Research Papers

• Identification of miR160a and Its Target Gene ARFs in Peach Fruit and the Response Analysis of IAA
• ZHANG Yanping1,2,*，LIU Zhaokun3，ZHU Xudong4，WANG Chen4，LI Qingkui1，YUAN Weiming1，and LOU Xiaoming1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 613-622. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0692
• Abstract ( 322 ) HTML ( 802 ) PDF (1088KB) ( 802 ) 　　　
• Using peach（Prunus persica）cultivar‘Xiaobaifeng’as experimental materials，we accurately determined the precise sequence of peach miR160a by using miR-RACE PCR reactions，three target genes PpARF18，PpARF17 and PpARF18-like were also cloned. RLM-5′ RACE and qualitative real-time RT-PCR were employed to validate the mode and frequency that Ppe-miR160a regulated its three target genes. Observations showed that the accurate sequence of Ppe-miR160a was different from the predicted sequence by one nucleotide at the 5′ end and 3′ end. All the three target genes（ARFs）contained highly conserved B3 and auxin resp DNA binding domains. The RLM-5′ RACE result showed that Ppe-miR160a could negatively regulate expression of its target genes by cleavage，and the target cleavage site was between the ninth and tenth nucleotide at the 5′-end of the Ppe-miR160a. Moreover，the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that compared with controls，the expression of Ppe-miR160a，three target genes and the cleavage production of three target genes at 3? ends were significantly hoisted in peach fruit by IAA. Taken together，these findings showed that Ppe-miR160a in peach fruit was involved in auxin signaling pathway by mediating the cleavage of its three target genes ARFs.
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• Knock-out Analysis of VviPDS1 Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 in Grapevine
• GUO Ye，WAN Dongyan，CHAI Zhuangzhuang，WANG Yuejin，and WEN Yingqiang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 623-634. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0626
• Abstract ( 480 ) HTML ( 1453 ) PDF (6371KB) ( 1453 ) 　　　
• VviPDS1，phytoene desaturase in grapevine，was selected as the target gene. A gene knockout vector，using the CRISPR/Cas9 system，was constructed. Different types of mutations were detected in grape protoplasts by transient transformation of protoplasts from grape leaves. In addition，the vector was constructed and transformed to Vitis vinifera L.‘Thompson Seedless’through Agrobacterium- mediated transformation. Seventy-one kanamycin resistant lines were obtained through resistance screening. Fifty-three transgenic lines，74.64%，were confirmed by T-DNA specific PCR. Sequencing revealed that twenty transgenic lines had different types of mutations at the target site and the editing efficiency was 37.74%. Among them，9 lines with biallelic mutations were shown the albino phenotype. The prediction of amino acids of biallelic mutations showed them have different degrees of mutation behind the 202th amino acids. These biallelic mutations were shown dwarf and different albino phenotypes. These indicated that the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows genome editing in the transient of grape cells or stable expression，which can produce homozygous knockout in transgenic plants of grape.
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• Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Characteristics Analysis of Vitis ficifolia
• YANG Yameng1，JIAO Jian2，FAN Xiucai1，ZHANG Ying1，JIANG Jianfu1，LI Min1，and LIU Chonghuai1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 635-648. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0596
• Abstract ( 364 ) HTML ( 1126 ) PDF (2022KB) ( 1126 ) 　　　

• Vitis ficifolia is an important wild resource in China. In this study，the whole genome resequencing of V. ficifolia was completed using Illumina HiSeq PE150 sequencing platform. The chloroplast genome was assembled. The results of the annotation indicated that the chloroplast genome of V. ficifolia has a total length of 160 751 bp，which is a typical tetrad structure. The length of LSC，IR and SSC regions are 88 971，26 355 and 19 070 bp，respectively. The chloroplast genome contains a total of 133 genes，including 88 protein-coding genes，8 rRNA genes，and 37 tRNA genes. We found 84 SSR loci in the V. ficifolia chloroplast genome，of which the number of mononucleotide，dinucleotide，trinucleotide，tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat motifs was 55，8，9，9 and 3，respectively. The NJ tree using chloroplast genome sequences of 32 species including 5 Vitis species was contrusted by MEGA software. The results showed that V. ficifolia had a close genetic relationship with V. amurensis，Pinot Noir（V. vinifera），V. aestivalis and V. rotundifolia.

