Research Papers

• Expression of a Cold-induced Gene MdICE1 in Red Flesh Apple and Its Protein Interaction with MdMYB
• WANG Yicheng，WANG Nan，XU Haifeng，ZHANG Zongying，JIANG Shenghui，FANG Hongcheng，ZHANG Jing，SU Mengyu，XU Lin，and CHEN Xuesen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 817-826. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0560
• Abstract ( 574 ) HTML ( 968 ) PDF (3165KB) ( 968 ) 　　　

• The red-callus induced from the leaves of‘Zihong 3’apple in F1 population of Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana crossed with‘Fuji’was used as materials. A cold signal relative gene（MDP0000662999）was obtained from apple genome by BLAST searches of the Arabidopsis AtICE1 protein sequence，designated MdICE1. Sequence analysis indicated that the open reading frame（ORF）length of MdICE1 was 1 626 bp，which encoded 541 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MdICE1 was homologous with AtICE1 which was involved in the cold signaling. The aligned protein sequences also revealed that MdICE1 contains the bHLH motif. Furthermore，low temperatures are conducive to anthocyanin biosynthesis in callus. The transcript levels of MdICE1 and anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes（MdMYB10 and MdbHLH3）were significantly higher in callus incubated at 8 ℃ than those at 24 ℃. The yeast two hybrid experiments showed that the MdICE1 could interact with MdMYB10. The subcellular localization assays revealed that MdICE1 was located in the nucleus. In addition，the recombinant protein of MdICE1 was obtained by the prokaryotic expression technique，which laid a foundation for MdICE1 functional identification associated with anthocyanin metabolism.

