Fruit Trees

• Effect of Stone Cells Size and Flesh Texture in Pear Cultivars
• TIAN Lu-ming;CAO Yu-fen;GAO Yuan;and DONG Xing-guang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1225-1234.
• Abstract ( 2061 ) HTML ( 1974 ) PDF (325KB) ( 1974 ) 　　　
• The stone cells size of 319 pear accessions of 6 Pyrus L. species were analyzed，including Chinese white pear varieties（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.），sand pear varieties[P. pyrifolia（Burm.f.）Nakai]，ussurian varieties（P. ussuriensis Maxim.），sinkiang varieties（P. sinkiangensis Yü），common pear varieties（P. communis L.）and Pyrus hybrid varieties. The results showed that more than 250 μm diameter of stone cells content accounted for about overall content of 75%；The effects of less than 250 μm diameter stone cells to sensual evaluation is smaller；More than 250 μm diameter of stone cells content is the important indexes to flesh texture.　　
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• Effects of Spraying KH2PO4 on Cell-wall Metalbolism of Pericarp and Pitting Fruit Rate in Navel Orange
• LI Juan;LUO Wei-jin;CHEN Jie-zhong;YAO Qing;WAN Ji-feng;and HUANG Zhan-wei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1235-1242.
• Abstract ( 2049 ) HTML ( 1561 ) PDF (289KB) ( 1561 ) 　　　
• Based on the different incidence of pitting fruit，two navel orange cultivars ‘Cara cara’ navel orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck‘Cara Cara’）and ‘Newhall’ navel orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Newhall’）were used to research on cell wall composition，related enzymes in cell wall metabolism of peel and pitting fruit rate with the KH2PO4 foliar application during ripening. The results showed that the difference existed in the peel thickness，hardness and homogeneity between‘Cara Cara’and‘Newhall’navel orange with the KH2PO4 spraying，the pitting fruit rate of‘Cara Cara’navel orange was significantly decreased. There was a few effects on cell-wall metalbolism and pericarp character in‘Newhall’than‘Cara Cara’navel orange，and there have no significant difference in pitting fruit rate of‘Newhall’between KH2PO4 foliar application and control. The decreasing of polygalacturonase（PG），cellulose（CX），xylanase（Xyn），and peroxidase（POD）activities maybe low the decomposition of protopectin，hemicellulose and cellulose，increase peel hardness and thickness，low pitting fruit incidence.
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• Establishment and Application of SCoT Molecular Marker System for Citrus
• HAN Guo-hui;XIANG Su-qiong;WANG Wei-xing;JIA Zhi-gang;HONG Qi-bin;and LIANG Guo-lu;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1243-1250.
• Abstract ( 2156 ) HTML ( 1870 ) PDF (514KB) ( 1870 ) 　　　
• Orthogonal design was applied to optimize SCoT-PCR amplification system of Citrus in five factors such as Mg2+，dNTPs，primer，Taq DNA polymerase and template DNA. An optimal reaction system of Citrus was established，PCR reaction mixtures contained Mg2+ 1.5 mmol · L-1，dNTPs 0.35 mmol · L-1，primers 0.625 μmol · L-1，Taq polymerase 0.25 U，template DNA 10 ng. The most suitable annealing temperature of primers was 49 ℃. Amplifications and genetic analysis were carried out on four tetraploids of Shatianyou pomelo [Citrus grandis（L.）Osb.‘Shatianyou’]and progenies from Wan2 [tangor，Citrus unshiu（Mark.）Marc. × Citrus sinensis（L.）Osb.] × Li2[sweet orange，Citrus sinensis（L.）Osb.]. The size range was typically between 150–2 100 bp. The 7 primers generated a total of 74 fragments from Wan2，Li2 and their progenies，48（64.9%）were polymorphic，and 18 progenies could be grouped into five distinct families based on similarity of 0.85，which indicated that greater genetic diversity was existence in the hybrids. And 84 bands were amplified from Shatianyou pomelo with 11 primers，of which 46（54.8%）were polymorphic. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficient of five accessions ranged from 0.785 to 0.880. Four tetraploids could be grouped into three distinct families based on similarity of 0.825，and three homologous tetraploids were clustered in different locations，which showed that different degrees of genome variation was detected in tetraploids compared with the diploid. The SCoT system established in this report is useful for genetic diversity analysis of Citrus，which possesses considerable potential for citrus breeding. 　　
