showed approximately a“W”curve. The full length ABP1（DL-ABP1，GenBank，GQ900592）mRNA，about 869 bp，consisting of an open reading frame of 567 bp，and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 43 bp and 259 bp，respectively. The putative protein had 188 amino acids，and the identity with the other polypeptides varied between 87%–72%. The expression of DL-ABP1 in 8 different stages during somatic embryogenesis also showed approximately a“W”curve. The mRNA transcription level of the auxin receptor gene DL-TIR1 and the potential auxin receptor gene DL-ABP1 were very similar.
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• Cloning and Analysis of Reverse Transcriptase of Ty1-copia Retrotrans- posons in Hylocereus undatus
• FAN Fu-Hua, QIAO Guang, ZHENG Si-Cheng, WEN Xiao-Peng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 265-272.
• Abstract ( 1493 ) HTML ( 2927 ) PDF (480KB) ( 2927 ) 　　　
• Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the conserved domains of the Ty1-copia retrotransposon reverse transcriptase，a fragment of 260 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）from genomic DNA of Hylocereus undatus. The amplicons were recovered and cloned，then sequenced and analyzed. Twenty-three DNA sequences of reverse transcriptase were obtained from  normal or somaclonal variant of Hylocereus undatus in vitro plants. The sequences can be classified into  five groups with high heterogeneity through phylogenic analysis. The DNA sequences displayed mutation including deletion，frameshift or stop codon. A phylogenic tree was constructed based on the amino acid sequences from other species，indicating that they might share the common origin and that horizontal transmission of retrotransposons has occurred among the plants in the past.
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Vegetables

• The Effect of Calcium on Regulation of SA-induced Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato
• LI Lin-Lin, LI Tian-Lai, YU Chao-Ge, ZHANG Kang-Kang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 273-280.
• Abstract ( 1681 ) HTML ( 1445 ) PDF (744KB) ( 1445 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the effect of calcium on the SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato（Solanum lycopersicum）. Tomato Botrytis cinerea susceptible strain‘L402’was pretreated with foliar spraying 8 mmol • L^-1 CaCl₂ and 5 mmol • L^-1 EGTA，respectively. Then followed by application of exogenous 2 mmol • L^-1 SA，3 d before B. cinerea infection. The disease index，ROS accumulation，variations of the activities of main resistance enzymes and their gene expression were analyzed. The results show that the disease index is significantly reduced by 37.27% compared to control in SA treatment 5 d after B. cinerea infection；While in Ca + SA treatment，the disease index reduced by 18% compared to SA treatment. The  production rate and H2O2 content reached the highest level at 1 d and 2 d，respectively，there is difference among treatments：production rate of  and H2O2 content in tomatoes treated by Ca + SA are 33.05% and 29.31% higher than control（H₂O），however，under EGTA + SA treatment significantly reduced by 32.62% and 46.34%，respectively. The peak of disease defense-related enzymes activity and gene expression also exist，difference obtained among treatments：PAL，chintase and β-1,3-glucancse treated by Ca + SA are significantly higher than control，whereas EGTA and EGTA + SA significantly suppress PAL，chitinase，β-1,3-glucanase activity. These results indicate that Ca²⁺ plays a positive regulatory role in the SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato，which is closely related to the PAL，chitinase，β-1,3-glucanase activity and gene expression.
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• Responses to Short-term Low Night Temperature of Sucrose-metabolizing in Domesticated Tomato and Wild Relative
• QI Hong-Yan, JIANG Yan-Yan, HUA Li-Jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 281-288.