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• MdFLS2 Recognizes Bacterial Flagellin flg22 and Enhances Immune Resistance Against Apple Ring Rot Causal Fungi in Arabidopsis fls2 mutant
• LIU Xiuxia，LIANG Yuning，ZHANG Weiwei，HUO Yanhong，FENG Shouqian，QIU Huarong，HE Xiaowen，WU Shujing*，and CHEN Xuesen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 827-844. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0687
• Abstract ( 435 ) HTML ( 866 ) PDF (3680KB) ( 866 ) 　　　
• MdFLS2（MDP0000254122 as registered in GDR）encoding a putative receptor perceiving bacterial flagellin was cloned from the apple callus of‘Zihong 3’. Phylogeny analysis showed that MdFLS2 bears distantly related homologies with FLS2 in Arabidopsis thaliana（AtFLS2，At5g46330.1）， but showed the closest homologies with FLS2 in Pyrus bretshneideri. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that there was no observed difference on the expressional level of this gene in leaves with different senescence degree. But its expression could be significantly up-regulated by exogenously provided salicylic acid（SA）but not IAA and ACC. The gene was expressed predominantly in root with subsequently sequential declining in stem，leaf，and flower and fruit. When heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis，MdFLS2 significantly retarded the seedling growth and caused the death and wilt of certain leaves. The expression of pathogenesis related genes AtPR1，AtPR2 and AtPR5 which were regulated by SA are up-regulated similarly as those senescence regulated genes AtORE1 and AtNAP. Overexpression of MdFLS2 in the Arabidopsis fls2 mutant restored the inhibition of root elongation by flg22，while the induction of flg22-induced marker genes 30 and 60 minutes after flg22 treatment and the initiation of MAPK signaling pathway 20 and 40 minutes after flg22 treatment in MdFLS2 overexpression transgenic plants was significantly lower than that of wild type plants. Moreover，the disease resistance of Arabidopsis leaves against the apple ring rot causal fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea was significantly enhanced by MdFLS2 overexpression and the immune responses were also significantly strengthened compared with the fls2 mutant during the infection of Arabidopsis leaves with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Our result suggested that MdFLS2 functions as an immune gene but displayed differences in the specific implementation of the function and mechanism of action.
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• Overexpression of MdNAC029 Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Calli
• AN Jianping1，SONG Laiqing2，ZHAO Lingling2，YOU Chunxiang1，WANG Xiaofei1,*，and HAO Yujin1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 845-854. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0475
• Abstract ( 729 ) HTML ( 1357 ) PDF (2655KB) ( 1357 ) 　　　
• The apple NAC（NAM，ATAF1/2，CUC2）gene MdNAC029 was cloned by using PCR technology from the red flesh apple that was separated from the cross between‘Guanghui’（Malus spectabilis）and‘Orin’（Malus × domestica）. The open reading frame（ORF）of MdNAC029 contained 843 bp，encoding a protein of 280 amino acid residues. Conserved domain analysis showed that MdNAC029 contained a conserved NAC domain. The transcriptional analysis indicated that the expression of MdNAC029 was higher in the red flesh apple than non-red flesh apple. The MdNAC029-overexpressing apple calli exhibited increased anthocyanin content，suggesting that MdNAC029 might play an important role in regulating anthocyanin accumulation. The sequence of MdMYB1 promoter region was analyzed and a putative NAC-DNA binding motif was found. Meanwhile，the transient expression assays were performed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. And the results showed that MdNAC029 could induce the expression of MdMYB1. It is speculated that MdNAC029 up-regulates anthocyanin accumulation by directly promoting the transcript of MdMYB1.
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• Correlation Analysis of Apple Replant Disease and Soil Fungal Community Structure in the Northwest Loess Plateau Area
• WANG Xiaobao，WANG Gongshuai，LIU Yusong，CHEN Xuesen，SHEN Xiang，YIN Chengmiao*，and MAO Zhiquan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 855-864. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0668
• Abstract ( 254 ) HTML ( 958 ) PDF (1627KB) ( 958 ) 　　　
• The aim of this study was to investigate the main reasons of apple replant disease（ARD）around Northwest Loess Plateau area. The characteristics of fungi in the soil of different replanted apple orchards were studied by combining the construction of fungi clone library and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism（T-RFLP）. The correlation between the seedling growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. and the dominant fungal species in the apple replanted soil was also studied. The results showed that Ascomycetes were the main fungi in the replanted apple orchards in Northwest Loess Plateau area at phyla level；Fusarium，Mortierella，Chaetomium and Cryptococcus were the dominant microflora at genus level. Among the 20 orchards，5 belong to Gansu Province，which had a relatively high Shannon diversity index，Pielou index，Margalef index and low Simpson index. The soils from Shaanxi Fuping in Pinglu and Saline Lake area in Shanxi showed more serious ARD and higher abundance of Fusarium. The severity of ARD positively correlated with Fusarium（r = 0.585，P < 0.01），but negatively correlated with Mortierella（r =–0.473，P < 0.05）. Overall，Fusarium in the apple replanted soil was the key factor for ARD around Northwest Loess Plateau area.
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• Relationship Between PG Gene Expression and Fruit Firmness During Kiwifruit Storage
• LUO Jing，GUO Linlin，HUANG Yunan，WANG Chao，QIAO Chengkui，XIE Hanzhong*，and FANG Jinbao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 865-874. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0580
• Abstract ( 383 ) HTML ( 886 ) PDF (909KB) ( 886 ) 　　　
• RNA-sequence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（PCR）technique （qRT-PCR）were used to identify the expression of key polygalacturonase（PG）genes involved in pectin degradation in kiwifruit，stored at room temperature at different time periods during storage. The expression pattern of 37 PG genes could be divided into 4 groups according to the RNA-sequence results of different samples stored at room temperature. For example，Achn325011，Achn240441，Achn071601 and Achn100411 genes present a peak expression at 2，4，6 and 8 days after harvest. Fourteen PG genes belonging to groups 1 and 4 were verified using the qRT-PCR as a decrease in fruit firmness on the 6 d after storage was observed. Among these PG genes，the expression of 4 genes was related to the fruit firmness change. Moreover，the expression of these 4 genes was also evaluated in kiwifruits treated with exogenous ethylene. The results of ethylene treatment showed that the expression of a single gene called Achn071601 was consistent with the fruit firmness change during the storage period. Therefore，Achn071601 should be considered as a key PG gene in kiwifruit.
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• Cloning and Function Analysis of ELF4 Homolog Genes in Dimocarpus longan
• FU Zhiyuan，JIA Tianqi，PENG Yuan，Saquib Weheed，and ZENG Lihui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 875-886. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0647
• Abstract ( 337 ) HTML ( 774 ) PDF (4096KB) ( 774 ) 　　　