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• Preliminary Identification of GAs-deficient Short Male Catkin Mutant and Expression Analysis of CmGID1 in Castanea mollissima
• LI Xing-liang;GUO Xian-ping;SHEN Yuan-yue;CAO Qing-qin;FENG Yong-qing;and QIN Ling;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1251-1258.
• Abstract ( 1944 ) HTML ( 1578 ) PDF (692KB) ( 1578 ) 　　　
• GAs，CTK，ABA，Ethephon and IAA were used separately in feeding experiments，the result showed only the application of GAs can inhibit programmed cell death（PCD）in the top of short-male catkin and recover elongation growth to some extent. On the other hand，the partial cDNA sequnences encoding gibberellins receptor GID1 was isolated from the normal and mutant catkin of the Castanea mollissima by reverse transcription polymerse chain reaction（RT-PCR）. The results showed that the GID1 partial cDNA is 786 bp，putative amino acids have 91% similarity with GID1 in Populus trichocarpa and 85% in Ricinus communis and Gossypium hirsutum. According to the function analysis of putative animal acid sequnence，the GID1 is a functional GAs receptor gene in Castanea mollissima，and named CmGID1（accession numbers HQ651231）. Real-time PCR indicated that from primordia formation phase to early germina-tion of anther，the expressions of CmGID1 gene in mutant catkins are higher than that in normal catkins except the phase of May 23. Moreover，in the fast-growing phase，the expression of CmGID1 gene in mutant catkins are significantly higher than that in normal catkins（P < 0.01），while in growth recovered short male catkin treated after GAs，the expression of CmGID1 gene significantly decreased（P < 0.01）. In conclusion，it was preliminarily revealed that the short-catkin chestnut bud mutation is a GAs-deficient mutant.
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• Development and Validation of a Photo-thermal Effectiveness Based Simulation Model for Development of Myrica rubra
• YANG Zai-qiang;;HUANG Hai-jing;JIN Zhi-feng;LI Yong-xiu;HUANG Chuan-rong;and FEI Yu-juan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1259-1266.
• Abstract ( 1699 ) HTML ( 1504 ) PDF (319KB) ( 1504 ) 　　　
• Based on the photo-thermal reactions of Myrica rubra，experimental data from different sites，years and varieties were used to develop a simulation model for development of Myrica rubra. Then the model was validated by independent experimental data. The results showed that the root mean squared error（RMSE）between simulated and observed days needed for reaching the development stage of female inflorescence emergence，female inflorescence flowering，leaf extending，fruit-setting and fruit ripening，respectively，were 2.51，1.83，2.68，2.70 and 2.45 days. Compared with the growth degree days（GDD）based model（RMSE was 8.02，7.81，5.46，5.40 and 11.83 days）and the PAR integral base model（RMSE was 8.28，11.0，8.52，5.56，6.87 days），the photo-thermal effectiveness based model developed in this study increased the simulation accuracy by 8.6% and 10.2%，respectively.
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• Effects of Low Sink Demand after Fruit Removal on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Photoprotection in Strawberry Plants
• FU Xiao-ji;MAIMAITI Aishajiang;MOU Hong-mei;YANG Qing;LIANG Yan-ping;ZANG Yan-yan;and LIU Guo-jie
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1267-1274.
