Research Papers

• Genome-wide Identification of PIN Gene Family，Cloning and Expression Analysis of MdPIN15 During Axillary Bud Burst in Malus
• LIU Xiaojie，FAN Sheng，LI Guofang，TAN Ming，MO Ning，MA Juanjuan，ZHANG Dong，and HAN Mingyu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2041-2054. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0219
• Abstract ( 525 ) HTML ( 901 ) PDF (2570KB) ( 901 ) 　　　

• A total of 18 Auxin efflux carrier protein PIN were identified from the apple genome. We
  further systematically analyzed its physical and chemical characteristics，gene structures，evolutionary
  relationships and promoter elements. Results showed that the MdPIN gene family contained 1–14 exons
  and 0–13 introns；3–10 conserved motifs existed in the MdPIN proteins；MdPIN and AtPIN proteins
  were highly homologous and they could be classified into G1，G2 and G3 according to its homology.
  Tissue-specific expressions indicated that 18 MdPIN genes had significantly different expression patterns
  in different organs or tissues of different genotypes. A candidate gene MdPIN15 was separated and cloned
  from axillary bud of Nagafu 2. The open reading frame was 1 869 bp，and it encoded 622 amino acids. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the the highest transcription level of MdPIN15 was found in the
  shoot tips，the second in the axillary buds，and the lowest in the flower buds. Exogenous GR24 and
  Lovastatin（LVS）treatments reduced MdPIN15 expression，while it was increased by exogenous 6-BA and
  decapitation treatments. It seems to be possible that MdPIN15 could play a vital role in the axillary bud
  burst mediated by cytokinin（CK），indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）and strigolactone（SL）.

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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Cytokinin Response Factor Gene MdCRF4 in Apple
• AN Jianping1，SONG Laiqing2，ZHAO Lingling2，YOU Chunxiang1，WANG Xiaofei1,*，and HAO Yujin1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2055-2063. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0265
• Abstract ( 602 ) HTML ( 715 ) PDF (1436KB) ( 715 ) 　　　
• null
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• The Flowering-related Genes Expression Differences in Different Scionstock#br# Combination of Cherry
• DUAN Xuwei，NI Yang，ZHANG Kaichun*，ZHANG Xiaoming，YAN Guohua，WANG Jing，and
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2064-2074. DOI:doi：10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0299
• Abstract ( 208 ) HTML ( 688 ) PDF (885KB) ( 688 ) 　　　

• DUAN Xuwei，NI Yang，ZHANG Kaichun*，ZHANG Xiaoming，YAN Guohua，WANG Jing，and
  ZHOU Yu*

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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-cyclase Gene ChLCYb in Cerasus humilis
• ZHANG Jiancheng，GAO Limin，WANG Pengfei，YANG Shuyi，ZHENG Bin，WANG Yutian，and DU Junjie*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2075-2088. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0678
• Abstract ( 216 ) HTML ( 780 ) PDF (4738KB) ( 780 ) 　　　

• The full length of cDNA sequence of lycopene β-cyclase（LCYb）gene named ChLCYb was
  cloned from Cerasus humilis（Bge）Sok. using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
  （RT-PCR）combined with RACE techniques. The cDNA sequence of ChLCYb was 1 798 bp in length，
  containing a 1 515 bp open reading frame（ORF）which encoded a protein of 503 amino acids. Sequence analysis indicated that ChLCYb contain typical plant LCYb conserved region，dinucleotide-binding
  signature，Cyclase motif 1，Cyclase motif 2 and lycopene β-cyclase motif. The ChLCYb protein has a
  signal transit peptide consists of 84 amino acid residues in the N-terminal region and four predicted
  transmembrane domains in the sites of 85–106，209–227，373–391 and 460–480 amino acids.
  Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that the expression of ChLCYb was the highest in the leaf，
  followed by in the fruitlets，and the lowest in the root. The expression of ChLCYb in the peel was markedly
  higher than that in the pulp during the fruit development. The expression of ChLCYb in the peel increased
  at first，which peaked on 90 days after bloom，and then started to drop slowly，while that in the pulp keep
  a relatively stable situation. There was a significantly positive correlation between ChLCYb transcript
  expression and β-carotene contents in peel and pulp（r = 0.824，r = 0.712，P < 0.05）. The heterogenous
  expression in E. coli system produced the fused ChLCYb protein and confirmed that ChLCYb could
  catalyze the conversion of lycopene into β-carotene in E. coli engineered to produce lycopene，whose
  conversion efficiency reaches 71.22%. Overexpression of ChLCYb gene resulted in a virtually complete
  conversion and accumulation of lycopene into β-carotene in tomato fruit. The amount of β-carotene in the
  fruit of transgenic plant L-11 was 692.18 μg · g-1 DW，which was 4.42 times that of the non-transgenic
  control.

