Research Papers

• The Role of Microtubule Skeleton and PP1/PP2A Protein Phosphatase in ALA-ABA Regulating Stomatal Movement in Apple Leaves
• XIONG Lijun，AN Yuyan，and WANG Liangju*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2073-2088. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0134
• Abstract ( 250 ) HTML ( 637 ) PDF (1581KB) ( 637 ) 　　　
• The stomatal aperture，guard cell H2O2 levels and gene expressions were studied pharmacologically in the abaxial epidermis of detached apple（Malus × domenstica Borkh.‘Fuji’）leaves with laser scanning confocal microscopy and qRT-PCR techniques to investigate the role and possible regulatory mechanisms of microtubule skeleton and PP1/PP2A protein phosphatase in the inhibitory effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid（ALA）on abscisic acid（ABA）-induced stomatal closure. It was observed that vinblastine（VBT），a microtubule disassemble agent，depressed stomatal opening induced by ALA，while taxol，a microtubule stabilizer，undermined stomatal closure induced by ABA. This suggests that ALA inhibits ABA-induced stomatal closure depending on the microtubule polymerization of the guard cells. Exogenous ALA reversed the down-regulation of the expressions of tubulin coding genes including TUB1，MAP65-1 and MAP65-3 induced by ABA，suggesting that ALA promoted stomatal opening by promoting microtubule polymerization in guard cells. On the other hand，okadaic acid（OA），an inhibitor of PP1/PP2A protein phosphatase caused both microtubule depolymerization and stomatal closure，indicating that microtubule polymerization and stomatal opening of the guard cells were positively regulated by PP1/PP2A. Furthermore，OA promoted H2O2 accumulation in guard cells，which caused microtubule depolymerization and stomatal closure. This suggests that PP1/PP2A acts at the upstream of H2O2 generation. The above results indicate that ALA may promote PP1/PP2A protein phosphatase activity in apple leaf guard cells，and then inhibit ABA-induced H2O2 production，which up-regulates the expression of tubulin genes and promotes microtubule polymerization of stomatal guard cells，suppressing ABA-induced the stomatal closure. Taken together，we revealed a possible mechanism for ALA-improved photosynthesis in plants，providing a theoretical basis for the application of ALA in agricultural production.
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• Identification and Differentially Expressed Analysis of microRNA Associated with Dormancy of Pear Flower Buds
• MA Xinrui，LI Liang，LIU Jinhang，YANG Mengjie，CHEN Jie，LIANG Qin，WU Shaohua*，and LI Yongyu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2089-2105. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0012
• Abstract ( 311 ) HTML ( 812 ) PDF (1669KB) ( 812 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the expression pattern and target genes of microRNAs associated with dormancy of pear flower buds，we used Solexa sequencing，bioinformatics analysis and qPCR to screen and identify the small RNAs of pear flower buds at stages of endodormancy，endodormancy release and ecodormancy release. The results showed that there were 12 276 226，10 135 952 and 11 453 981 unique reads in endodormancy，endodormancy release and ecodormancy release libraries，respectively. The size distribution of small RNAs mainly ranged from 21–24 nt，with 24 nt small RNAs being the most abundant. A total of 151 known miRNAs were identified from three samples，which belong to 39 different families，and 209 novel miRNAs were predicted using bioinformatics software. Through comparative expression profiling of the miRNAs during the transition period from endodormancy to ecodormancy release，we found 8 differentially expressed miRNAs（ahy-miR156b-5p，cpa-miR319，aly-miR172c-3p，aau-miR396，mdm-miR858，aly-miR171b-3p，bdi-miR160f and hbr-miR166a）. The predicted target genes of the 8 miRNAs were mainly involved in transcription regulation，signal transduction and so on. Finally，we confirmed the differential expression of the 8 miRNAs and 8 target genes by qPCR.
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• Isolation and Identification of Endophytes from Grape Bleeding Sap and Their Disease Resistance Function Analysis
• ZHENG Ting，ZHANG Peian，ZHANG Kekun，JIU Songtao，ZHU Xudong，SONG Changnian，JIA Haifeng*，and FANG Jinggui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2106-2120. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0125