• Abstract ( 1899 ) HTML ( 1253 ) PDF (233KB) ( 1253 ) 　　　
• Diurnal variations in photosynthesis，chlorophyll fluorescence，antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolism in leaves in response to low sink demand caused by fruit removal were studied in ‘Sweet Charlie’strawberry. Compared with the retained fruit treatment（control），the fruit removal treatment resulted in a significantly lower photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance and transpiration rate，but generally higher intercellular CO2 concentration. Compared with the control plants，leaves of fruit removal plants had significantly lower actual efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ），photochemical quenching coefficient（qP），efficiency of excitation capture by open PSⅡreaction centers（Fv’/Fm’），but higher non-photochemical quenching（NPQ）. The fruit removal treatment resulted in higher hydrogen peroxide （H2O2），superoxide radical（）and malondialdehyde（MDA）concentrations compared with the control, indicating existence of photo-oxidative damage. Compared with the control plants，leaves of fruit removal plants had significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes，including superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT）and a higher reduction state of ascorbate（AsA）and glutathione（GSH）. These results indicated that the antioxidant system was up-regulated providing protection from reactive oxygen species damage to leaves during low sink demand.
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Vegetables

• Generation and Identification of Chinese Cabbage–Cabbage Disomic Alien Addition Line 1
• Lü Wen-xin;WANG Yan-hua;ZHAO Jian-jun;GU Ai-xia;LI Yan-xia;GUAN Zhi-kun;WEN Xiao-ying;and SHEN Shu-xing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1275-1282.
• Abstract ( 1933 ) HTML ( 1341 ) PDF (649KB) ( 1341 ) 　　　
• The double monosomic addition lines of Chinese cabbage with No.1 and 6 chromosomes from cabbage were used for generating Chinese cabbage–cabbage disomic alien addition line. The results showed as follows：（1）Three 2n = 22 plants were screened from the 38 plants of the double monosomic addition lines selfing progeny.（2）Through karyotypic analysis and SSR identification，the three 2n = 22 plants were assigned as Chinese cabbage disomic addition line with No.1 chromosome from cabbage.（3）In the vegetative growth period，there were no significant differences between the disomic addition line and diploid Chinese cabbage，however they had some characteristics of cabbage in reproductive growth stage.（4）The observation of meiotic behavior showed that the rate of 11 bivalents was 90.10% at diakinesis，and the rate of chromosome distribution with 11-11-11-11 was 83.50% at anaphaseⅡ，which proved that the disomic addition line have a high genetic stability. 　　
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• QTL Analysis for Gluconapin Accumulation in Leaves of Brassica campestris L.
• QTL Analysis for Gluconapin Accumulation in Leaves of Brassica campestris L. WANG Hui;SUN Ri-fei;DENG Jie;WU Jian;and WANG Xiao-wu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1283-1290.
• Abstract ( 1940 ) HTML ( 1259 ) PDF (445KB) ( 1259 ) 　　　
• A permanent population BC2DH including 120 lines derived from a cross between Yellow Sarson L143 and Chinese cabbage Z16 was constructed. An integrated map of 559.08 cM with 10 linkage groups is developed based on the BC2DH population with 135 InDel（Insertion-deletion）markers. Gluconapin was detected in parents and individual of population with HPLC and consecutive distribution was observed in BC2DH population. QTL analysis identified two QTLs（NAP-QTL-A03 and NAP-QTL-A09）controlling accumulation of gluconapin in the two different seasons. NAP-QTL-A03 was mapped on A03, which explained 51.0% and 64.2% of the phenotypic variation respectively in the two seasons. And the two QTL totally explain 67.90% and 73.10% phenotypic variation respectively. On the basis of Brassica rapa genome project, we discovered NAP-QTL-A03 was AOP locus which included a key gene BrAOP2 for alkylene glucosinolate biosynthesis，while NAP-QTL-A09 maybe another candidate gene MYB28
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• An InDel Marker of Flowering Related Gene BrFLC2 in Brassica campestiris
• WEI Ke-yun;WANG Qian;WANG Qian;LI Shi-kai;WANG Xiao-wu;and WU Jian;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1291-1298.