• The full length of cDNA sequences of two ELF4 homolog genes were cloned from Dimocarpus longan‘Red Seed’，named DlELF4-1 and DlELF4-2. The functions of these two genes were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. To further study the function of the DlELF4 genes，DlELF4-1 and DlELF4-2 were overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sequence analysis and cluster analysis showed that DlELF4-2 was similar to AtELF4-L1，while DlELF4-1 and AtELF4 showed higher similarity. Overexpression of two DlELF4 genes separately in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in delaying flowering and adventitious roots phenotypes，suggesting that DlELF4 genes may be repressors of flowering and promoting auxin synthesis. However，expression patterns of DlELF4-1 and DlELF4-2 genes were different during bud differentiation of longan，indicating that the two genes may have different functions in longan.

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• Effects of Non-uniform Salt Stress on Salt Tolerance of Tomato Seedlings
• CHENG Bei1，WANG Weihua1,*，and WU Zhongdong2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 887-896. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0697
• Abstract ( 323 ) HTML ( 793 ) PDF (1025KB) ( 793 ) 　　　
• In order to study the photosynthetic characteristics and root growth of tomato seedlings under non-uniform salt stress，the experiment adopted a split-root hydroponic system，and 3 salinity levels were conducted in the experiment including no salt stress（0），moderate salt stress（0.4%），severe salt stress（0.6%）. Each level divided into 6 treatments in accordance with the non-uniform and uniform salt stress of left and right root system，T1（0，0）as the control group，T2（0.1%，0.3%），T3（0.2%，0.2%），T4（0.1%，0.5%），T5（0.2%，0.4%），T6（0.3%，0.3%）. Photosynthetic indices，biomass，Na+ and K+ content and root growth parameters were measured under various treatments. The results showed that：（1）With the aggravation of salt stress，the content of Na+ in leaves increased，and the content of K+，photosynthetic index，biomass and root growth index decreased in turn；（2）Compared with uniform stress，Na+ content in leaves decreased significantly（P < 0.05），the stomatal conductance（Gs）was not significantly different from that under the uniform stress，but the net photosynthetic rate（Pn）and transpiration rate（Tr）increased. Compared with T3 treatment，the Pn，Tr increased by 4.88% and 3.83%，respectively. Under T4 treatment，the Pn，Tr of leaves increased by 13.51% and 8.25% respectively compared with T6，and the Pn of leaves under T5 treatment increased by 7.83% compared with T6，Tr increased not significantly；（3）The total root length，root surface area，root volume and total dry weight of both sides of roots increased under non-uniform stress when the centration is certain. The study indicated that non-uniform stress could improve the salt tolerance of tomato，which provided a theoretical basis for the growth of tomato in saline-alkali soil.
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• Effects of Rootstock and Scion Interaction on Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism of Grafted Tomato Seedlings Leaves Under Low Temperature Stress
• HAN Min1，CAO Bili1，LIU Shusen2，and XU Kun1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 897-907. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0600
• Abstract ( 688 ) HTML ( 823 ) PDF (669KB) ( 823 ) 　　　
• In order to investigate the effect of tomato rootstock，scion and their potential interaction on chilling tolerance，we grafted chilling-sensitive tomato cultivar‘060911’（S）and chilling-resistant tomato cultivar‘060112’（R）. We then selectively removed rootstock or scion from the grafted seedlings RS/RS，and incubated the newly formed 6 varieties of seedlings，i.e. R/R，R/RS，R/S，S/R，S/RS，S/S in the growth chamber with light intensity of 22 klx and photoperiod 12 h/12 h. The seedlings were treated with low temperature at 10 ℃/3 ℃ for 9 days and recovered at 25 ℃/15 ℃ for 3 days. Photosynthetic parameters and indexes related to nitrogen metabolism were measured after the chilling treatment and after the recovery. The results showed that low temperature stress reduced the photosynthesis of tomato grafted seedlings. Among these 6 varieties of grafted seedlings，S/S seedlings displayed the lowest photosynthetic rate（Pn）while R/R seedlings displayed the highest. Meanwhile，R/R seedlings showed the highest pigment，water content，stomatal conductance（Gs）and stomatal limitation（Ls）. While RS/R，S/R，R/S，RS/S seedlings were intermediate between R/R and S/S regarding the pigment，water content，Pn，Gs and Ls，indicating that the photosynthetic assimilatory power of grafted seedlings with R as root or scion was significantly higher than that of S. Meanwhile，the content of NO3--N and the activities of nitrate reductase（NR），glutamine synthetase（GS）and glutamate synthase （GOGAT）were significantly decreased in low temperature stress，while the content of free amino acids and NH4+-N was significantly increased. However，in addition to NH4+-N content，the content of NO3--N and the activities of NR，GS and GOGAT in leaves of RS/R，S/R，R/S，RS/S seedlings were lower than that of R/R，but higher than S/S. The results showed that the nitrogen assimilatory power of R root or scion was higher than that of S. Moreover，the photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilatory power of RS-R was significantly higher than those of RS-S，and the P value of interaction was less than 0.05. The results showed that rootstock and scion had significant interaction effect on photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism of grafted seedlings.