• Abstract ( 252 ) HTML ( 597 ) PDF (3685KB) ( 597 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the roles of grape endophytes played in grey mould resistance，four universal endophyte strains（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa，Cryptococcus，Rahnella aquatilis and Serratia proteamaculans）were closely related，but far from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cryptococcus）were isolated and purified from grape bleeding sap. Morphological observation，physiological characterization and 16S rDNA sequence analysis suggested Rahnella aquatilis and Serratia proteamaculans were closely related，but far from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cryptococcus. In vitro antibacterial effects of the isolated endophytes were tested via plate co-cultivation and grape berry co-infection of both grey mould and the individual endophyte. The results indicated strong inhibition of grey mould’s growth by Cryptococcus，Rahnella aquatilis and Serratia proteamaculans. In addition，berries co-infected with Botrytis cinera and the endophyte showed reduced rate of water loss，increased anti-disease metabolites （flavonoids and total phenols）and the increment activities of SOD，CAT，POD，and PPO，together with the increased expression of disease resistant genes VvPR17，VvDW，VvChi and VvWRKY. These shed lights on the pathways endophytes participating in Botrytis cinera resistance. These results are of practical interest for improving grapevine resistance to grey mould.
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• Early Spread Characteristics of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Jincheng Orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）by Leafdisc Grafting
• WU Liu*，BAI Xiaojing*，WEN Qingli，XIE Zhu，HE Yongrui，WANG Lijuan，CHEN Shanchun，and ZOU Xiuping**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2121-2128. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0317
• Abstract ( 315 ) HTML ( 554 ) PDF (1948KB) ( 554 ) 　　　
• To understand the spread characteristics of HLB pathogen in citrus at early infection stage，the populations of the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（Las）pathogen，the symptom development in the susceptible‘Jincheng’Orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）were investigated using leafdisc grafting during the first eighty-four days of infection. Quantitative real-time PCR（qPCR）analysis showed that the presence of Las was firstly detected in the proximal midrib 49 days after grafting，and until 77 days after grafting，the pathogen was found in the distal midrib，petiole and the marginal tissue around the leafdisc. Using the proximal midrib as the primary infection tissue，the early spread of Las pathogen in the leafdisc-grafted leaf can be grouped into three phases from one to eighty-four days after Las inoculation：lag phase（1–42days），logarithmic phase（43–70 days）and stationary phase（71–84 days）. The results showed that the pathogen spreads mainly along the midrib from the proximal tissue to the distal tissue in the grafted leaves，which was in accordance with HLB symptoms spread out from the proximal midrib. The study also displayed that leaf-disc grafting was a powerful tool for the transmission of HLB pathogen in citrus.
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• Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis After Pollination of Stigma of CML Family Genes in Brassica oleracea var. capitata
• PU Min1,4,*，LUO Shaolan1,*，LIAN Xiaoping2，ZENG Jing3，ZHANG Hecui1，LIU Qianying1，ZUO Tonghong1，and ZHU Liquan1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2129-2140. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0177
• Abstract ( 235 ) HTML ( 513 ) PDF (2166KB) ( 513 ) 　　　
• Seventy-six CML family genes in Brassica oleracea var. capitata were identified and characterized through B.oleracea genomics database and NCBI database.They are randomly distributed on 9 chromosomes. There are 12 genes at the most，and at least 1 gene. It was found that the amino acid residues of the family of encoded proteins ranged from 109 to 365，and the molecular weight was mostly about 20 kD. They were small molecular proteins and contained 2–4 conserved EF-hand domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these CML family genes could be classified into eight groups， combining with Arabidopsis CMLs and each subfamily genes have high homology and close evolutionary relationship. Subcellular predictive analysis showed that most of the proteins were expressed in the plasma membrane and extracellular membrane，and a few in the plasma membrane，nucleus and chloroplast. Among the 76 genes，25 genes were differentially expressed after self-pollination and cross-pollination. Among them，8 genes，such as BoCML12，BoCML42，BoCML44，BoCML45，BoCML60，BoCML70，BoCML71and BoCML74，have significant expression differences. The results indicated that these 8 genes were involved in the regulation of self-pollination and cross-pollination of cabbage in different ways and may be related to the self-incompatibility of cabbage.
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• QTL Mapping and Identification of Candidate Gene for Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight in Cucumis sativus/hystrix Introgression Line‘IL77’
• ZHANG Xu，XU Jian，LI Ji，LOU Qunfeng，and CHEN Jinfeng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2141-2152. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0269