• Abstract ( 1863 ) HTML ( 1360 ) PDF (362KB) ( 1360 ) 　　　
• Nine Brassica campestiris accessions with a wide range of flowering time variation were used for screening of sequence variation of BrFLC2. Using gene specific primer pair，a fragment about of 1 400 bp was generated from all accessions. Sequencing of fragments revealed there were fragment length differences among the nine accessions，and an insertion/deletion（InDel）marker was developed for BrFLC2 based on the sequence variation. We screened the flowering time and the genotype of 146 accessions from eight different cultivar groups and found that：The flowering time was significantly correlated to the genotype of In/Del genotype of BrFLC2（r = 0.412，P < 0.01）.The flowering time of Del genotype accessions（average at 71 days）were much earlier than the In genotype accessions（average at 109 days）. These results indicated that InDel marker was significantly correlated to the flowering time and can be easily used for marker-assisted selection（MAS）in breeding. 　
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• Studies on Tetraploid Breeding Techniques by Using Isolated Microspore Culture Techniques in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino
• FENG Hui;FU Ying;YANG Shuo;BAO Mei-li;and LIU Xue-li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1299-1307.
• Abstract ( 1820 ) HTML ( 1584 ) PDF (825KB) ( 1584 ) 　　　
• The aim of this study was to develop diversified tetraploid lines in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino and thereby facilitate heterosis breeding. Sixteen hybrid varieties were used for isolated microspore culture and 393 regenerated plants were obtained. Among these，113 plants were identified as tetraploids based on morphological identification，examination of stomatal characteristics，size measurement and viability testing of pollen，and chromosome counts of the pollen mother cells. Furthermore，3 tetraploid lines showing excellent characteristics were screened. The 3 selected tetraploid lines were used as parents，and a tetraploid hybrid‘T24 × T11’with significant heterosis and comprehensive quality traits was selected through a variety comparison tests. A technical system for tetraploid heterosis breeding was established based on isolated microspore in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino.
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• A Microsatellite-based Genetic Map of Melon and Localization of Gene for Gynoecious Sex Expression Using Recombinant Inbred Lines
• GAO Mei-ling;ZHU Zi-cheng;GAO Peng;and LUAN Fei-shi;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1308-1316.
• Abstract ( 1780 ) HTML ( 1477 ) PDF (381KB) ( 1477 ) 　　　
• A recombinant inbred line（RIL）mapping population of melon，Cucumis melo L. comprising of 185 F6︰7 families was developed from a cross between the monoecious inbred line 3-2-2（AAGG）and the gynoecious inbred line WI998（AAgg）through single-seed descent（SSD）. This RIL population was used to develop a linkage map with microsatellite（or simple sequence repeat，SSR）markers. Of 1 219 SSR markers screened，215（17.6%）were polymorphic between the two parental lines which were applied for linkage analysis in 185 RILs. The resulting genetic map consisted of 18 linkage groups spanning 937.1 cM with a mean marker interval of 4.4 cM. Two SSR markers，NR3 and MU8294_1 were identified flanking the g locus in linkage group 1 which was 1.2 cM and 2.6 cM away from the gynoecy gene，respectively.
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• The Effect of Different Cultivation Systems in Greenhouse Cucumber on Soil Microbial Function Structure
• ZHANG Xue-yan;TIAN Yong-qiang;Gao Yan-ming;and GAO Li-hong;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1317-1324.
• Abstract ( 2089 ) HTML ( 1665 ) PDF (322KB) ( 1665 ) 　　　
• The soil continuous cropping cucumber 8 years was as material，4 different cultivation systems were designed，excepting the tomato was planting in the early spring season in CS3 and cucumber was in the traditional two season. The experiment was carried by pot experiment 3-year. The summer season data in third year was used to examine the effect of four different cultivation systems on soil microbial function structure diversity，carbon sources，microbial biomass C and N，and autumn winter season cucumber yield. The results showed that，catching garlic（CS4），crown daisy（CS2）and spinach-chinese cabbage（CS3）could significantly increase microbial community function structure diversity，evenness and Average well color develop（AWCD）comparing to control. The AWCD value in the 72 h were increased by 57.0%，26.1%，57.2% separately. Principal component 1 and 1 to 3 weighting，control was obviously differed from other cultivation systems. Comparing to control，the utilization of polymer and carbohydrate by CS2，CS3，CS4 were significantly higher，and their microbial biomass C/N were 14.4，14.9，9.3，also significantly higher than control，the utilization of phenolic compounds by CS2 was significantly higher than others，and CS2 and CS4 increased autumn winter cucumber yield as well as. Sum the results up，CS2，CS3 and CS4 could change the carbon sources significantly，thus change the component of microbial community and the utilization of carbon sources. 　