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• Proteome Analysis of Pericarp During Grape Coloring Period
• XIE Zhenqiang1，HAN Baiming1，and WU Jianhua2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 649-663. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0332
• Abstract ( 216 ) HTML ( 753 ) PDF (2937KB) ( 753 ) 　　　

• In order to study protein expression characteristics of grape pericarp in different coloring periods，early，middle and later stages of pericarp coloring were studied. 2-DE（Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis）and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS（mass spectrometry technology）was used to analyze the differences of protein expression in pericarp at different coloring stages. (1) 2-DE revealed that there were 1 050 highly repeated protein spots during 3 periods of pericarp coloring，and 108 of 162 differential- expressed proteins were identified，87 proteins were mapped to the grape database. Twenty proteins differentially expressed during 3 periods of pericarp coloring，and the number of differential-expressed proteins was increasing with the deepening process of pericarp color. (2) GO enrichment analysis showed ATPβ（ATPase β subunit）was highly enriched in the ribose phosphate metabolic process，which was of great significance to the energy requirement of physiological metabolism in the early stage of coloring. (3) KEGG analysis showed that many KEGG pathways，such as carbon metabolism，photosynthetic carbon fixation，pentose phosphate，amino acid biosynthesis，metabolic pathways etc，were significantly enriched at different stages of pericarp coloration. (4) qRT-PCR analysis showed that the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 4 gene（VvMETK4）had the highest expression level in the later stage of pericarp coloring.

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• A Preliminary Study on UGTs Involving Glycosylation of Flavonoids Based on Transcriptome Analyses of Fortunella crassifolia Fruits
• TAN Yan1，MA Xiaodi1，WANG Jiuzhao1，LIU Xiaogang1,3，and ZENG Ming1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 664-676. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0774
• Abstract ( 287 ) HTML ( 915 ) PDF (1576KB) ( 915 ) 　　　
• O- and C-glycoside flavonoids are important metabolites in Fortunella crassifolia plants. Glycosylation of flavonoids is catalyzed by UDP-glycosyltransferase（UGT）. In this study，we determined the flavonoid glycosides in kumquat fruits by using UPLC G2-S QTOF. A total of 11 flavonoid glycosides were detected，including C-glucoside，O-neohesperidoside，and C-neohesperidoside flavonoids. Subsequently，based on transcriptomes，we isolated 49 UGT genes with high expression levels in kumquat fruits. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that 13 UGTs of them might be involved in the glycosylation process of flavonoids. One UGT encoding C-glucosyltransferase catalyzed the C-glucosylation，9 UGTs encoding 7-O-glucosyltransferase were involved in the 7-O-glucosylation，and 3 UGTs encoding 1,2-rhamnosyltransferase，can perform rhamnosylation of flavonoids.