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• A Comparison Study of Healing Ability of Shallow and Deep Wounds in Potato Tubers‘Qingshu 168’
• JIANG Hong1,2,*，WANG Yi2,*，WANG Bin2，ZHANG Jingrong2，ZHENG Xiaoyuan2，and BI Yang2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 908-918. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0602
• Abstract ( 346 ) HTML ( 855 ) PDF (1810KB) ( 855 ) 　　　
• In order to investigate the influence and difference of shallow and deep wounds on healing ability of potato tubers，the cultivar‘Qingshu 168’was used as material in this study. The epidermal tissues were removed from the tubers with stainless steel blade，with a square of 2 cm，0.3–0.5 mm depth（shallow wounded）and 3.0–3.2 mm depth（deep wounded）. The wounded tubers were healed at ambient temperature（20–25 ℃，relative humidity 70%–80%）in darkness. The influence of shallow and deep wounds on healing effects were compared by weight loss rate and incidence，the changes of the lignin and suberin poly aliphatic（SPA）deposition，the activity of key enzyme and the contents of metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway. The results showed that no significant difference was observed in weight loss rate between shallow and deep wounded tubers，however，the incidence of shallow wounded tubers was significantly（P < 0.05）lower than the deep wounded，with only a half of the deep-wounded after 14 days of healing. The shallow wounded tubers accumulated more lignin and suberin than the deep wounded during healing. The thickness of lignified cell layers of shallow wounded tubers were 107.5% higher than that of the deep wounded after 14 days of healing. Moreover，a higher phenylalnine ammonialyase（PAL）activity was observed in the shallow wounded tubers during healing，with 34.3% higher than that in the deep wounded after 5 h of healing. Meanwhile，the shallow wounded tubers deposited more lignin and total phenolic during the first 7 days of healing，the content of lignin and total phenolic were 24.8% and 12.1% higher than that in the deep wounded after 5 days of healing. Although a significant difference was observed in flavonoids content between shallow and deep wounded tubers at early stage of healing，there was no obvious difference at mid and late stage of healing. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the incidence of tubers negatively correlated with the thickness of lignified cell layers and lignin content. PAL activity positively correlated with the thickness of lignified cell layers，total phenolic and flavonoids. It is suggested that the shallow wounded tubers possess better healing ability and more phenylpropanoid metabolic activities.
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• Selection of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Different Tissue and Organ of Barbadoslily
• LIU Xiaoting1,2,*，WANG Shunli2,*，XUE Jingqi2，XUE Yuqian2，Lü Yingmin1,**，and ZHANG Xiuxin2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 919-930. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0780
• Abstract ( 369 ) HTML ( 919 ) PDF (1067KB) ( 919 ) 　　　
• Expression levels of 7 commonly used housekeeping genes including Actin（ACT），Cyclophilin（CYP），Elongation factor-1α（EF-1α），Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate（GAPDH），Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2（GAPDH2），α-tubulin（TUA）and β-tubulin（TUB）were detected by qRT-PCR in different Hippeastrum tissues and organs in this study. The stability of expression of these reference genes were evaluated by geNorm，NormFinder and BestKeeper respectively. The results of qRT-PR showed that EF-1α and GAPDH2 had high expressed level and stability；the second were TUB，TUA and GAPDH，respectively. According to the analysis of geNorm and NormFinder，both CYP and GAPDH2 were the relatively stable genes in different tissues and organs of Hippeastrum，followed by EF-1α. Although CYP had high expression stability，while its expression abundance was low. Thus，GAPDH2 and EF-1α could be as candidate reference genes for gene expression analysis. BestKeeper analysis indicated that EF-1α and GAPDH2 were in the high stability in different tissues and organs. According to the qRT-PCR and the three software results，it was found that EF-1α and GAPDH2 were suitable for the candidate reference genes. Then，the relative expression levels of Pistillata（PI）were detected，using EF-1α，GAPDH2 and EF-1α + GAPDH2 as reference genes. The results showed that the expression patterns were similar by using the three types of reference genes，and the expression patterns were referred to the mechanism of floral model that were higher in floral organs. Above all，EF-1α，GAPDH2 or EF-1α + GAPDH2 as reference genes were appropriate for gene expression analysis in Hippeastrum.
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Research Notes

• Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation of Peach Fruit Based on Flesh Individual Phenol and Total Phenol Content
• ZHANG Binbin1,2，SHEN Zhijun2，MA Ruijuan2，JIANG Hang2，YAN Juan2，and YU Mingliang1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 931-942. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0581
• Abstract ( 281 ) HTML ( 824 ) PDF (829KB) ( 824 ) 　　　

• In order to evaluate antioxidant capacity of peach fruit using phenolic compounds content，fruits of 12 red，7 white and 4 yellow flesh peach cultivars were used to analyze the difference of individual and total phenol content. Comparing with white and yellow flesh peach cultivars，most of the red ones had higher epicatechin and total phenol content. Eight phenol content indices were generalized into 4 independent comprehensive indices through principal component analysis after correlation analysis between different indices. Comprehensive evaluation value（D）was calculated based on both subordinate function value and weight. After comprehensive ranking on flesh antioxidant capacity of different cultivars，we found that the red flesh cultivar‘Beijing Yixianhong’had the highest D value，meanwhile，red flesh types sorting in the front and most of white and yellow types followed behind，which was in accordance with the result of cluster analysis. These results suggested that peach fruit antioxidant capacity was closely related with flesh color. Peach fruit antioxidant capacity could be evaluated synthetically using both individual and total phenol content by principal component analysis，subordinate function method and cluster analysis method. The order of the contribution of phenol to the antioxidant capacity of peach fruit was neochlorogenic acid，total phenol，epicatechin，ferulic acid，chlorogenic acid，rutin，catechin and quercetin.