• Abstract ( 1950 ) HTML ( 1861 ) PDF (320KB) ( 1861 ) 　　　
• Chilling-sensitive tomato（Solanum lycopersicon）‘Money Maker’and chilling-tolerant wild tomato（S. habrochaites）‘LA1777’were cultivated in phytotron，and effects of low night temperature of 15 ℃（control），9 ℃ and 6 ℃ and recovery on carbohydrate content and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes activities in tomato fruits were investigated. The results showed that fructose and glucose levels increased in chilling-tolerant wild tomato（‘LA1777’）fruits after 0.5 d treatment at 6 ℃，while with no significant change in chilling-sensitive tomato（‘Money Maker’）fruits. The sucrose and starch levels in‘Money Maker’fruits decreased significantly at 6 ℃，but increased in‘LA1777’. During the recovery period，the sucrose levels in two types tomato fruits both recovered to control level. The fructose and glucose contents in fruits after low night temperature-treatment could not recovered to the control level，except for 9 ℃. The invertase and sucrose synthase（SS hydrolysis direction）activities decreased in two types of tomatoes at 6 ℃，and could not recovery to the control level；However，the sucrose synthase synthesis direction and sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS）activities increased in chilling-sensitive tomato（‘Money Maker’）fruits while with no significant change in chilling-tolerant wild tomato（‘LA1777’）. These results demonstrate that the chilling-tolerant tomato（‘LA1777’）enhances higher level of total carbohydrate content to acclimate chilling stress under short-time low night temperature，while chilling-sensitive tomato responses to low temperature by decreasing it.
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• Studies on Changes of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glucosinolates in Chinese Kale Infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
• SUN Bo, WANG Bing-Liang, YAN Hui-Zhuan, SHEN Wang-Shu, ZHANG Fen, LIU Na, WANG Qiao-Mei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 289-296.
• Abstract ( 1469 ) HTML ( 1500 ) PDF (316KB) ( 1500 ) 　　　
• The changes in the levels of disease symptoms，water content，relative electrical conductivity，reactive oxygen species（ROS）and glucosinolates were investigated during the course of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of Chinese kale（Brassica albograbra Bailey）. The results showed that，during the infection，brown lesions appeared from the infection sites，and gradually expanded to the entire leaves. The relative water content decreased gradually，while the relative electrical conductivity increased，and ROS（hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion）accumulated steadily. The contents of glucobrassicin，4-methoxyglucobrassicin，neoglucobrassicin and sinigrin increased at the beginning and then decreased，but the contents of gluconapin and progoitrin declined. These results suggested that glucosinolates，especially indole glucosinolates might be involved in the defense of Chinese kale against S. sclerotiorum.
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• Effects of Photoperiod Under Red LED on Growth and Quality of Sunflower Sprouts
• ZHANG Huan, ZHANG Li-Li, LI Wei, XING Ze-南, ZHANG Dan, CUI Jin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 297-304.
• Abstract ( 1843 ) HTML ( 2846 ) PDF (289KB) ( 2846 ) 　　　
• Light emitting diode（LED）was applied to accurately modulate red light（630 ± 20）nm，light intensity and photoperiod. The effects of photoperiod under red LED on the growth and quality of sunflower sprouts were studied. The results indicated that the extended photoperiod from 0 to 12 h · d-1 could significantly inhibit the elongation of hypocotyls，expand the cotyledon area，and the extended photoperiod from 0 to 16 h · d-1 could significantly increase the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. Under the treatment of 16 h · d-1 photoperiod，the fresh mass and the starch content were improved evidently. While the extended photoperiod under red LED promoted the content of vitamin C，it still decreased the content of free amino acid，restrained the activity of SOD and CAT. Overall，as compared with other photoperiod，16 h · d-1 photoperiod was more beneficial to the growth and some qualities of sunflower sprouts.
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• Genetic Diversity of Melon Landraces（Cucumis melo L.）in Xinjiang Based on Phenotypic Characters
• ZHANG Yong-Bing, LI Mei-Hua, WU Hai-Bo, YI Hong-Ping, WU Ming-Zhu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 305-314.