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• Cloning and Expression Characteristics of CsWRKY22 Promoters in Response to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
• WANG Lijuan，LONG Junhong，XIE Zhu，WU Liu，PENG Aihong，HE Yongrui，LONG Qin，CHEN Shanchun，and ZOU Xiuping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 677-690. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0815
• Abstract ( 415 ) HTML ( 854 ) PDF (4382KB) ( 854 ) 　　　
• Citrus canker disease，induced by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri（Xcc），is threating citrus industry in the world. Previous work has shown that the CsWRKY22 may be a susceptible gene for citrus canker. Two allelic promoters of the CsWRKY22 gene，named pCsWRKY22-1 and pCsWRKY22-2，were cloned from Wanjincheng orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）. Sequencing showed that the lengths of pCsWRKY22-1 and pCsWRKY22-2 promoter obtained were 1 428 and 1 406 bp，respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the similarity of these two allelic promoters was 91.76%. PlantCare predication revealed that the two promoters contain multiple cis-acting elements，which were involved in plant defense response and development. Although some single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）and indels（insert and deletion）were detected in their sequences，no obvious difference was found in numbers and locations of the elements between the two promoters. The obvious difference is that the pCsWRKY22-1 has two transcription enhancers“TA-rich”element just downstream of the“TATA-box”core promoter，while the pCsWRKY22-2 has only one. In order to study the function of CsWRKY22 promoters，the pCsWRKY22-1::GUS and pCsWRKY22-2::GUS vectors，in which GUS expression was controlled by pCsWRKY22-1 and pCsWRKY22-2，respectively，were constructed，and introduced into Wanjincheng orange by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Eight pCsWRKY22-1::GUS and four pCsWRKY22-2::GUS transgenic lines were obtained，and their transgenic nature was confirmed by GFP fluorescence and PCR analysis. GUS staining and enzyme activity and qPCR analysis showed that the two CsWRKY22 promoters possessed strong wounding- and Xcc-inducible activities. pCsWRKY22-1 displayed higher wounding- inducible expression level than pCsWRKY22-2，while pCsWRKY22-2 had higher Xcc-inducible expression level. The promoters also showed some levels of basic expression in leaf and stem tissues in transgenic plants before inoculation.
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• Effects of Iron，Manganese and Zinc Deficiency on the Symptom，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Nutrient Status of‘Nanfeng’Tangerine
• ZHOU Gaofeng，LI Bixian，FU Yanling，GUAN Guan，YAO Fengxian，and LIU Guidong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 691-700. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0627
• Abstract ( 215 ) HTML ( 762 ) PDF (1595KB) ( 762 ) 　　　
• To ascertain the symptoms，photosynthetic characteristics and nutrient status of‘Nanfeng’ tangerine under Fe，Mn，Zn deficiency，pot experiment was conducted. The results showed that，after 210 d of Fe deficiency treatment，yellow-green interveinal chlorosis symptom was observed，but the veins are still green in the primary new leaves of‘Nanfeng’tangerine，while the secondary new leaves were primrose yellow，even the new leaves and veins were white，and the secondary new leaves become small and narrow. After 210 d of Mn deficiency treatment，convex and concave leaf with yellow colour appeared in the primary new leaves，while the secondary new leaf veins are green reticulate and interveinal chlorosis，even some leaves show brown spots. In the Zn deficiency treatment，yellow spots were found in primary new leaves，and these spots become bigger and irregular yellow areas were appeared in the end of this experiment，while the whole secondary new leaves were yellowing with a lot of yellow spots，and the rosetting leaves were small and narrow. Photosynthetic pigment was decreased significantly under Fe，Mn，Zn deficiency treatments，but the decreasing amplitude was Fe > Mn > Zn. Photosynthesis of both old leaves and primary new leaves were inhibited by Fe deficiency，but only in primary new leaves under Mn，Zn deficiency conditions. Fe，Mn，Zn deficiency treatments significantly influenced not only the Fe，Mn，Zn concentration，but also other mineral nutrient concentrations of‘Nanfeng’tangerine.