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• Cloning and Functional Verification of Gene PgAGL11 Associated with the Development of Flower Organs in Pomegranate Plant
• CHEN Lina，ZHANG Jie，NIU Juan，LI Haoxian，XUE Hui，LIU Beibei，XIA Xiaocong，ZHANG Fuhong，ZHAO Diguang，and CAO Shangyin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2089-2098. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0151
• Abstract ( 426 ) HTML ( 720 ) PDF (3726KB) ( 720 ) 　　　

• To confirm the key reason and stage of pomegranate female sterility and explore the role of
  PgAGL11 for pomegranate female sterility，we investigated the key stage of pomegranate female sterility
  as well as sequence characteristic and function of PgAGL11 using‘Tunisiruanzi’. The results of paraffin
  section revealed that the key reason of pomegranate female sterility was ovule termination after the
  formation of inner integument primordial. The key stage was when the flower bud vertical diameter
  developed into 8.1–15.0 mm. The 696 bp coding sequence（CDS）of PgAGL11 was obtained by TA
  cloning，which showed a high similarity with AGL11 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcription analysis
  indicated the expression level of PgAGL11 in bisexual flowers was significantly higher than that in
  functional male flowers during the flower bud vertical diameter was 8.1–15.0 mm（P < 0.05），the expression level of PgAGL11 in pistil was significantly higher than that in petal，calyx，seed，and pericarp
  （P < 0.01），which indicated it’s crucial roles in pistil development. Furthermore，we induced the
  PgAGL11 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana using a Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic method and
  produced shortened stamen，smaller petal，thicker style，and elongated mastoid cells on the surface of
  stigma phenotypes. The results confirmed the key reason and stage of pomegranate female sterility and the
  important roles of PgAGL11 in pomegranate female sterility.

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• Effect of Colored Plastic Film on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Chinese Cabbage
• SUN Chenchen1，WU Chuntao2，SUN Shengnan1，LIU Fengjiao1，BI Huangai1，and AI Xizhen1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2099-2108. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0215
• Abstract ( 268 ) HTML ( 640 ) PDF (834KB) ( 640 ) 　　　

• The effect of colored plastic films on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring
  Chinese cabbage（Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis）in plastic greenhouse were studied，with‘Jujin’
  as material，and colorless plastic film as the control. The results showed that the purple film and red film
  increased the air temperature，whereas reduces the humidity under the same photon flux density. Conversely，blue film and green film decreased the air temperature，but increased humidity. The daily
  photosynthetic rate（Pn）of spring Chinese cabbage cultivated in plastic greenhouse varied in a single peak
  curve. The Pn of purple film and red film plants were significantly higher than that of the control plants，
  but no differences were observed in blue film，green film and the control plants. The light saturation point
  （LSP）of Chinese cabbage were 1 133.4–1 217.5 μmol · m-2 · s-1，both significantly higher in purple film
  and red film than in the control. No differences were found in light compensation point（LCP），apparent
  quantum yield（AQY），CO2 compensation point and saturation point among different treatments. However，
  the carboxylation efficiency（CE）of purple film was higher，while that of green film was lower，compared
  with the control. During sunny days，the noticeable reduction in photorespiration（Pr），but the marked
  enhancement in efficiency for solar energy utilization（LUE）were observed in red film and purple film
  plants，compared to control plants. The red film and purple film treatments showed higher，while the green
  film treatment revealed lower activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase（RuBCase），fructose-
  1,6-bisphosphatase（FBPase），sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase（SBPase）and transketolase（TK）than
  those of the control. The growth was higher in purple film and red film plants，lower in green film plants
  than in the control plants，but no difference was observed between blue film and the control plants. In
  comparison with the control，the economics yield of purple film and red film increased by 15.1% and 7.8%
  respectively，but that of blue film and green film decreased by 6.4% and 15.5%. These data suggest that
  purple film and red film increase the LUE and photosynthetic carbon assimilation，consequently facilitate
  the growth and the yield of Chinese cabbage，however the green film showed the opposite result.