• Abstract ( 304 ) HTML ( 662 ) PDF (3607KB) ( 662 ) 　　　
• In this study，a linkage map containing 137 pairs of SSR markers and 6 pairs of InDel markers was constructed using recombinant inbred lines F2︰6 derived from a cross between parental lines‘IL77’（resistant line from the cross of C. hystrix × C. sativus）and‘8419’（susceptible line）. Genetic analysis indicated that the resistance to gummy stem blight（GSB）in‘IL77’was quantitative. Both mapping and BSA-seq analysis were used to detect quantitative trait loci（QTLs）conferring GSB resistance in cucumber leaves. The results showed that the GSB resistance genes were located in the 24.6–27.1 Mb region of chromosome 1. There were 13 candidate genes with exonic nonsynonymous SNP mutation predicted as GSB-resistance related genes in this region. Moreover，bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR results provided strong evidence that Csa1G654870 was closely related to GSB resistance process.
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• QTL Mapping and Identification of Candidate Gene for Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight in Cucumis sativus/hystrix Introgression Line‘IL77’
• WU Jiyang，JIAO Yao，YE Yuanjun，JU Yiqian，LIU Tingting，LIANG Xiaohan，CHENG Tangren，WANG Jia，ZHANG Qixiang，and PAN Huitang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2153-2163. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0084
• Abstract ( 242 ) HTML ( 623 ) PDF (1580KB) ( 623 ) 　　　
• Using F1 population of Lagerstroemia speciosa × L. indica‘Sacramento’，the genetic variation of fourteen main ornamental traits were analyzed，diversity of F1 population was assessed，and 19 SSR markers were employed to perform the linkage analysis between the main ornamental traits and SSR markers. The results showed that the variation coefficients of all nine main ornamental characteristics were more than 10% and ranged from 14.58%–48.33%. The growth habits of F1 seedlings were mostly semi-erect and explanate. The phenotype of flower bud and flower color had no obvious separation. There were correlations between traits. The value of polymorphism information content（PIC）ranged from 0.20–0.59 with a mean of 0.43. Shannon information index ranged from 0.38–1.13，and the average value was 0.82. The average expected heterozygosity was 0.52 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.53，indicating a medium value of genetic diversity in the F1 population. Eight SSR markers were detected，which have significant correlation with eight main ornamental traits，and the interpretation ratio ranged from 3.46%–16.02%.
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• Cloning and Subcellular Localization of RFNR and the Mechanisms of Stress Induced Response of RFNR and LFNR in Oncidium
• LI Rong1，WU Xiaopei1，WANG Xuejing1，CHEN Yukun1，GUO Rongfang1，LIN Yuling1，LAI Zhongxiong1,*，and XUHAN Xu1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2164-2176. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0361
• Abstract ( 171 ) HTML ( 646 ) PDF (6578KB) ( 646 ) 　　　
• Two types of FNR genes（Root-type Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase，RFNR and Leaf-type Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase，LFNR）were cloned from‘Little Cherry’Oncidium. The bioinformatics analysis showed that they both belonged to the FNR-like super-family with flavin adenine dinucleotide（FAD）and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide（NAD）functional domains and they were conservative in the evolution process，but exhibited significant differences in the composition of amino acids，protein structure and configurations. The RFNR was more conservative than LFNR. The results of FNR protein localization showed their encoded proteins were found mainly in the chloroplasts. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR expression analysis showed that LFNR and RFNR had organ-specific expression，i.e. LFNR was mainly in the leaf and RFNR in the root. The soft rot induced the down-regulation of LFNR gene and the up-regulation of RFNR gene. Both LFNR and RFNR showed up-regulation in response to the treatments of high salt concentration and high temperature and RFNR showed more quickly and higher levels of response，as well as both responded slightly to salicylic acid（SA）treatment. When treated with methyl jasmonate（MeJA），both LFNR and RFNR exhibited single-peak expression. There were similar and different expression characteristics under various stress conditions in two types of FNR in Oncidium，which implied different molecular mechanisms in responding to different stresses.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Small GTP-binding Protein Gene（CpRAC1）in Chimonanthus praecox
• MA Jing，MEN Weiting，CHEN Xinli，SUI Shunzhao，and LI Mingyang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2177-2187. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0859
• Abstract ( 197 ) HTML ( 552 ) PDF (1119KB) ( 552 ) 　　　