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• Effects of Silicon and Calcium on Photosynthesis，Yield and Quality of Cucumber in Solar-greenhouse
• ZHAI Jiang，GAO Yuan，ZHANG Xiaowei，HAN Lujie，BI Huangai，LI Qingming，and AI Xizhen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 701-713. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0687
• Abstract ( 421 ) HTML ( 901 ) PDF (894KB) ( 901 ) 　　　

• The purpose of this study is to elucidate the regulating mechanism of silicon and calcium on the growth and development of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）.‘Jinyou 35’cucumbers were used as experimental materials. We investigated the effect of single silicon（Si），calcium（Ca）and silicon combined with calcium（Si + Ca）on the photosynthetic characteristics，yield and quality of cucumber cultivated by substrate in pot，using the non-treated plants as the control. The results showed that Si，Ca and Si + Ca all increased the net photosynthetic rate（Pn）of cucumber leaves. We noticed that the stomatal conductance（Gs）and transpiration rate（Tr）of Si-treated leaves were significantly lower than the control，while Ca treatments were significantly higher than the control. However，there were no significant differences in Gs and Tr between the plants treated with Si + Ca and the control. Ca and Si + Ca led to an increase in the intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci），but Si-treated plants showed no obvious difference in Ci compared with the control. Si，Ca and Si + Ca improved the activities of Rubisco activase（RCA），fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase（FBPase），sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase（SBPase），fructose-1,6- bisphosphate aldolase（FBA）and transketolase（TK）. Si + Ca also increased the activity of ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase（RuBPCase），whereas Si and Ca did not affect it. Si，Ca and Si + Ca treated plants also showed a distinct increase in mRNA abundance of Rubisco large-subunit（rbcL）and small-subunit（rbcS），RCA，FBP，SBP，FBA and TK，compared with the control. There was no significant differences in the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（Fv/Fm）under dark adaptation in Si，Ca and Si + Ca treated leaves，but they showed significantly higher actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ）than the control. Si，Ca and Si + Ca promoted plant growth，and their yield increased by 11.75%，14.23% and 21.28% respectively compared with the control，increased the content of soluble sugars，proteins，free amino acids and vitamin C，whereas decreased the nitrite and tannin contents significantly. These data suggest that Si，Ca and Si + Ca can improve the activities and mRNA expression of key enzymes in Calvin-cycle of cucumber leaves，strengthen the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity，and enhance the photochemical efficiency，consequently promote plant growth，yield and quality. Si + Ca treatment revealed the highest photosynthetic capacity，maximum growth，and the optimal quality and yield among treatments.

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• Screening of Brassica oleracea MLPK-interacting PUB Proteins Based on Gene Family Analysis
• GAO Qiguo1,*，LEI Zhenze1,*，LIANG Yunfei1,*，JIANG Yupeng1，and ZHU Liquan2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 714-722. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0663
• Abstract ( 409 ) HTML ( 706 ) PDF (1928KB) ( 706 ) 　　　
• MLPK（M-locus protein kinase）is a positive key mediator of Brassica self-incompatibility signaling，however，the molecular mechanism of MLPK in mediating Brassica self-incompatibility response is still unknown. Meanwhile，the downstream factors of Brassica self-incompatibility signaling still need to be isolated. Aim to explore the idea and methods to isolate MLPK-interacting proteins，here，the MLPK truncated protein MLPK-T lack of the plasma membrane localization motif was constructed，the interaction of MLPK with ARC1 was proved via conventional yeast two-hybrid system. Then，we obtained 96，101，70 and 62 PUB proteins from B. olercea，B. rapa，Arabidopsis lyrata and A. thaliana through genome-wide identification，amount to 127 PUB proteins containing ARM repeat domains. Based on phylogenetic analysis，we selected 8 PUB proteins，and RT-PCR showed that all these 8 genes expressed in B. oleracea stigmas. Finally，the interaction of MLPK with Bol008579，Bol016165 and Bol023511 were proved through yeast two-hybrid system.