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• Inheritance and Phenotypic Analysis of yellow stigma（ys）Mutant of#br# Tomato
• ZHAO Guiye，QIN Lei，Tayeb MUHAMMAD，ZHANG Yang，ZHANG Yan*，and LIANG Yan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2109-2116. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0170
• Abstract ( 435 ) HTML ( 611 ) PDF (1876KB) ( 611 ) 　　　

• We used Ethyl methanesulfonate（EMS）mutagenesis approach and obtained stable
  inherited“yellow stigma”mutant （ys）. Mutagen did not significantly change the chlorophyll and carotenoid
  contents in the stigma of mutant ys compared with the wild-type. However，contents of p-coumaric acid
  and naringeninchalcones were significantly higher in mutant than that of wild-type. We assumed that
  accumulation of this yellow pigment plays important role in tomato yellow stigma formation process. The
  result also revealed that there was no significant difference in stigma surface structure，stigma receptivity
  and pollen viability of both mutant and wild-type. Furthermore，genetic analysis of various generations
  showed that in F1 and BC2 populations all the plants have normal stigma color，as segregation ratios of 3∶1
  （P > 0.05）and 1∶1（P > 0.05）was observed in F2 and BC1 populations，respectively. The ratio was
  consistent with classical Mendelian law of inheritance，indicating that stigma color may be inherited as a
  single recessive nuclear gene. The results of this study provide the material and theoretical basis for the
  selection，breeding and improvement of new tomato varieties.

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• Role of Lipoxygenase and Ethylene in Tomato Fruit Aroma Synthesis
• LIANG Xinyuan，GUO Xingxiu，and QI Hongyan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2117-2125. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0057
• Abstract ( 263 ) HTML ( 589 ) PDF (1197KB) ( 589 ) 　　　

• In order to acquire a better insight into the ethylene and lipoxygenase control of flavour
  compound generation and links between these metabolites and the central regulators of ripening，five
  pleiotropic mutant tomato lines were subjected to volatile metabolite profiling in comparison with
  wild-type Ailsa Craig（AC）. Five tomato mature mutants rin，nr，nor，cnr，hp-1 and wild type AC were
  sampled at breaker color（0 d），three days after breaker（3 d）and seven days after breaker（7 d），
  respectively. Aroma，ethylene and gene expression of hydroperoxide lyase（HPL），lipoxygenase（LOX）
  activity and gene expression of TomloxC were investigated. With fruits growth and development，compared with the control，the aroma compounds in the mutant fruits were decreased. LOX enzyme activity and gene
  expression of TomloxC were lower in rin，nor，cnr fruits than that in wild-type AC fruits. However，
  expression of TomloxC were significantly increased in the hp-1 fruits and nr fruits at seven days after
  breaker. The aroma compounds in ripening mutants of tomato were less than those in wild type，and they
  can’t synthesize ethylene or synthesize small amounts of ethylene. Along with fruits growth and
  development，the expression of LeHPL in AC and hp-1 were increased，seven days after breaker were
  significantly higher than breaker and three days after breaker in the nor fruits，in rin and nr fruits were
  significantly decreased at seven days after breaker. Above all，in the mutants lack of ethylene，the aroma
  contents and types were lower than those in wild type，the ethylene synthesis were inhibited，LOX activity
  and gene expression of LeHPL，TomloxC were decreased. Those results indicated that LOX was regulated
  by ethylene in aroma volatiles synthesis of fruits.

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• Transient Expression of β-carotene Ketolase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in Pumpkin Fruit
• ZHOU Yangyang1,2，HUANG Hexun1，LI Junxing1,3，WANG Rui1,3，LUO Shaobo1,3，WU Tingquan1,3，and ZHONG Yujuan1,3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2126-2134. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0198
• Abstract ( 252 ) HTML ( 629 ) PDF (1882KB) ( 629 ) 　　　