• In this study，we cloned a small GTP binding protein gene（CpRAC1）by randomly sequencing from cDNA library of Chimonanthus praecox flowers. The cDNA full length of CpRAC1 gene was 1 089 bp，which contained an opening reading frame of 597 bp and encoded a protein of 198 amino acids residues. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there was no signal peptide or trans-membrane domain existed in CpRAC1 protein. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that CpRAC1 protein，belonged to the typeⅠplant Rac protein，which contained the Rho superfamily conversed domain and had the high identity with other Rac proteins in different plants. The qRT-PCR demonstrated that CpRAC1 expressed in different tissues（root，stem，leaf，petal，stamen and pistil）and had the highest expression level in stamen. However，no transcripts of CpRAC1 were detected in the early stage of flower development，and then the expression level increased gradually along with the flower development. And the expression level reached its peak at the wither period. The expression of CpRAC1 was down-regulated under cold，hot，salt，CuSO4，drought and ABA stresses but up-regulated by H2O2 treatment. We speculated CpRAC1 may play impotant roles in flower development and abiotic stress response.

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• Effect of Ectopic Expression of Paeonia rockii PrLPAAT1 on Fatty Acids Content of Seed
• YU Rui，ZHAO Yongqing，ZHANG Qingyu，BAI Zhangzhen，SUN Daoyang，HU Jiayuan，NIU Lixin*，and ZHANG Yanlong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2188-2198. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0737
• Abstract ( 175 ) HTML ( 543 ) PDF (1021KB) ( 543 ) 　　　

• PrLPAAT1 gene was cloned from Paeonia rockii. The expression vector 2S2::PrLPAAT1 was constructed and transformed into wild-type（WT）Arabidposis plants by the floral dip method. Three positive T3 transformants L1OX-11，L1OX-17 and L1OX-19 were confirmed via hygromycin-resistant selection and PCR method. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that PrLPAAT1 was highly expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Phenotypic analysis suggested that the seed yield had no significant changes in transgenic Arabidopsis lines，compared to WT plants. We analyzed the content and composition of FAs in mature seeds of the transgenic Arabidopsis using GC–MS. Compared with WT plants，seeds of L1OX-11，L1OX-17，and L1OX-19 line showed increased total fatty acids（FAs）content of 5.3%，and 5.2%，and the oleic acid（OA）content of 19.9%，24.6%，and 19.4%，respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that a few endogenous genes（AtACP1，AtDGAT1，and AtSUS3）involved in lipid biosynthesis were up-regulated in PrLPAAT1-overexpressing lines. These results showed that PrLPAAT1 may play an important role in fatty acid biosynthesis of seed.

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Research Notes

• Growth-Promoting Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K103 on Cucumber Plug Seedlings
• DONG Chunjuan1，WANG Lingling1，LI Liang1，QIN Yuxuan2，LI Pinglan2，and SHANG Qingmao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2199-2208. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0114
• Abstract ( 204 ) HTML ( 540 ) PDF (765KB) ( 540 ) 　　　

• To investigate the growth-promoting effects and mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K103 on cucumber plug seedlings，K103 was inoculated into the substrate before sowing，and the growth parameters，mineral elements aborptions were measured. The rhizosphere bacterial diversities were also detected by 454 pyro sequencing. The results showed that K103 showed high nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization capacity. K103 inoculation in substrate could promote the growth and development of cucumber plug seedlings by increasing the mineral absorption and root vigor. The 454 sequencing data suggested that K103 could colonize in the rhizosphere，and increase the relative abundances of nine bacteria species，including Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus，Sphingomonas sp. CHNTR37 and CL01，Acidovorax delafieldii，Mesorhizobium ciceri，etc. Most of these species were plant growth- promoting bacteria.