• Abstract ( 1716 ) HTML ( 2111 ) PDF (211KB) ( 2111 ) 　　　
• The phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity of melon germplasm in Xinjiang were investigated by comparing 32 phenotypic traits of the 121 melon landraces（Cucumis melo L.）collected from various areas of Xinjiang，China. The results showed that 121 landraces varied significantly in 5 phenotypic traits，including number of branches，leaf length，main stem thickness，fruit weight and thickness of fruit flesh. Landraces from different areas varied significantly in 4 phenotypic traits，including leaf length，petiole length，flesh texture and taste，but not in the other traits screened．Shannon’s genetic diversity index of 121 landraces reached to 0.74，and the extent of genetic diversity between areas was distinctly different，which indicated that Xinjiang would be the second diversity center of cultivated melon. The average Euclidean genetic distance（EGD）between any two pairs of all landraces was 0.42 ± 0.13. On average，‘Hami Wild Melon’was most distinct to the other landraces，with the highest EGD value of 0.76 ± 0.11. The clustering results showed that‘Hami Wild Melon’was clustered in only one branch and  the other landraces were clustered in 3 groups and subsequently 7 sub-groups，which indicated that the genetic background of‘Hami Wild Melon’was completely dissimilar to any landrace examined. Landraces between different groups or sub-groups showed little genetic affinity，which indicated that the genetic background of different groups or sub-groups were independent from each other. These results indicated that‘Hami Wild Melon’belongs to Cucumis melo L. ssp. agrestis and all the other landraces in Xinjiang belong to two botanical varieties or groups，C. melo L. var. cantalupensis and C. melo L. var. inodorus.
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Ornamental Plants

• Studies on Flower Bud Differentiation and Leaflike Proliferate-flower Bud of Osmanthus fragrans‘Tianxiang Taige’
• ZHU Qian, DONG Mei-Fang, YUAN Wang-Jun, SUN Bao-Jun, SHANG Fu-De
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 315-322.
• Abstract ( 1944 ) HTML ( 1587 ) PDF (1400KB) ( 1587 ) 　　　
• The paraffin method was used to study the process of floral-bud differentiation in Osmanthus fragrans‘Tianxiang Taige’. The results show that three different types of flower buds，normal flower bud，special flower bud，and leaflike proliferate-flower bud，were founded in O. fragrans ‘Tianxiang Taige’. The normal and special flower buds shared a common 5-stage morphological differentiation process that was about 6 months. The stages inclued involucrum differentiation，flower primordium differentiation，top flower perianth differentiation，stamen differentiation and pistil differentiation. The pistils degenerated in all three different types of flower buds. The proliferate-flower bud produced atrophied pistils，which were replaced by meristems that eventually differentiated into leaves and branches.
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• Salt Tolerance Verification of Lotus NnNHX1 in Transformed Tobacco
• GUO Hui-Min, GU Chun-Sun, CHEN Fa-Di, XU Ying-Chun, LIU Zhao-Lei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 323-332.
• Abstract ( 1448 ) HTML ( 2829 ) PDF (758KB) ( 2829 ) 　　　
• To study the salt tolerance of tobacco plants transformed with lotus vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene NnNHX1，a plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301-220-NnNHX1 was constructed and then was transformed into wild Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation. The expression of NnNHX1 in transgenic tobacco was detected by quantitative PCR analysis. Salt stress test on transgenic tobacco and then the chlorophyll，proline and MDA content，relative conductivity，SOD，POD and other physiological indexes and the generation rate of transgenic tobacco seed were measured in salt stress condition. The results showed that among the seven transgenic tobacco strains，the expression of NnNHX 1 in T-N1，T-N2 and T-N10 strains was higher. Under salt stress，the growth conditions of both tissue culture seedlings and potted seedlings of transgenic tobacco were better than control tobacco. The chlorophyll and proline content and cell membrane integrity（relative conductivity and MDA）and antioxidant enzyme（SOD and POD）activity in transgenic tobacco were better than that of control tobacco，and the transgenic tobacco seed germination was significantly higher than control. Indicated that lotus NnNHX1 gene could normaly translated and expressed in tobacco，and over expression of NnNHX1 enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco.
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Other Horticulture Plants

• cDNA Cloning and Expression Analysis of Cyclin-dependent Kinase （CsCDK）Gene in Tea Plant
• WANG Xin-Chao, MA Chun-Lei, YANG Ya-Jun, JIN Ji-Qiang, MA Jian-Qiang, CAO Hong-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 333-342.