• In this study，transient expression system was used to analyze the function of
  β-ketocarotase for biosynthesis of ketocarotenoid in pumpkin fruit. The Agrobacteria that contained
  pBI121-CMTPCRBKT vector with CrBKT gene and the control pBI121 vector were individually injected
  into the pumpkin fruits at 2，5，10，15 and 25 days after pollination，respectively. It was found that the fruit
  pulp was light reddish in 2- and 5- day fruits with darker color in pulp of 5-day fruit while there was no red pigment accumulated in more than 10-day fruit. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）
  analysis of pigment composition revealed that the accumulated red pigments were canthaxanthin and
  astaxanthin. Compared with the control，the carotenoid content in the 2- and 5-day fruits injected with the
  CrBKT gene were significantly increased，which increased by about 1/3 in 5-day young fruit and
  ketocarotenoid content was 106.31 μg · g-1，of which canthaxanthin accounted for 80.65%，astaxanthin was
  19.35%，while the carotenoid content of the fruits in more than 10-day had no obvious change and there
  was no accumulation of ketocarotenoid. PCR amplification indicated that CrBKT was expressed in the
  transformed tissue. The result showed that the CrBKT gene could be only expressed in less than 5-day fruit
  and it could convert carotenoid in young pumpkin into ketocarotenoid. However，the expression of
  exogenous gene was discouraged due to the bacteria could not osmotic into the flesh tissue with the fruit
  ripening.

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• High-throughput Transcriptome Sequencing and Primary Analysis of Terpenoids Metabolism in Toona sinensis‘Heiyouchun’Sprout
• ZHAO Hu*，TANG Kaijing，FAN Xiaoying，and Lü Weijian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2135-2149. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0282
• Abstract ( 323 ) HTML ( 749 ) PDF (789KB) ( 749 ) 　　　

• Toona sinensis‘Heiyouchun’sprouts were rich in terpenoids that were mainly composed
  of sesquiterpenoids such as dehydroaromadendrene，9,10-dehydroisolongifolene，and β-caryophyllene，
  their contents were as high as 4 440.71，1 932.02 and 1 799.89 ng · g-1，respectively. To understand
  terpenoids biosynthetic pathway，high-through RNA-seq technology was used to genernate the
  transcriptome of Toona sinensis‘Heiyouchun’sprout and high-quality base data of 4.70 Gb and 86 870 transcripts were acquired. Furthermore，a total of 55 850 unigenes with average length of 1 013 bp was
  obtained by de novo assembly. Sequence alignment analysis showed 39 408 unigenes in our transcriptomic
  data had sequence homology with those of other species at different degrees and the highest matching ratio
  of functional annotation to Citrus sinensis. Gene ontology analysis revealed that annotated 19 704 unigenes
  were grouped into 54 different categories in terms of cellular component，molecular function and
  biological process. Among them，the unigenes involved in metabolic process，cell composition，binding
  and catalytic activity，and cell processes were predominant. Based on the cluster of orthologous groups，
  14 186 unigenes were further annotated and grouped into 25 functional categories. Moreover，28 400 unigenes
  were annotated to 135 KEGG pathway and broadly divided into 6 categories of 21 branches. Our data
  indicated that 467 unigenes were mined and involved in terpenoids biosynthesis related to flavor formation
  of Toona sinensis‘Heiyouchun’sprout，including 226 for terpenoid backbone biosynthesis，71 for
  monoterpenoids biosynthesis ， 86 for sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids biosynthesis ， and 84 for
  diterpenoids biosynthesis，which laid a solid foundation for further study on the function of genes related
  to terpenoids biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of flavor compounds formation.

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• Cloning and Functional Verification of Chrysanthemum CmXTHs Genes#br# Related to Petal Elongation
• WEN Lizhu，SUN Xia，REN Hong，FAN Hongmei，YU Yuanyuan，GUO Yunhui，and ZHENG Chengshu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2150-2162. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0129
• Abstract ( 190 ) HTML ( 850 ) PDF (2537KB) ( 850 ) 　　　