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• Molecular Characterization of Chilli veinal mottle virus Infecting Pepper in Guangdong Province
• TANG Yafei1,2，PEI Fan1，YU Lin1，HE Zifu1,2,*，SHE Xiaoman1，LAN Guobing1，and DENG Mingguang1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2209-2216. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0297
• Abstract ( 178 ) HTML ( 592 ) PDF (2484KB) ( 592 ) 　　　

• Chilli veinal mottle virus（ChiVMV）is one of main pathogen causing pepper virus disease in Guangdong Province，China. To ascertain the molecular characterization of ChiVMV isolate Guangdong（ChiVMV-GD），the whole genome sequence of ChiVMV-GD was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE amplification. In addition to the poly（A）tail，the length of ChiVMV-GD genome was 9 721 nt and encoded a 350.44 kD polyprotein（coordinate 167–9 436 nt）. The 5′-untranslated region（5′-UTR）and 3'-untranslated region（3′-UTR）contained 166 and 285 nt，respectively. The 5′-end contained a viral genome-linked protein（VPg）. The 3′-end contained a poly（A）tail. The whole genome sequence of ChiVMV-GD shared 79.1% to 96.9% nucleotide sequence identities with other isolates of ChiVMV deposited in the GenBank database，with the highest nucleotide sequence identities to the isolate Hainan（GenBank accession number：GQ981316.1）at 96.9%. Phylogenetic analysis of ChiVMV-GD and the other 11 isolates of ChiVMV indicated that it clustered with the Hainan isolate to form a unique clade. This result showed that ChiVMV-GD had the closest relationship with ChiVMV Hainan isolate. This paper is the first report the molecular characterization of ChiVMV infecting pepper in Guangdong Province，China.

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• Analysis of Sequence Characteristics of Cytokinin Response Regulator in Salvia miltiorrhiza
• ZHOU Changhao*，LIN Caicai*，FENG Yuanyuan，JIN Hua，WANG Jianhua，and SONG Zhenqiao**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2217-2227. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0376
• Abstract ( 151 ) HTML ( 694 ) PDF (3338KB) ( 694 ) 　　　

• Cytokinin plays an important role in the growth and development of plants，which responds to external environmental stimuli through the two-component system in plant. The response regulators （RRs）are critical members in the two-component system. Through genome-wide identification，15 putative SmRR genes were identified from the genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Based on conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis，15 SmRR genes were divided into two subfamilies，type-A（SmRR1–SmRR7）and type-B（SmRR8–SmRR15）. Sequence analysis of the SmRR gene family in S. miltiorrhiza，including gene structure，sequence features，cis-acting element，conserved motifs，and expression in different organs，were carried out. The results showed that the REC domain contains conserved DDK amino-acid residues in type-A SmRR，type-B SmRR has conserved Myb-like domain. The exon and intron number of SmRR also has relative conservatism. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed that there are many stress and growth regulating substance response elements in SmRR. Differential transcript abundance was detected for SmRRs in different organs and tissues.

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Review

• Progress on Sex Determinant Mechanism in Horticultural Plants
• ZHAO Yujie，ZHANG Taikui，LUI Cuiyu，HUANG Xianbin，and YUAN Zhaohe*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2228-2242. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0487
• Abstract ( 324 ) HTML ( 1375 ) PDF (1390KB) ( 1375 ) 　　　

• Sex chromosomes，genes and MADS-box transcription factors are the key genetic factors in the development of individual or organ. In dioecism，sex chromosomes and sex determination genes determine exclusive male or female function and are the material base of heredity. Sex differentiation genes are alternatively expressed in the meristem of floral organs，which regulate the development of unisexual flower development. The ABCDE model of flower development proposes the existence of five types of gene function（A，B，C，D，and E）. It turned out to be mostly genes of this model that encode members of the MADS-box family. Plant MADS-box genes regulate the timing of flower initiation and flower meristem identity，as well as various aspects of ovule，fruit，leaf，and root development. Here，we reviewed the evolutionary mechanism of plant sex chromosomes，the sex chromosomes system in horticultural plants，the localization of linkage groups of sex determination genes，the identification of genes and the research of flower development regulated by MADS-box gene family. For the future elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of sex determination in horticultural plants，numerous key topics were discussed.