• Abstract ( 2615 ) HTML ( 1815 ) PDF (1374KB) ( 1815 ) 　　　
• The full length cDNA sequence of cyclin-dependent kinase gene was cloned by SMART-
  RACE-PCR from tea plant（Camellia sinensis L.），which was named as CsCDK1（GenBank Accession No. JF449383）. Its expression pattern during the time of bud dormancy and bud break in tea plant was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR）. The full length cDNA of CsCDK1 is 1 245 bp，which includes 924 bp complete CDS and encodes 307 amino acid residues with a putative molecular mass of 34.52 kD. The bioinformatics characterization indicated that the protein encoded by CsCDK1 gene has a typically conserved domain and 3D structure of B type CDK family，and it had the highest identity（96%）with CDK of Actinidia chinensis，and it shared over 80% amino acid sequences similarity with CDKs of other plants. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of CsCDK1 at dormant stages were lower than growth stages，and the highest expression lever appeared at sprouting stage. It indicates that CsCDK1 has very close relationship with tea plant budbreak in spring.
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Research Notes

• Growth Characteristics and Absorption，Distribution and Utilization of ¹⁵NO^₃--N and ¹⁵NH^₄+-N Application for Five Apple Rootstocks
• WANG Hai-Ning, GE Shun-Feng, JIANG Yuan-Mao, WEI Shao-Chong, PENG Fu-Tian, CHEN Qian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 343-348.
• Abstract ( 1740 ) HTML ( 1197 ) PDF (165KB) ( 1197 ) 　　　
• Five kinds of one-year-old apple rootstocks［Malus hupehensis Rehd.，M. micromalus Makino，M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh.，M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer and M. baccata Borkh.］were used to study the growth characteristics and the characteristics of absorption，distribution and utilization of labeled ¹⁵NH₄NO₃ and NH₄¹⁵NO₃. The results were as follows：The biomass of five rootstocks from high to low were M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh. > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. micromalus Makino > M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer > M. baccata Borkh. The root surface area，total root length and root tips of M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh. were the largest of the five，while M. baccata Borkh. were the least. The ¹⁵NO₃^--N and ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N utilization ratio of five rootstocks from high to low were M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh. > M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer > M. hupehensis Rehd. > M. micromalus Makino > M. baccata Borkh. The ¹⁵NO₃^--N utilization ratio of the five kinds of rootstocks were higher than that of ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N，and the ¹⁵NO₃^--N utilization ratio of the five kinds of rootstocks were significantly correlated with root tips. Ndff value of ¹⁵NO₃^--N of the five kinds of rootstocks were higher than that of ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N，and the value of leaves，shoots and roots of M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh. with ¹⁵NO₃^--N treatment was the highest，meanwhile value of M. hupehensis Rehd. with ¹⁵NO₃^--N treatment was the lowest. The Ndff value of leaves，shoots and roots of M. baccata Borkh. with ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N treatment was the highest. The leaves of M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer，the shoots of M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh.，the roots of M. hupehensis Rehd.with ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N treatments were the lowest. The two kinds of ¹⁵N distribution ratio of leaves were the highest，while the shoots were the lowest.
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• The Effect of Rootstocks on Change of Fruit Quality and Storage on Tree of Citrus reticulate‘Nianju’
• JIANG Xiao-Wen, ZENG Ji-Wu, JIANG Bo, YI Gan-Jun, SHI Xue-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 349-354.