• Four xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes that related to cell wall loosen were
  cloned from chrysanthemum and named as CmXTH1，CmXTH2，CmXTH3 and CmXTH4. Sequences
  analysis showed that the N-terminal regions of deduced amino acid sequences all had signal peptides
  composed of 20–30 amino acids，conserved catalytic sites of DE（I/L）DEFLG and N-glycosylation sites composed of N（R/A）T，CmXTH1/2/3 had four cysteine in C-terminal regions，the identity of 4 CmXTH1/2/3/4
  was 66.2%. The phylogenetic analysis result suggested that CmXTH1/2/3 belongs to groupⅠof XTH
  family，CmXTH4 belongs to groupⅡ. The real-time PCR results showed that：（1）CmXTH1/2/3/4 all had
  expression in root，stem and leaf. CmXTH1 was highly expressed in chrysanthemum root. CmXTH2/3 was
  expressed more in stem. CmXTH4 was highly expressed in alabastrum.（2）CmXTH1/2/3/4 showed
  different expression levels in different parts of inflorescence. CmXTH1/4 was expressed more in ray florets.
  CmXTH2/3 was expressed more in tubular florets. （3）CmXTH1/2/3/4 showed different expression levels in
  different stages of ray florets development. CmXTH1/2 was highly expressed in ray florets at bloom stage，
  CmXTH3 was highly expressed at senescent stage，while CmXTH4 was expressed highest at initiation stage.
  The virus induced gene silence results showed that，the inflorescences diameters and ray florets lengths of
  CmXTH1/2/3/4-silenced groups all showed decrease compared with control，the CmXTH4-silenced group
  decreased most by 25.67% and 10.42% respectively，the sizes of petal epidermal cells decreased
  obviously，influenced the extension of ray floret petal. The stamen length of CmXTH2-silenced tubular
  florets and the diameter of CmXTH4-silenced sepal all showed significant decrease compared with control.
  These results indicated that CmXTH1/2/3/4 participated in the opening of inflorescences，promoted the
  extension of ray floret petal ， and they were important for the enlargement of chrysanthemum
  inflorescences.

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Research Notes

• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of MdNAC143 Reveals#br# Its Involvement in Salt Tolerance in Apple Callus
• ZHANG Quanyan，YU Jianqiang，WANG Jiahui，HU Dagang*，and HAO Yujin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2163-2170. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0280
• Abstract ( 205 ) HTML ( 682 ) PDF (1397KB) ( 682 ) 　　　

• A NAC transcription factor（TF）（Genbank accession number:MDP0000334047）was
  cloned from Malus × domestica‘Royal Gala’. Sequence analysis showed that the ORF of the MdNAC143
  was 924 bp，which encoded 308 amino acids. It was predicted that the molecular mass of this protein was
  35.59 kD and the pI was 6.32. Analysis of functional domain showed that the MdNAC143 protein included
  about the conserved NAC domain. The results of yeast two-hybrid showed that the full length and
  C-terminal of MdNAC143 had transcriptional activation activity. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the
  MdNAC143 gene was generally expressed in all tissues of apple and the expression was significantly
  higher in leaves and flowers. Meanwhile，the expression of MdNAC143 was induced by salt stress.
  Finally，salt-tolerance assay indicated that overexpression of MdNAC143 remarkably increased the
  tolerance of transgenic apple callus to high salinity.

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• The Influences of Different Fertilization Depth on the Nitrogen Absorption，#br# Distribution and Utilization of‘Hwangkumbae’Pear Trees
• WU Yang，SUN Mingde，LIU Jun，TIAN Haiqing，WANG Wenjuan，and LIU Songzhong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2171-2178. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0063
• Abstract ( 225 ) HTML ( 548 ) PDF (703KB) ( 548 ) 　　　

• In this field experiment，seven-year-old pear trees（Pyrus pyrifolia‘Hwangkumbae’）
  were treated by 15N-tracer to research the effects of fertilization depth（0，20 and 40 cm）on nitrogen
  absorption，distribution and utilization of different pear trees organs，residual and loss in the soil. The
  results indicate that the 15N derived from fertilizer （Ndff）was the highest in the fruit at fruit maturity stage，
  and the Ndff in other organs of 20 cm treatment is significant higher than that of other treatments. The 15N
  distribution ratio of each treatment is highest in storage organs and lowest in vegetative organs. The N
  utilization ration of 20 cm depth treatment is highest （26.23%），and that of 40 cm depth treatment is lowest
  （15.65）；the N loss ration of 40 cm depth treatment is the highest（54.21%），and that of 20 cm depth
  treatment is lowest；the N residual ration during 0–80 cm depth soil of 40 cm depth treatment is the highest （31.73%），and that of 0 cm depth treatment is lowest. Thus，the 20 cm depth treatment can enhance the
  absorption and ability to transfer N to organs of pear trees，and reduce the nitrogen loss and residual in the
  soil in this study.