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• Effects of Different Water and Nitrogen Supply on Nitrogen Transformational Bacteria and Enzyme Activities in Substrate Cultivated Greenhouse Pepper
• QIANG Haoran，ZHANG Guobin*，YU Jihua，MA Guoli，ZHANG Baiyang，JI Lei，WANG Cuili，YE Jie，and DU Miaoxin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 943-958. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0122
• Abstract ( 236 ) HTML ( 791 ) PDF (732KB) ( 791 ) 　　　
• The substrate cultivated pepper（Capsicum annuum L.‘Longjiao 10’）in greenhouse used as test material，the experiment was conducted to study the effects of different water and nitrogen supply on the number of nitrogen transformed bacteria and the activities of related enzymes. Three water levels （80%，60%，40% of water-holding capacity in the substrate）and applied urea levels（0，2 989.83，1 993.12，996.72 kg ? hm-2）were randomized complete block designed. The results showed that increasing urea application rate increased the number of ammonifiers but decreased the number of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria in substrate，having no regular effect on nitrite bacteria. Moreover，the nitrogen transformation bacteria number reached the highest when substrate relative moisture content was 60% of field capacity. The moderate water and nitrogen supply was conductive to improving urease and cellulase activity in substrate. However，the increase of water and nitrogen supply was beneficial for improving substrate sucrase activities. Reducing the water supply was conducive to improving the activities of catalase and urease under low nitrogen conditions. The activities of urease and sucrase had significantly positive correlations with the number of ammonifiers，nitrifying bacteria and nitrite bacteria. Cellulase activity had significantly positive correlations with the number of ammonifiers，nitrifying bacteria，nitrite bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Catalase activity had significantly negative correlations with the number of ammonifiers and denitrifying bacteria. A reasonable mix of moisture and nitrogen can increase the yield of pepper. 60% substrate relative moisture and 2 989.83 kg ? hm-2 urea supply had the highest level of nitrogen transformation bacteria，activities of related enzymes，and yield.
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• Effects of Different Varieties and Planting Patterns on the Growth and Quality，Yield of Aquicultural Garlic Seedlings
• LIU Jing1,*，QIN Yu2,*，WANG Lixia1，LIU Zhongliang3，ZHOU Lijun1，ZHANG Yunfei1，and LIU Shiqi1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 959-966. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0682
• Abstract ( 599 ) HTML ( 627 ) PDF (655KB) ( 627 ) 　　　
• The research was to study the growth，quality and yield of garlic seedlings with different varieties and planting patterns under hydroponic conditions. The garlic varieties were‘Jinxiang 3’，‘Cangshan Caosuan’and‘Sichuan Zaotai’. The planting patterns of garlic were single cropping，half head planting and whole head planting. The results showed that：in the single planting conditions，the‘Jinxiang 3’seedling increments，the comprehensive quality and yield were significantly higher than other varieties. For the‘Jinxiang 3’garlic with single planting，the garlic seedling increment，pigment content and photosynthetic parameter（Pn，E，Gs）of leaf，the root activity，the comprehensive quality and aquicultural garlic seedlings yield were significantly higher than other treatments. Therefore，a better variety of hydroponics is‘Jinxiang 3’，and the reasonable planting type is single planting.
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• Genetic Diversity Analysis of Toona sinensis Germplasms Based on SRAP and EST-SSR Markers
• CHEN Qianqian1,2，RONG Liyuan2，SHAO Zijun2，LIU Tian2，WEI Lei3,*，and SONG Zhenqiao1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 967-976. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0044
• Abstract ( 269 ) HTML ( 674 ) PDF (691KB) ( 674 ) 　　　

• Expressed sequence tags（EST）- simple sequence repeats（SSR）and sequence related amplified polymorphism（SRAP）markers were applied to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 10 Toona sinensis populations collected from nine provinces in China. A total of 167 polymorphic loci were detected by 33 SRAP primers with 5.06 polymorphic loci per primer，and 221 polymorphic loci were observed by 45 EST-SSR primers with 4.9 alleles per primer. The results of observed number of alleles（EST-SSR，Na = 2.3506），expected heterozygosity（EST-SSR，He = 0.4632）and the Shannon’s information index（SRAP，I = 0.6140；EST-SSR，I = 0.6752）demonstrated that relatively higher level of genetic diversity possessed in these populations of T. sinensis. The genetic differentiation coefficients data（SRAP，Gst = 0.3124；EST-SSR，Fst = 0.2462）also revealed relatively higher level of genetic polymorphisms among these T. sinensis resources. Cluster analysis divided 10 populations into 3 groups，one group consisted of Hengshui，Tai’an and Taihe populations，another group consisted of Chengdu，Kunming，Wuhan and Ruyang populations，Dezhou and Quanzhou populations were belonging to the third group. The results of Nanjing population were different in two kind of markers. Genetic relationship among these T. sinensis populations have no significant correlation with their geographical distribution.