• Abstract ( 1427 ) HTML ( 1175 ) PDF (187KB) ( 1175 ) 　　　
• The fruit quality of‘Nianju’tangerine grafted on Citrus limonia and Poncirus trifoliate was studied from Nov. 2006 to Apr. 2009. The results showed that the two rootstocks had significant effect on fruit quality. The number of‘Nianju’fruits on P. trifoliate was larger than that on C. limonia，but the yield of‘Nianju’on C. limonia was higher than that on P. trifoliate. The fruits of‘Nianju’on P. trifoliate had lighter weight and smaller diameter and longitudinal diameter than those on C. limonia. The fruit shape index of‘Nianju’on P. trifoliate rose slightly and that of‘Nianju’on C. limonia decreased slightly after color break. The peak of vitamin C content of‘Nianju’fruit on P. trifoliate was slightly higher than that on C. limonia and appeared about a month later than that on C. limonia. The soluble solids content of‘Nianju’fruit on P. trifoliate dropped slower than that on C. limonia after they amounted to its peak at the same time. The content of reducing sugar，sucrose and total soluble sugar first increased then decreased and the rate of increasing and decreasing showed significant difference between fruits on the two rootstocks. The result of principal component analysis showed that the fruit quality of‘Nianju’on P. trifoliate were better than that on C. limonia and the period of fruits of‘Nianju’on P. trifoliate holding its quality on tree was 30 days longer than that on C. limonia.
  
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• Cloning and Expression of Flavonoid O-methyltransferase Gene in Ginkgo biloba
• ZHANG Chuan-Li, CHEN Peng, ZHONG Yue-Ming, ZHOU Chang-Yuan, LIANG Guo-Hua, SHEN Dan-Hong, WU Qiu-Yue
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 355-362.
• Abstract ( 1794 ) HTML ( 1971 ) PDF (482KB) ( 1971 ) 　　　
• Ginkgo biloba leaves were collected from Ginkgo Germplasm Resources Garden of Yangzhou University during different developmental periods，and were used to extract total RNA. After degenerate primer PCR and 5′ RACE amplifying，a 876 bp cDNA sequence containing 5′ end and start codon，named GbFOMT-13 was obtained，which had been embodied in GenBank database，and accession No. is JN711433. Alignment with BLAST of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GbFOMT-13 was partial of FOMT gene from Ginkgo biloba. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that GbFOMT-13 was developmental stage-specific and its expression level was the highest in the spring and the lowest in the summer，which is similar with the change of total flavonoid increase rate in Ginkgo biloba leaf.
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• Expression of Three Polyphenol Oxidases During Vegetative and Reproductive Development and in Response to Wounding in the Prunus salicina
• JIANG Cui-cui，CHEN Gui-xin，PAN Dong-ming，PAN Teng-fei，LAI Yan，ZHENG Hong-chang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 363-369.
• Abstract ( 1710 ) HTML ( 1646 ) PDF (2505KB) ( 1646 ) 　　　
•   Polyphenol oxidase（PPO）has been regarded to be a critical enzyme in food technology. A new clone，named PsPPO2，was separated from cDNA library prepared from mature leaf of the Prunus salicina Lindl. var. cordata J. Y. Zhang et al. The deduced amino acid sequences shared 81% and 80% identity with the PPO from Hebei Yali pear and Fuji apple and shared 55% and 56% identity with the PPO gene from P. salicina leaf and fruit which previous isolated，respectively. RT-PCR showed that three PPO gene displayed unique patterns of expression in developmental specific manner in leaf and fruit tissue. In the process of leaf development，the PsPPO2 mRNA was detectable at all stages. In contrast，PsPPO1 and  PsPPO3 were expressed in young tissue. PsPPO2 and PsPPO3 expression are higher at the early stages of fruit development，then dramatically reduced as the fruit ripened. The PsPPO1 mRNA was detectable only at the browning fruit. Upon wounding，PsPPO1 was significantly induced in mature fruit，whereas the level of PsPPO2 and PsPPO3 were not affected by mechanical damage.
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• Effects of Crude Extracts of Paeonia decomposita Seeds on Germination and Activities of Antioxidant Enzyme of Brassica pekinensis
• SONG Hui-Xing, LIU Guang-Li, GAO Su-Ping, CHEN Qi-Bing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 370-374.