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• Evaluation on the Effects of‘Gannanzao’and‘Newhall’Naval Oranges on Mutation of Citrus tristeza virus
• YI Long*，XIA Yilin，and LI Shuanghua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2179-2185. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0118
• Abstract ( 434 ) HTML ( 833 ) PDF (1681KB) ( 833 ) 　　　

• To evaluate the resistance of two navel orange varieties，‘Newhall’and its bud mutant
  ‘Gannanzao’，to Citrus tristeza virus（CTV），and their effect on virus mutation，an isolate of CTV
  （YC-3）was inoculated to both varieties by graft. CTV isolates YC-3Z and YC-3N were then re-isolated
  from‘Gannanzao’and‘Newhall’，respectively. The HinfⅠrestriction fragment length polymorphism
  （RFLP） of coat protein（CP），single-strand conformation polymorphism（SSCP），and the sequence
  variation of CP genes of both isolates YC-3Z and YC-3N were analyzed and compared. The replication
  level of the each isolate in its corresponding variety and activity changes of the enzymes in each variety，including the superoxide dismutase（SOD） were measured. No difference was found between two isolates
  for HinfⅠRFLP analysis and DNA bands of CP/SSCP. Sequence analysis of CP gene indicated that the most
  substitution occurred at the third nucleotide in a codon，followed by the first nucleotide，while no
  substitution occurred at the second nucleotide. The number of codons transition is higher than that of
  transversion，non-synonymous mutation occurred in the YC-3N isolate，but not YC-3Z. The replication
  level of CTV in‘Newhall’is 3.3 times higher than that in‘Gannanzao’. The POD and SOD activities
  increased by more than 78.2%，PAL and PPO activities also increased，while CAT activity decreased in
  both varieties. However，there was no significant difference between two varieties for activities changes of
  those five enzymes.

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• Effects of Biodegradable Chelator on Growth and Physiology of Festuca arundinacea Seedlings
• WANG Siyu，DUO Li’an*，and ZHAO Shulan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2186-2194. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0052
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 680 ) PDF (715KB) ( 680 ) 　　　

• Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biodegradable chelators–
  Glutamic acid N, N-diacetic acid tetra sodium salt（GLDA）and iminodisuccinic acid sodium salt（IDS）
  added at different concentrations（3，6，9，12 and 15 mmol · kg-1）on seed germination，growth and
  physiology of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. seedlings. The results showed that the addition of GLDA and
  IDS inhibited seed germination of F. arundinacea，especially at high concentrations. The addition of
  GLDA and IDS at low concentrations increased aboveground biomass ， but reduced it at high
  concentrations. The highest aboveground biomass was found at the chelator treatment of 6 mmol · kg-1，
  which was significantly higher than those in the other chelator treatments. The addition of GLDA and IDS inhibited root growth of F. arundinacea，especially at high concentrations. Compared with the control，
  chelators at low concentrations（3，6 and 9 mmol · kg-1）had no significant effects on chlorophyll and
  carotenoid contents. However，chelators at high concentrations significantly decreased chlorophyll and
  carotenoid contents. The activities of SOD and CAT increased and then decreased with the increase in
  chelator concentration，while the POD activity and MDA content increased constantly with the increase in
  chelator dosage. The results indicated that the addition of GLDA and IDS may form stress for F.
  arundinacea，and the plants could develop resistance to the stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant
  enzymes. Thus，when GLDA and IDS are applied in remediation of soil polluted by heavy metals，they
  should be applied at a low concentration（6 mmol · kg-1）and should be added several days before plants are
  harvested or added at a low dosage in multiple times.

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• Genetic Diversity Analysis of Cordyceps militaris Using SSR Molecular#br# Markers
• HE Huaqi1，LIU Minxiang1，WANG Ying2，MAO Wenjun2，and BAO Dapeng2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2195-2202. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0290
• Abstract ( 243 ) HTML ( 725 ) PDF (1284KB) ( 725 ) 　　　

• The Cordyceps militaris genome was used as template to identify the SSR loci，to design
  the SSR primers，and the subsequent repeatable polymorphic bands were utilized for cluster analysis. The
  results showed that 30 SSR primers generated 215 highly repeatable polymorphic bands. Based on the
  estimation of genetic similarity coefficient（GS）calculated with unweighted pair group method arithmetic
  average（UPGMA）clustering method，the variation range of GS values were from 0.527 to 0.995，and 46
  C. militaris strains could be divided into 6 groups with a cutoff of the GS value of 0.761. There was a
  certain correlation between the genetic relationship and the geographical origin of the strains.
  Interestingly，the strains used for commercial cultivation were genetically similar to each other.