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New Technologies and New Methods

• Development and Application of a Quantitative RT-PCR Approach for Detection of Grapevine virus A
• REN Fang，DONG Yafeng*，ZHANG Zunping，FAN Xudong，and HU Guojun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2243-2254. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0124
• Abstract ( 167 ) HTML ( 480 ) PDF (1379KB) ( 480 ) 　　　
• To develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for Grapevine virus A（GVA）detection，a SYBR GreenⅠreal time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method（RT-qPCR）was established，and an excellent linear correlation（R2 = 0.999）and a high amplification efficiency（E = 99.2%）were obtained from standard curve of cDNA. The RT-qPCR method could be used to detect GVA specifically，and the sensitivity was 100-fold higher than conventional RT-PCR. Reproducibility test revealed that the coefficients of variation in the intra- and extra- assay were 0.16%–0.31% and 2.91%，respectively，indicating a good reproducibility. The RT-qPCR method could be used to detect a wide range of sample types，and the detection rates of samples from different seasons，cultivars and positions（young leaves，young petioles，old leaves，old petioles，tendrils and dormant branches）were generally higher than conventional RT-PCR. Comparison of the detection rates of samples in different seasons showed that samples in autumn and winter were best for detection，and except for young leaves，the detection rates of all samples in these two seasons were all 100%. The detection rates of samples in spring and summer were 10% to 100%. Comparison of the detection rates of samples in different positions showed that samples of old petioles and dormant branches were best for detection，for which the detection rates were all 100%. The detection rate for old leaves was 80% to 100%，and for samples from other positions was from 10% to 100%. In detection of field samples，the results of dormant branches were most consistent with conventional RT-PCR，but the detection rate of old tendrils in autumn by RT-qPCR was obviously higher than that by conventional RT-PCR.
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• Quadruple PCR Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato，Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis，Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Infected Tomato Tissues
• KANG Huajun1,2，CHAI Ali1,*，SHI Yanxia1，XIE Xuewen1，YUAN Junhai2，and LI Baoju1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2254-2264. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0153
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 576 ) PDF (1821KB) ( 576 ) 　　　

• In order to establish a rapid and specific detection method for tomato diseases，a quadruple PCR assay was designed for identifing the pathogens including Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato（Pst），Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis（Cmm），Ralstonia solanacearum（Rs）and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria（Xcv）. The specific primers（BW-F/BW-R）of Pst were designed based on the gap1 gene sequence，which can amplify 375 bp specific fragment by optimizing the PCR conditions. Besides，three pairs of specific primers of Cmm（Fan1/Fan2），Rs（RS-1-F/RS-3-R），and Xcv（XCVF/XCVR）used in this study were referenced previous studies. The primer concentration，the annealing temperature，amplification cycles，and the extension time were optimized to obtain the best ratio of primers and amplification conditions. Then，the rapid quadruple PCR detection of pathogens in tomato was established. The annealing temperature was 57.1 ℃，the extension time was 45 s and the number of cycles was 35. The final concentrations of BW-F/BW-R primers，Fan1/Fan2 primers，RS-1-F/RS-3-R primers and XCVF/XCVR primers were 0.24，0.16，0.16 and 0.08 μmol ? L-1，respectively. The expected sizes of amplification bands were 375，146，716 and 517 bp for BW-F/BW-R，Fan1/Fan2，RS-1-F/RS-3-R and XCVF/XCVR，respectively. The quadruple PCR can simultaneously detect Pst，Cmm，Rs and Xcv in infected plants tissue，with the detection limits of 0.1 ng ? μL-1 gDNA. This study indicated that quadruple PCR might be a useful tool for rapid and sensitive diagnosis and provided an effective technical support for pathogenic identification.