• Abstract ( 1691 ) HTML ( 1308 ) PDF (176KB) ( 1308 ) 　　　
• The effects of water crude extracts of the seed coat and endosperm of Paeonia decomposita on the seed germination，seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of Brassica pekinensis were examined to understand the cause of seed dormancy of P. decomposita Hand.-Mazz. The results showed that the seed，especially the endosperm tissue of P. decomposita，contained substances that strongly suppressed seed germination. The crude extract of endosperm of P. decomposita，which significantly reduced the activities of catalase and peroxidase，and indirectly affected the activity of superoxide dismutase，showed a more significant inhibition than that of seed coat at the same dose. It was concluded that the presence of inhibitory substances is one of important causes of seed dormancy in P. decomposita.
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• Responses of Sinningia speciosa Overexpressing tMEK2 to Temperature Stresses
• SUN Shu-Lan, WEN Qiu-Xiang, DAI Jian-Li, XING Ti, WANG Xiao-Jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 375-380.
• Abstract ( 1544 ) HTML ( 1206 ) PDF (351KB) ( 1206 ) 　　　
• We constructed a MAPKK gene from tomato，tMEK2 overexpressing construct to transform into Sinningia speciosa. Transgenic plants were identified by PCR and Southern blotting analyses，and their resistance to cold and high temperatures was analyzed. The results showed that the tMEK2 overexpressing plants had smaller leaves，increased contents of chlorophyll in leaves，and better recoveries of plant growth after treatments with cold and high temperatures，compared to control of wild type plants.
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• Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Hippeastrum hybridum
• GONG Xue-Qin, YOU Cui-Rong, QU Fu-Ning, CHEN Li-Xue, YU Wen-Sheng, JIE Xiao-Xu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 381-386.
• Abstract ( 1575 ) HTML ( 2004 ) PDF (228KB) ( 2004 ) 　　　
• An effective micropropagation system via callus-mediated（indirect）somatic embryo- genesis was established，using in vitro bulblets as explants in Hippeastrum hybridum. The results showed that 2,4-D（0.5 mg · L^-1）and 6-BA（0.5 mg ·  L^-1）had important role in inducing embryogenic callus from in vitro bulblets and in multiplication of callus during sub-cultures. The percentage of friable callus formation was 83.3% in primary culture. The 6-BA（2.5–5.0 mg ·  L^-1）had a notable effect on development of somatic embryos. The rate of callus with more than twenty somatic embryos was about 50% for 50 days. Development of somatic embryos had no difference on the same 6-BA media supplemented with different concentrations of NAA.
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• ISSR Analysis of Genetic Background of Polyploidy Seedless Siraitia grosvenorii and Their Parents
• WEI Rong-Chang, LI Hong, JIANG Jian-Gang, LI Feng, JIANG Shui-Yuan, HUANG Xi-Yang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 387-394.
• Abstract ( 1441 ) HTML ( 1582 ) PDF (357KB) ( 1582 ) 　　　
• In this study，the genetic background of polyploidy seedless Siraitia grosvenorii and their parents were revealed by ISSR（Inter simple sequence repeats）molecular marker technique. The results showed that the genetic similarity coefficient between two individuals was from 0.6399 to 0.8566，and the average coefficient between F₁ generation and tetraploid female parent was higher than that between F₁ generation and diploid male parent，which showed that the F₁ generation got more genetic substance from female parent than that from male parent，and the genetic phenomenon showed F₁ generation was apt to female parent. And the average coefficient between F₁ generation and parents was higher or lower than that between parents. According to dendrogram analysis and double principal coordinate analysis，filial generation and female parent arrayed and clustered together，and if genetic distance of male parent，female parent and filial generation was near，they would array together too. So，in general，the genetic phenomenon embodied“filial generation was similar to parents”.
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New Cultivars

• A New Early Ripening Apricot Cultivar‘Jinkaite’
• WANG Jin-Zheng, XUE Xiao-Min, AN Guo-Ning, ZHANG An-Ning, LU Chao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 395-396.
• Abstract ( 1549 ) HTML ( 1113 ) PDF (172KB) ( 1113 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinkaite’apricot is a early ripening cultivar derived from the species of natural hybrid seedling of‘Kaite’. Its fruit shape is oval with an average fruit weight 119.0 g. The fruit skin is golden，clean and beautiful. The flesh is orange，fine meat，juicy，sour-sweet and aroma，with 14.0% soluble solids content. Superiorities of cultivar are early ripening，big fruit，high-quality，high yield，multiple resistance，low rate of the pistil，self-pollinated and early bearing and so on.