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• Whole-genome Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of Cabbage NLR Family Genes and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Various Disease Stress
• XING Miaomiao，LIU Xing，KONG Congcong，YANG Limei，ZHUANG Mu，ZHANG Yangyong，WANG Yong，FANG Zhiyuan*，and Lü Honghao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 723-737. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0804
• Abstract ( 306 ) HTML ( 1131 ) PDF (3315KB) ( 1131 ) 　　　

• In this study，based on the reference genome we identified 87 NLR family genes in Brassica oleracea and performed evolution，comparative，and expression analysis. Gene structures and motif composition analysis indicated that the 87 NLR genes were assigned to five subclasses：NB-LRR（34），CC-NB-LRR（6），TIR-NB-LRR（45），RPW8-NB-LRR（1）and CC-TIR-NB-LRR（1）. Chromosome location analysis revealed that the NLR genes were unevenly distributed in single or in clusters on nine chromosomes. Evolution analysis showed that 35 NLR genes were homologous with Chinese cabbage，while the other 52 genes were specific to cabbage. Expression profiling of NLR genes identified several differential expression genes related to resistance to Fusarium wilt，black rot，clubroot，downy mildew and powdery mildew in Brassica oleracea，and results showed that expression of NLR genes participating in resistance response to various diseases exhibited significant difference，which may indicate the specific recognition of NLR genes for diverse pathogens.

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• Molecular Identification of Pathogens of Brassica juncea var. gemmifera and Brassica juncea var. tumida Virus Disease in Chongqing
• TIAN Cuiling1，YE Sihan1，LI Shanrong2，CHEN Xue1，LUO Ke1，XIANG Shunyu1，WANG Li1，XIE Zhongyu1，DONG Peng2，QING Ling1，and SUN Xianchao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 738-748. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0755
• Abstract ( 224 ) HTML ( 583 ) PDF (1642KB) ( 583 ) 　　　
• In order to determine the viral species and strains of the Brassica juncea var. gemmifera Lee et Lin（B. jg）and Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee（B. jt）virus disease in Chongqing，RT-PCR and sequences analysis were used to detect and identify virus species and strains in the samples collected from 18 towns of 13 counties in Chongqing area. The results showed that in the 57 B. jg samples，31.58%，85.86%，49.12%，59.65% and 77.19% were infected by Cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），Turnip mosaic virus（TuMV），Tobacco mosaic virus（TMV），Potato virus X（PVX）and Brassica yellows virus（BrYV），respectively. Among the virus infected B. jg samples，87.72% were mix-infected by more than two viral species，and 45.61% samples were mix-infected by three viral species. While，in the 41 B. jt samples，36.59%，73.17%，75.61% and 70.73% were infected by CMV，TuMV，PVX and BrYV，respectively. Among the virus infected B.jt samples，80.49% were mix-infected by more than two viral species，and 51.22% were mix-infected by three viral species. Based on the amplification，sequencing，and phylogenetic analysis of the CP gene of each virus，TuMV in B. jg and B. jt was clustered into the World-B group，CMV was clustered into subgroup Ⅰ，and PVX was identified to be the X3 strain. Although BrYV and TMV had high sequence homology in CP gene with each of their previously reported strains，there was correlation between the isolates and geographic regions. Furthermore，this is the first report of the occurrence of BrYV in Chongqing.
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• Effects of Gibberellin on Growth and Development of Rose‘Carola’
• LI Maofu1，YANG Yuan1,2，WANG Hua1，LIU Jiashen1，and JIN Wanmei1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 749-760. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0462
• Abstract ( 853 ) HTML ( 726 ) PDF (1737KB) ( 726 ) 　　　
• In this study，different concentrations of gibberellin（GA3）were applied to the branch of the rose，‘Corolla’，and the water spraying was used as the control. The initial flower date，the date of flower opening，and the date of flower withering were recorded and the length of flower branches，flower stalks，plant heights and the ratio of leaf longitudinal and horizontal were measured at full-bloom stage，in order to reveal the effects of GA3 on the growth and development of rose‘Carola’. When the treatment concentration of GA3 was 300 mg · L-1，the average length of the rose was the longest and the aspect ratio of the leaf was the largest；the treatment with the concentration of 300 and 400 mg · L-1 had the longest average length of the flower stalks；the concentration 500 mg · L-1 had the highest average plant height. Under the spraying condition of GA3 300 mg · L-1，RT-PCR results demonstrated that the application of GA3 up-regulated the expression of RhGA2ox，RhGA20ox，RhGA3ox，and RhGID1 genes，which might participate in the regulation of GAs metabolism and hormone signaling. Furthermore，the changes might indirectly induce the expression of genes related to auxin synthesis，leading to cell elongation and cell volume increase，which in turn promoted the increase of the plant height and the leaf length in rose plants. The investigation of related flowering-related genes，RhAP1，RhKSN and RhSOC1 showed that the expression pattern of RhAP1，RhFT and RhSOC1 gene expression levels were first to increase and then decrease after the application of GA3，and changed greatly，compared with the control. The high expression of the flowering gene，RhFT may be one of the causes of the earlier date for flowering due to GA3 treatment；in addition，the high expression of RhKSN may be one of the reasons for the longer period of flowering.