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• Cloning and Abiotic Stress Expression Analysis of CsMAPK3 Gene in Tea#br# Plant
• CAO Hongli，CHEN Dan，YE Naixing，GUO Yaling*，and YUE Chuan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2203-2214. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0367
• Abstract ( 306 ) HTML ( 594 ) PDF (3875KB) ( 594 ) 　　　

• MAPK（mitogen-activated protein kinase）genes play a crucial role in the plant response to
  stress. In this study，the full-length of cDNA and genome sequence，and the promoter sequence of
  CsMAPK3 were isolated from the tea plant（Camellia sinensis）cultivar‘Fudingdabai’. Moreover，the
  characteristic of bioinformatics and the expression patterns of CsMAPK3 under different stress treatments
  were investigated. The full-length cDNA of CsMAPK3 was 1 700 bp，with a 1 119 bp ORF，encoding 373
  amino acids（Accession No. MF034662）. It was predicted that CsMAPK3 was a hydrophilic protein，
  containing multiple phosphorylation sites. The homologous alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis
  showed that CsMAPK3 had a CD domain in the C-terminal region and conserved in TEY motif，which
  belongs to the group A of MAPKs. Subcellular localization prediction suggested that CsMAPK3 could be
  located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The genome sequence of CsMAPK3 was 4 930 bp in length and constituted by five introns and six exons；thereinto，the first and the second intron were 1 608 bp and
  1 318 bp in length，respectively，which were longer than other introns，whereas the length of the exons was
  ranged from 130 bp to 350 bp. Moreover，we cloned a promoter sequence of CsMAPK3 which was 1 125
  bp in length，and contained several stress-responsive elements involved in drought，cold，high temperature
  and ABA-signaling. Expression analysis showed that ABA，cold and salt treatments could significant
  up-regulate the expression of CsMAPK3. Protein interaction network prediction showed that CsMAPK3
  could interact with MYBR1 resulted in responsing to abiotic stress in ABA-dependent pathway. In
  conclusion，CsMAPK3 might be correlated to the abiotic stress-responsive in tea plant.

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Review

• The Research Advance on Apple Replant Disease
• YIN Chengmiao1,*，WANG Mei1,*，WANG Jiayan2，CHEN Xuesen1，SHEN Xiang1，ZHANG Min3,**，
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2215-2230. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0524
• Abstract ( 337 ) HTML ( 899 ) PDF (1336KB) ( 899 ) 　　　

• Apple replant disease（ARD）is an important factor that restricts the sustainable
  development of apple industry in China. There are many complex pathogenic factors that cause ARD，and
  some of the possible factors are variable between the different regions or orchards of the same region，and
  bring about great difficulties to prevent and control ARD. This paper summarized the main causes of
  ARD，and the main methods to control ARD，combining the related research in the last 10 years with our
  researches，mainly from the changes of microbial community structure in apple replanted orchard soil，
  allelopathic effects（phenolic acids），the physical and chemical properties of soil deterioration introduced the mechanism research progress of ARD. Then from the agronomic measures，such as reasonable crop
  rotation，intercropping and mixed cropping，deep plowing soil，application of organic materials；soil
  disinfection measures，such as chemical fumigation，physical disinfection；resistance breeding measures，
  such as breeding of resistant rootstock；biological control measures，such as antagonistic bacteria，
  antagonistic fungi，antagonistic plants and so on aspects introduced the progress of prevention and control
  of ARD. On this basis，the further study on the mechanism of ARD and the development direction of
  prevention and control technology of ARD are put forward.

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New Cultivars

• A New Pear Cultivar‘Zhongjia 1’
• OU Chunqing，JIANG Shuling*，WANG Fei，MA Li，CHEN Qiuju，HAO Ningning，and JIA Jingxian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2231-2232. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0163
• Abstract ( 309 ) HTML ( 421 ) PDF (894KB) ( 421 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongjia 1’is a new pear variety which was selected from the seedling progenies of
  ‘CP10’（superior seedling of‘Jinxiang’）. The fruit is nearly spindle. The average fruit weight is 232 g.
  The fruit is with yellow-green ground skin and is covered with light red on the sunny surface. The fresh is
  milky white，tender texture，juicy，less stone cells，sweet-sour flavor. The soluble solids content is 12.24%，
  the titratable acid content is 0.83%，the juice yield is more than 80%. The fruit is suitable for processing
  frozen pear，juice and can.‘Zhongjia 1’has a good resistance to cold，pear scab and rot disease. It is
  suitable for culturing in the south areas of Liaoning Province.