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• A New Early-maturing Spring Cabbage Hybrid‘Huifeng 6’
• WU Yong-Hui, WANG Cui-Xian, GU Xiao-Bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 397-398.
• Abstract ( 1459 ) HTML ( 943 ) PDF (163KB) ( 943 ) 　　　
• ‘Huifeng 6’is a early maturing hybrid spring cabbage which is developed from two self-incompatible lines of 9203-4-3-11 and 0346-4-1-1. It takes 63 days from transplanting to harvesting. It grows vigorously，and has dark green external leaves，medium wax，and round head with good compaction. The cabbage is crisp and tender，with good flavor and high quality. The single head mass is about 1.26 kg and the yield is about 73.40 to 78.88 t · hm^-2. With relatively strong disease-resistance and bolting- tolerance，it is suitable for Northern China，and other provinces such as Shaanxi，Qinghai，and Yunnan etc. to grow in spring.
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• A New Spring Radish Hybrid‘Lingcui’
• ZHANG Bing-Kui, ZHAO Li-Min
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 399-400.
• Abstract ( 1517 ) HTML ( 1013 ) PDF (189KB) ( 1013 ) 　　　
• ‘Lingcui’is a new radish hybrid bred by two self-incompatibility line LS14-2 and LS39-5. The variety is tolerant to bolting. The economic organ is long cylinder shaped，with white and smooth skin with some pale green. The total growing period is about 65 days. The average of weight per economic organ is about 1.2–1.5 kg. The yield is 65–80 t ·hm^-2. The economic organ is about 38–42 cm in length，6–7 cm in diameter. The variety has highly resistant to downy mildew，virus diseases and black rot diseases and has cold-resistant properties. It is suitable for green house，plastic tunnel，outdoor cultivation and off-season cultivation in high mountain in spring. Now it has been planted widely in Shaanxi，Gansu，Ningxia，Henan，Sichuan，Hebei，Yunnan provinces and other places.
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• 
  A New Ornamental Cabbage Hybrid‘Beijing Peony Red 2’
• LIU Fan, HAN Shuo, ZHANG Yue-Yun, WANG Gui-Xiang, LU Kun, ZONG Mei, SI Ya-Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 401-402.
• Abstract ( 1608 ) HTML ( 898 ) PDF (169KB) ( 898 ) 　　　
• The new ornamental cabbage cultivar‘Beijing Peony Red 2’was the male sterile F1 hybrid which was developed combining the double haploid technique with the transferring of cytoplasmic male sterile trait. The hybrid is about 25 cm in height，with strong growth vigor. Numerous round leaves overlapped resemble a rose with magenta center and grey-green outer foliage. The color of the leaves developed early and fade late. Ornamental characters keep well even in–5 ℃ condition.
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• A New Salvia splendens Cultivar‘Hongfen Jiaren’
• HONG Pei-Pei, WANG Hong-Li, CHEN Hong-Wei, LIU Ke-Feng, YANG Jian-Yu, ZHI Li-Ting
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(2): 402-403.
• Abstract ( 1514 ) HTML ( 1011 ) PDF (168KB) ( 1011 ) 　　　
• ‘Hongfen Jiaren’is a rose red cultivar bred from the rose red Salvia splendens after continuous selection of the best plant in the farmhouse of Chifeng City，Inner Mongolia，China and mixed selection of 3 generations in Beijing. The plant height is 34–38 cm and the crown is 40–49 cm. Its calyx and corolla’s color is rose red and novel. The inflorescence length is 15.5–19.5 cm，and the average number of flowers is more than 50 of single inflorescence. Compared with the original species，the florescence and inflorescence number of the variety are not impacted by the summer temperature. The epidemic disease and mosaic did not occur and it shows good resistance to high temperature. During the high temperature in summer in Beijing，it would not show defoliation and yellow leaf and flowered normally.
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