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Research Notes

• Effect of Latitude and Altitude on Flower Bud Differentiation of Major Apple Cultivars
• XIN Mingzhi1，TAO Lian2，FAN Sheng1，AI Bingwei3，YAN Miao1，WANG Jue1，HAN Mingyu1，and ZHANG Dong 1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 761-774. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0468
• Abstract ( 519 ) HTML ( 721 ) PDF (1643KB) ( 721 ) 　　　
• Regulation of flower bud differentiation is one of the key ways to improve yield and quality of apple products. Flower bud differentiation was regulated by many external factors，such as latitude and altitude. In order to explore the influence of latitude and altitude on the period of apple flower bud differentiation，this research was performed in three apple producing areas，including Yangling，Shaanxi Province，Jingning，Gansu Province，and Maoxian，Sichuan Province.‘Nagafu 2’at different altitudes （1 425，1 680，and 2 050 m）from Maoxian and Jingning（1 601 m），as well as different cultivars （‘Nagafu 2’，‘Yanfu 6’，‘Gala’，‘Qinguan’）from Yangling were used to determine their flower buds physiological differentiation. De-leaves and de-fruits were used to investigate the start time of floral induction. Dissection was used to observe morphological difference during flower bud development. The results show different cultivars need different time to finish flower bud physiological differentiation：‘Nagafu 2’lasts 56 days，‘Yanfu 6’needs 49 days，‘Gala’maintains 56 days and‘Qinguan’requests 42 days. In same place，flower buds physiological differentiation lasts longer time at low altitude than that at high altitude. At the altitude of 1 425 m，it needs about 75 days，while at an altitude of 1 680 m and 2 050 m，it only lasts 70 and 65 days. In different regions，flower buds differentiation of‘Nagafu 2’from the low latitude was longer than that from the high latitude，the results showed as below：Maoxian（70 d），Yangling（56 d），Jingning（49 d）. Growing stop of current-year shoots indicates beginning of flower buds physiological differentiation. At high altitude and high latitude regions，the growth of branches stopped late and a duration of flower buds physiological differentiation became short. Flower bud morphological differentiation of‘Gala’and‘Nagafu 2’started from the beginning of June to the end of October，and they are classified into six periods with significantly marked features，and some periods are overlapped with each other.‘Nagafu 2’always shows an earlier start and a later ending when compared with‘Gala’.‘Nagafu 2’also shows a long differentiation time.‘Gala’shows a more concentrated differentiation time than that of‘Nagafu 2’，which is believed to be related to the flower formation difficulty for Fuji apple.