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Research Notes

• An Early-ripening Yellow Flesh Kiwifruit Cultivar‘Jinrui’
• QI Yongjie1,2，WANG Moucai4，GAO Zhenghui1,2，ZHANG Jinyun1,2，QIN Gaihua1,2，LIU Chunyan1,2，ZHANG Xiaoling1,3，PAN Haifa1,2，YI Xingkai1,2，and XU Yiliu1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2233-2234. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0354
• Abstract ( 231 ) HTML ( 475 ) PDF (1057KB) ( 475 ) 　　　

• ‘Jinrui’kiwifruit is an early-ripening yellow flesh cultivar seclected from seedlings of
  Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis. The fruit is cylindrical，while short hairs at the end of the fruit. The
  average fruit weight is 83.4 g，and maximum fruit weight can reach 103.6 g. The flesh is yellow. The fruit
  taste is favorite.‘Jinrui’fruit has 18.6% soluble solids content，10.93% total sugar content，1.7% titratable
  acid content and 2.15 mg · g-1 vitamin C content. It matures in middle September in Dabie Mountain Area，
  Anhui Province. Flourishing time tree produce 21 750 kg per hectare.

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• A Cucumber Hybrid‘Zhongnong 50’
• GU Xingfang*，ZHANG Shengping，WANG Ye，MIAO Han，and XU Caiqing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2235-2236. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0569
• Abstract ( 221 ) HTML ( 502 ) PDF (173KB) ( 502 ) 　　　

• ‘Zhongnong 50’is a new gynoecious hybrid，which was developed by crossing 1101 as
  female parent with 1107 as male parent. It’s fruit is about 25–30 cm in length with short neck and bright
  green color. It grows vigorously and has a strong sustain fruit setting ability. The yield is about 150 t · hm-2.
  It is resistant to powdery mildew，downy mildew，and other diseases. Also it is tolerate to low temperature
  and weak light. It is suitable for protected cultivation.

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New Cultivars

• A New Mini Watermelon Cultivar‘Nongkeda 16’
• MA Jianxiang，ZHANG Xian*，ZHANG Yong，LI Hao，WEI Chunhua，and YANG Jianqiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2237. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0180
• Abstract ( 186 ) HTML ( 496 ) PDF (977KB) ( 496 ) 　　　

• ‘Nongkeda 16’is a new mid-maturation watermelon cultivar which was selected from the
  cross-combination of LM05 and LF17. It is suitable to cultivate in the open field of northern China
  covered with film mulch in the early spring. The whole growth period of‘Nongkeda 16’is about 96 days，
  and the period for fruit development is around 28 days. It has a vigorous growth potential with an average
  single fruit weight of 1.8 kg and a yield of 46.875 t · hm-2. The fruit shape of‘Nongkeda 16’is oval and its
  shape index is 1.2. The fruit skin is dark green covered with clear dark green fine stripes，and the pericarp
  thickness is about 0.5 cm. The fruit flesh is red fine sandy and juicy but with less fiber. The center sugar
  content is 12.6%，value of that is close to the edge sugar content. More importantly，this cultivar has a high
  resistance to disease and other adverse stimuli.

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• A New Ganoderma lucidum Cultivar‘Chuanyuanzhi 1’
• CHEN Xiubing1，ZHOU Jie2，ZHANG Bo2，TAN Wei2，and LI Xiaolin2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2239-2240. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0141
• Abstract ( 412 ) HTML ( 484 ) PDF (1197KB) ( 484 ) 　　　

• The new Ganoderma lucidum cultivar‘Chuanyuanzhi 1’was derived from Youxi，Fujian
  Province and the species numbered G9109 was proved to be Ganoderma lucidum through systematic
  breeding in Sichuan. The pileus of‘Chuanyuanzhi 1’was semi-circle and flat，russet to earth yellow. The
  optimum growth temperature of mycelia was 24–26 ℃，and the optimum temperature for fructification
  stage was 26–28 ℃. The average biological conversion rate of cultivation in woods and bags was 18%，
  28%，respectively.

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Research Notes

• A New Chionanthus retusus Cultivar‘Chunxue’
• MA Tianxiao1，LIU Xiao2，and WANG Yanmei3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(11): 2241-2242. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0324
• Abstract ( 300 ) HTML ( 502 ) PDF (1207KB) ( 502 ) 　　　

• Chionanthus retusus‘Chunxue’is a fine young tree which is selected from the variations
  in Taihang Mountains. Seedlings will bloom in two years and grafting seedling in one year which is about
  10 days earlier than C. retusus in the same area. It has strong resistance to cold and drought，and the tree is
  suitable for landscaping，which can be planted in Henan Province and similar climate area.

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