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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of CmDREBa-2，A Resistance-related Gene to Chrysanthemum White Rust
• XIONG Chaoming1，ZHAO Xinghua2，JIA Hongmei1，YAN Xin1，and MAO Hongyu1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 977-987. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0441
• Abstract ( 298 ) HTML ( 825 ) PDF (3260KB) ( 825 ) 　　　
• Based on the information of transcriptome database derived from‘C029’，a Puccinia horiana Henn. immune Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivar，the cDNA sequence of DREB（Dehydration responsive element binding protein）was cloned. This DREB gene was named CmDREBa-2. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame（ORF）of CmDREBa-2 was 291 bp，encoding 96 amino acids. The molecular weight of the predicted protein was 11 159.04 and the pI value was 11.34. The protein was located in the nucleus，and it was a hydrophilic and unstable protein. The transcription factor of CmDREBa-2 contained the AP2 DNA binding domain which was composed by 49 amino acids. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the CmDREBa-2 belonged to the DREB family of A-1 and it had a close relationship with CmDREBa and CmDREBb from C. morifolium. The expression level of CmDREBa-2 reached a maximum at 6 h after Puccinia horiana Henn. infection，with 34 times as much as the control. We also found that the expression of CmDREBa-2 was induced by SA，MeJA and ETH.
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• Radiation Breeding of Boston Fern via 60Co-γ Rays
• YU Rongpei1,2,4，WANG Di1，LI Dong1，ZHAN Xuanhuai3，and SHI Lei1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 988-996. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0364
• Abstract ( 259 ) HTML ( 1105 ) PDF (3686KB) ( 1105 ) 　　　

• Through the combination of tissue culture and radiation mutation，radiation breeding of Boston fern（Nephrolepis exaltata‘Bostoniensis Murano’）was investigated by using green globular bodies（GGB）as materials radiated by various dose of 60Co-γ rays. The results showed that the LD50 of GGB was about 128 Gy. With increasing dose of 60Co-γ rays，the multiplication and differentiation of Boston fern GGB were depressed. Morphology damage of Boston fern GGB radiated by 60Co-γ rays included darken color，increased density and the depression of multiplication and differentiation，and cellular damage included reduction of embryonic cell and initiation of cellular micronucleus. At 50–200 Gy，with increasing dose of 60Co-γ rays，the height of Boston fern plants differentiated from GGB became dwarf，and leaf mutation rate increased. Moreover，leaf mutant Neg1 was obtained at 150 Gy.

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New Technologies and New Methods

• Development and Application of Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR for Detection of Phytophthora capsici
• CHENG Yingchao，KANG Huajun，SHI Yanxia，CHAI Ali，ZHANG Hongjie，XIE Xuewen*，and LI Baoju*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 997-1006. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0862
• Abstract ( 259 ) HTML ( 857 ) PDF (2096KB) ( 857 ) 　　　

• According to the different bases of Actin gene sequences between Phytophthora capsici Leonian，P. infestans and other eight common soil pathogenic pathogens，we designed and screened out a specific primer pair YM2F/YM2R to establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection assay of P. capsici，and using this assay to monitor P. capsici in soil samples prepared by artificial simulation and collecting form attacked yields. The results showed that the assay had a good liner relationship and a high sensitivity of 1 × 10-1 pg ? μL-1 DNA，which is 100 times more than normal PCR. P. capsici could be detected rapidly，specifically and quantitatively in infected soil without isolation or cultivation by the RT-PCR assay. The detection result of soil samples collected form attacked field indicated that the incidence and epidemiology of disease were proportional to the density of pathogenic bacteria within a certain range，which can provide scientific basis for the epidemic and early prevention of the disease.

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New Cultivars

• A New Mid-late Ripening Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Chunlei’
• LI Ming*，LIU Congli，QI Xiliang，and LI Yuhong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1007-1008. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0881
• Abstract ( 730 ) HTML ( 692 ) PDF (1345KB) ( 692 ) 　　　

• ‘Chunlei’is a mid-late ripening and big-fruit sweet cherry cultivar bred by crossing‘Hongdeng’and‘Van’. Tree vigor is high and branch ability is middle. The fruits are big，purpish red，kidney-shape，with sunken fruit top and short fruit stem. The fruit weighs 8.5 g on average. The soluble solids，total sugar，titrtable acid and vitamin C content is 16.5%，10.11%，0.74% and 0.089 mg ? g-1，respectively. The flesh is purpish red and crisp-hard with pleasant sweet and little sour taste. S-genotype is S3S9，self-unfruitful. It has very little malformed fruit，highly resistance to flowering high-temperature and hot humid summer weather，with very early fruiting and high yield（18 000 kg ? hm-2）. Fruit ripening period is 25–30 May in Zhengzhou，and fruit development period is 55–60 days.