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• Lignification Induced by Ethephon and Related Gene Expression in Postharvest Flowering Chinese Cabbage at Low Temperature
• SONG Kanghua，JIA Zhiwei，CHANG Jinmei，SUN Manli，and ZHANG Lubin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 775-783. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0561
• Abstract ( 320 ) HTML ( 586 ) PDF (775KB) ( 586 ) 　　　
• The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ethephon on the stem lignification of postharvest flowering Chinese cabbage（FCC，Bcassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee）stored at low temperature. The postharvest FCC were treated with different concentrations of ethephon（100，200 and 500 μL · L-1），placed in an incubator at 1 ℃. The control was treated with distilled water. The content of lignin and activity of enzymes（4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase，4-CL；peroxidase，POD；cinnamate dehydrogenase，CAD）related to lignification were detected by spectrophotometer. The gene expression levels of BcERF2，BcERF1B，BcPOD67 and BcPOD69 were evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that the content of lignin in the treated FCC stems significantly increased and the activities of POD and 4-CL also showed a rising trend during storage. With the increase of ethephon concentration，the content of lignin and activities of POD and 4-CL gradually increased. The expression levels of BcERF2，BcERF1B，BcPOD67 and BcPOD69 were higher than the control，which were consistent with the lignin change in treated FCC with ethylene（200 μL · L-1）during storage. In summary，the ethephon treatment accelerated the lignification process of postharvest FCC at low temperature. The ethephon was involved in lignin biosynthesis，which may through the regulation BcPOD67 and BcPOD69 by transcription factors BcERF2 and BcERF1B.
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• Complete Genomic Sequence Analysis of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Pumpkin and Loofah Isolates from Shandong Province
• WANG Jian1，JI Shuxian1，WANG Ying2，GENG Chao1，LI Xiangdong1，and TIAN Yanping1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 784-796. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0707
• Abstract ( 239 ) HTML ( 652 ) PDF (1228KB) ( 652 ) 　　　
• Zucchini yellow mosaic virus（ZYMV）is a major virus infecting cucurbit crops. ZYMV was detected in leaf samples of loofah and pumpkin displaying symptoms of yellowing and mosaic collected from Tai’an，Shandong Province. Their complete genome sequences were determined using RT-PCR and 5′ RACE，the resulting complete genomes were named as CN:Cm:17 and CN:Lc:17，respectively. Sequencing results showed that the complete genome excluding poly(A) tail of CN:Cm:17 and CN:Lc:17 was 9 593 and 9 591 nucleotides（nt），respectively，encoding a polyprotein of 3 080 amino acids. Amino acid sequence identity between CN:Cm:17 and CN:Lc:17 was 96.7%. Isolate CN:Cm:17 shared the highest sequence identity with KR:RDA:07 at amino acid level，CN:Lc:17 showed the highest sequence identity with CN:CJLX30535:14 and CN:spider131932:13. Recombinant analysis revealed that CN:Lc:17 was recombinant of isolates of KR:KR-PA:05 and CN:Cm:17. Phylogenetic analysis based on polyprotein- encoding sequences suggested a high correlation between phylo-groups and their geographical origins. All Chinese isolates were grouped in A-Ⅴ and A-Ⅵ，respectively.
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• Development of Genic-SSR Markers by Transcriptome Sequencing in Viola × wittrockiana
• DU Xiaohua*，YANG Yaping，ZHU Xiaopei，NIU Yangli，and LIU Huichao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 797-806. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0411
• Abstract ( 226 ) HTML ( 656 ) PDF (808KB) ( 656 ) 　　　
• To develop co-dominant DNA markers in pansy（Viola × wittrockiana），167 576 unigenes from pansy transcriptomic database were screened by MISA software. A total of 23 791 simple sequence repeat（SSR）loci were detected in the unigenes with the frequency of 14.20%，and the average distribution distance of SSR was 6.75 kb. The predominant type of SSR was trinucleotide repetition amounting for 28.31% of total SSRs，followed by dinucleotide repetition accounting for 12.86%. AG/CT and GAA/TTC are the dominant elements in dinucleotide and trinucleotide repetitions，accounting for 4.01% and 1.85% of the total SSRs，respectively. Primer 3 was employed to design SSR primers and a total of 6 863 pairs of SSR primers were obtained. Thirty pairs of primers were randomly selected for PCR in pansies，in which 18 pairs of primers amplified clear and repeatable bands and showed polymorphism in 42 pansy germplasm accessions. Based on the amplified polymorphic SSR data，the dendrogram results were in accordance with the genetic backgrounds of 42 accessions. Therefore，a large amount of SSR markers can be developed from transcriptome sequencing and employed in genetic linkage map construction and functional gene mapping in pansy.