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New Cultivars

• A New Late-ripening Peach Cultivar‘Qiulian’
• WANG Zhaoyuan，CHANG Ruifeng，LI Yonghong，CHEN Hu，HAN Jicheng，and LIU Guojian*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2265-2266. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0480
• Abstract ( 190 ) HTML ( 397 ) PDF (917KB) ( 397 ) 　　　
• ‘Qiulian’is a new late-ripening peach cultivar derived from the cross of ‘Chongyang Hong’and‘Yanhong’. The flower is showy with much pollen. The fruit shape is nearly round，the average weight is 324 g，and the biggest one is 515 g. More than 90% of the fruit surface is covered by deep red color when ripe. The flesh is white with red pigment，hard-melting，sweet. The soluble solids content is 12.6%，and the stone is cling. It is tolerant to storage and long-distance transportation with 13.0 kg ? cm-2 hardness. The fruit development period is about 142 days. It has high yield，the yield of 5-year-old trees is about 47.6 t ? hm-2.
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• A New Red-fleshed Pitaya Cultivar‘Guanhuahong’
• YE Yaoxiong1，HU Guibing2,*，LI Jianqiang1，QIN Yonghua2，GU Wenqiang1，ZHAI Xin1，LIU Zhixian1，and LI Jiongxiang1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2267-2268. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0113
• Abstract ( 223 ) HTML ( 538 ) PDF (1361KB) ( 538 ) 　　　
• ‘Guanhuahong’is a new red-fleshed pitaya cultivar selected from‘Hongshuijing’through seedling selection. The fruit is nearly oval to round. The average fruit weight is about 376.7 g and the biggest is 823.6 g. Edible rate is 79.1%. The flesh is red，with an average total soluble solids of 14.5% and titratable acid of 0.17%. The cultivar has strong self-compatibility. There are 10–12 batches of fruit per year.
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• A New Ornamental Xanthoceras sorbifolium Cultivar‘Yanhua’
• AO Yan1,2,*，MA Lüyi1,2，SU Shuchai1,2，ZHANG Ning1,2，and LIU Juefei3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2269-2270. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0257
• Abstract ( 236 ) HTML ( 454 ) PDF (1241KB) ( 454 ) 　　　
• ‘Yanhua’is a new cultivar of Xanthoceras sorbifolium，which is selected from wild resources of Xanthoceras sorbifolium in Chifeng，Inner Mongolia. In early blossom，the petal base of‘Yanhua’is lemon yellow，and the petal edge is white. In full bloom stage，the whole petals turn into light pink with vertical stripes. The genetic character was stable.‘Yanhua’has ornamental values. The initial bloom stage of this cultivar starts at the beginning of May and full bloom stage begins after May 15th in Baotou.‘Yanhua’can be widely planted in Northeast，Northwest，and Northern China.
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• A New Luculia gratissima Cultivar‘Xiangfei’
• WAN Youming，MA Hong，LIU Xiuxian，ZHAO Zhengang，and LI Zhenghong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2271-2272. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0070
• Abstract ( 258 ) HTML ( 403 ) PDF (1172KB) ( 403 ) 　　　
• ‘Xiangfei’is a new cultivar bred from the natural variant plants of Luculia gratissima. The cultivar is perennial evergreen shrub，possessing spreading plant type. The plant height can reach 2.5 m. Its thin papery leaf is elliptic in shape with leaf index 2.57. The inflorescence type is cyme and the flower type is short-style. The green sepal is half-spreading in shape at anthesis and its abaxial surface is covered by pubescence. The corolla tube is（3.57 ± 0.16）cm in length. The corolla diameter is （3.40 ± 0.26）cm with light purplish pink in color. Attachments between the corolla lobes are absent.
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• Three New Primulina（Gesneriaceae）Hybrids‘Piebald Apple’，‘Cat’s Garland’and‘Dan’s Trumpet’
• LAI Bidan*，DENG Zhengyu，CUI Zhongji，and LIU Zhen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(11): 2273-2274. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0235
• Abstract ( 138 ) HTML ( 511 ) PDF (1041KB) ( 511 ) 　　　
• Primulina‘Piebald Apple’is the hybrid from‘Lavender Apple’× P. sclerophylla，‘Cat’s Garland’is the hybrid from P. yungfuensis × P. glandulosa var. yangshuoensis and‘Dan’s Trumpet’is the hybrid from P. ophiopogoides × P. beiliuensis var. fimbribracteata. These three hybrids are good in resistance and adaptability with lots of purple，pink white and blue violet flowers，respectively.
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