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• Genetic and Molecular Marker Analysis of Resistance to Phythophtora capsici in Sweet Pepper
• ZHANG Xiao-fen;HAN Hua-li;CHEN Bin;GENG Li-hua;and GENG San-sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1325-1332.
• Abstract ( 1889 ) HTML ( 1351 ) PDF (490KB) ( 1351 ) 　　　
• Using the model of the major gene plus polygene of quantitative traits，a joint analysis of six-generations was performed from cross between a sweet pepper N1345 with high resistance to phythophtora blight and a highly susceptible hot pepper N1308. F2 population was analysed with EST-SSR and SSR molecular markers. It was showed that the resistance to Phythophtora blight of N1345 was controlled by two major genes（B-1-1）with equal additive and dominant effects. And the major genes heritabilities of B1，B2，F2 were 63.43%，82.32% and 83.46%，respectively. Two EST-SSR markers including E73 and E318 had significant minus correlation with desease indexes of Phythophtora capsici，with correlation coefficients–0.6296，–0.5492 separately（P < 0.01）. It showed that the two markers were closely linked to genes of resistance to Phytophtora blight. Furthermore，the 2 EST-SSR markers had same speration in 22 pepper lines，and in 6 out 22 lines the resistance or susceptivity to Phythophtora wasn’t coincident with marker separation.
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Ornamental Plants

• Floral Syndrome and Breeding System of Iris tectorum
• LIU Zong-cai;JIAO Zhu-jin;DONG Xu-sheng;and DAI Jin-xing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1333-1340.
• Abstract ( 2109 ) HTML ( 3511 ) PDF (409KB) ( 3511 ) 　　　
• Field investigation was performed on the floral syndrome，pollination characteristics，pollinator behaviors and breeding system of Iris tectorum by continuous observations and analyzing data of out-crossing index，pollen-ovule ratio，fruit-set ratio and seed-set ratio. The results were as follows：Under natural conditions，the flowering stage of populations is about 60 days from April to June，and the majority of plants kept blooming in 20th April to 20th May. The flowering stage for individual plant was 10–30 days. The life span of a single flower was about 2 days. The stamen was closed to the lateral side of the petaloid style. The stamen was about 3 mm shorter than the style. The relative position between the stamen and style was always unchanged during the whole flowering stage. It showed that the breeding system was out-crossing，part self-compatibility，insect pollinator-dependent when comparing the results of pollination experiments with the results of out-crossing index and pollen-ovule ratio. The specialized floral structure was suitable for the behavior of the pollinator，Xylocopa appendiculata and Xylocopa tranquebarorum. Hand pollinations improved reproductive success，suggesting that sexual reproduction may be influenced by pollen limitation and less pollinators in nature.
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Research Notes

• Studies on Subcellular Localization and Expression in E.coli of MdWRKY from‘Qinguan’Apple
• GAO Hua;FAN Hong-ke;DANG Zhi-guo;WANG Fei;WANG Lei-cun;LIU Zhen-zhong;and ZHAO Zheng-yang;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1341-1348.