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New Cultivars

• A New Pepper Cultivar‘Jintian 11’
• LI Ying1，WANG Hengming1，XU Xiaowan1，XU Xiaomei1,2，and HUANG Zhiwen1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 807-808. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0337
• Abstract ( 224 ) HTML ( 561 ) PDF (1167KB) ( 561 ) 　　　
• ‘Jintian 11’is a middle-early maturing cultivar，with the tenth node of the first flower. The plant of‘Jintian 11’is 90 cm in height and 83 cm in diameter. The fruit is ox-horn shaped with 18.1 cm in fruit length，3.4 cm in shoulder width and 0.33 cm in fresh thickness，weighing about 57.3 g per fruit. Its green ripe fruit is green，glossy and smooth. Its ripe fruit is red，smooth and straight strip shaped，with high hardness for storage and transportation，and it possesses good quality. It shows resistance to virus，Ralstonia solanacearum，anthrax and with high resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Its average yield is 45.84 t · hm-2.
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• A New Bitter Gourd Cultivar‘Fenglü 3’
• ZHANG Changyuan*，LUO Jianning，HE Xiaoli，GONG Hao，WU Haibin，and HUANG Hexun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 809-810. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0328
• Abstract ( 236 ) HTML ( 446 ) PDF (1419KB) ( 446 ) 　　　
• ‘Fenglü 3’is a novel hybrid bitter gourd cultivar developed by crossing with a predominately gynoecious line B201-b1 as the female parent and a high quality inbred line E12206-e6 as the male parent. Its fruits are characterized by long conical shape，dark green color，prominent tubercles and good commodity value with 25 cm in length，6.2 cm in the transverse diameter，1.0 cm in the flesh thickness and 440 g in the individual fruit weight. The plants grow vigorously with dark green leaves，strong branching and strong fruit setting capacity. From the sowing to the beginning of harvest，it is 76 days in spring and 54 days in autumn. The average yield is 36.61 t · hm-2. This cultivar shows tolerance to high temperature and waterlogging，besides not susceptible to premature aging. It’s suitable for spring and autumn cultivation in southern China，and winter cultivation in Hainan Province.
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• A New Melon Cultivar‘Shantian 9’
• ZHANG Huimei，DU Junzhi*，and HONG Xiaoqiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 811-812. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0353
• Abstract ( 454 ) HTML ( 527 ) PDF (999KB) ( 527 ) 　　　

• ‘Shantian 9’is developed by crossing E13 as female parent with C20 as male parent. The whole growth period is 85–100 days and the fruit development period is 28–32 days. The fruit is short pear shaped with yellow-white skin. The flesh is green-white. The central soluble solids content is 14.7%. The average fruit weight is 500 g. The cultivar has good tolerance to stress and transportation. It is suitable for protected-field and open-field cultivation in Heilongjiang，Hebei，Gansu，Xinjiang，etc.

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• A New Rhododendron Cultivar‘Xiaxiu’
• LIU Xiaoqing，LI Chang*，SU Jiale，XIAO Zheng，and ZHOU Huimin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(4): 813-814. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0204
• Abstract ( 323 ) HTML ( 472 ) PDF (1038KB) ( 472 ) 　　　
• ‘Xiaxiu’is a Rhododendron cultivar derived from the cross of female parent‘Qiuxia’and male parent Rhododendron pulchyrum Sweet. Its flower color is purple red（Red Purple GRoup-N65A）. Its flower is single and its petal has five circular lobes，its upper lobes have some striking dark purple spots. The diameter of flower head is 4.5–5.0 cm. It is characterized by compact plant type，vigour growth，high temperature and high humidity tolerance. It is suitable for greenhouse pot and landscape for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Its natural florescence is from early-March to mid-March. Its flowering can last 20–25 days.
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