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• A New Cultivar of Persimmon‘Zhongshi 2’
• DIAO Songfeng，HAN Weijuan，LI Fangdong，SUN Peng，SUO Yujing，and FU Jianmin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1009-1010. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0641
• Abstract ( 519 ) HTML ( 628 ) PDF (940KB) ( 628 ) 　　　
• Diospyros kaki Thunb.‘Zhongshi 2’is a new cultivar，derived from individual variability in Henan Province. The fruit is nearly broadly ovate in shape and 242.52 g in average weight. The top of the fruit is convex and four-crack shape. It has excellent characteristics such as good quality，thin peel，texture of soft fruit and it is juicy and seedless. Meanwhile，it has 21% total soluble solids. The variety has high fertility，strong cold，drought and disease resistance. The fruit is ripening around early October in the Northern region of Henan Province.
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• A New Eggplant Hybrid‘Yuanza 460’
• LIU Fuzhong*，LIAN Yong，CHEN Yuhui，and ZHANG Ying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1011-1012. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0866
• Abstract ( 317 ) HTML ( 580 ) PDF (848KB) ( 580 ) 　　　
• ‘Yuanza 460’is a new hybrid eggplant with 10cp1 as female and 0621 as male parent. The plant is upright with strong growth vigour. The fruit is 10–12 cm in length，12–13 cm in diameter and 500–800 g in weight. The shape of fruit is oblate with lovely luster black-purple skin. The flesh is light green-white and fine with sweet taste.‘Yuanza 460’has good commercial appearance，mid-early maturity，and low temperature tolerance. It is suitable to be cultivated in spring in open field，early spring plastic house and sunlight greenhouses in North and Northwest area of China.
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• A New Dendrocalamopsis oldhami Cultivar‘Luaijiao’
• CHEN Songhe* and HUANG Kefu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1013-1014. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0887
• Abstract ( 481 ) HTML ( 652 ) PDF (1641KB) ( 652 ) 　　　

• ‘Luaijiao’is a new bamboo cultivar derived from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami（Munro）Keng f. The cultivar has a short culm，small diameter at breast height，short internode and low branch. The bamboo shooting period is from late May to late October. The bamboo shoot handle is skew and small，large taper. The texture of bamboo shoots is delicate and crisp，having a high nutritional value.

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• A New Dendrocalamopsis oldhami Cultivar‘Luaijiao’
• DU Fengfeng1，LIU Xiaojing1，DING Yuesheng2，SHI Ning1，CHANG Yajun1，and YAO Dongrui1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1015-1016. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0842
• Abstract ( 328 ) HTML ( 671 ) PDF (909KB) ( 671 ) 　　　
• ‘Luaijiao’is a new bamboo cultivar derived from Dendrocalamopsis oldhami（Munro）Keng f. The cultivar has a short culm，small diameter at breast height，short internode and low branch. The bamboo shooting period is from late May to late October. The bamboo shoot handle is skew and small，large taper. The texture of bamboo shoots is delicate and crisp，having a high nutritional value.
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• A New Osmanthus fragrans Cultivar‘Caihong’
• YU Lin1，LI Jianhui1，BAI Wenfu1，NIE Dongling1，WU Sizheng1,*，and YI Jianxiong2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(5): 1017-1018. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0765
• Abstract ( 373 ) HTML ( 646 ) PDF (1234KB) ( 646 ) 　　　
• ‘Caihong’is a bud variety bred from Osmanthus fragrans Siji Group. It belongs to shrub or dungarunga，with pretty colorful leaves as red，yellow，green etc. It has milk-yellow flowers，and short flowering branches. The flowering period is from mid March to mid October.
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