• Abstract ( 1688 ) HTML ( 1691 ) PDF (463KB) ( 1691 ) 　　　
• A WRKY gene，designated as MdWRKY，was isolated from‘Qinguan’apple leaves using reverse transcription PCR approaches. MdWRKY was 1 224 bp and encoded a 331 amino-acid protein. Analysis of subcellular localization indicated that MdWRKY protein was targeted to the nucleus. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that MdWRKY transcription was induced by Alternaria alternata f sp. mali indicating that MdWRKY gene may be involved in the interaction between plant and pathogen. Then expression in E. coli was conducted，SDS/PAGE result demonstrated that expression proteins consistent with the size of expected protein，which provided a foundation for further purifying and function study of MdWRKY. 　
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• Life Table Analysis of Dimocarpus confinis Population in Guangxi Longhushan Nature Reserve
• PAN Li-mei;ZHU Jian-hua;LIU Bing-hao;QIN Xian-quan;HUANG Feng-zhu;PENG Hong-xiang;and LU Mei-ying
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1349-1355.
• Abstract ( 1476 ) HTML ( 1313 ) PDF (294KB) ( 1313 ) 　　　
• Based on the data of Dimocarpus confinis population in Longhushan Natural Reserve of Guangxi，the curves of lose rate，survival rate，mortality rate，and survival function of the population were made for the static life table to analyze the population dynamics. It indicates that the population has a peak of mortality at Ⅳ age class，and survival curve of the population belongs to the type of Deevey-Ⅰ，the survival rate of population is monotonously decreased，and the accumulated death rate is monotonously increased concomitantly. The altered degree is more obvious in early stage than in later stage. The results show that the current live condition of the Dimocarpus confinis population is still under severe situation even with the nature conservation. It is necessary to conduct the manual management and strengthen investigation on resources，and to start ex-situ conservation for the excellent germplasm. 　　
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• Studies on Composition and Contents of Glucosinolates in Different Tuber Mustard Varieties
• LI Yan;WANG Xiao-yan;WANG Yu-hong;MENG Qiu-feng;SUN Ji;and WANG Bing-liang;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1356-1364.
• Abstract ( 1791 ) HTML ( 1550 ) PDF (263KB) ( 1550 ) 　　　
• In order to analyze glucosinolate（GS）composition and content in various organs and varieties of tuber mustard（Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee），tissues of roots，swollen stems，leaves and floral buds of four varieties were sampled at floral bud emergence stage. A total of nine glucosinolates were detected in different varieties and various organs，including four aliphatic glucosinolates（2-Propenyl GS，3-Butenyl GS，1-Methylpropyl GS and 1-Methybutyl GS），four indole glucosinolates（4-Hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GS，Indol-3-ylmethyl GS，4-Methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GS and 1-Methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GS），and one aromatic glucosinolate（2-phenylethyl GS）.Total glucosinolate contents in roots，swollen stems，leaves and floral buds ranged from 13.632 to 20.155 μmol · g-1 DW，25.916 to 36.487 μmol · g-1 DW，63.715 to 96.259 μmol · g-1 DW and 89.764 to 129.763 μmol · g-1 DW，respectively. Floral buds contained the highest concentration，followed by leaves，swollen stem and roots. 2-phenylethyl GS and 2-Propenyl GS were the major glucosinolates in roots，accounting for 34.99%–61.87% and 13.54%–47.53% of the total root GSs，respectively. The major glucosinolate in swollen stems，leaves and floral buds was 2-propenyl GS，accounting for 81.38%–93.04%，85.45%–95.99% and 88.60%–95.18% of the total glucosinolates，respectively. Significant differences of total and individual glucosinolate levels were observed among different organs and varieties.
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• Hairy Roots Induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 in Chrysanthemum in Vivo and Plant Regeneration from Hairy Roots
• XIANG Tai-he;WANG Lin;JIANG Huan;and TIAN Jing-luan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1365-1370.
• Abstract ( 2708 ) HTML ( 2144 ) PDF (334KB) ( 2144 ) 　　　
• The transgenic hairy roots were formed on cut leaves of chrysanthemum plantlet by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 with frequencies of 88.0%. The calli were induced from hairy roots and plantlets were regenerated from calli at rates of 75.0% and 63.3% respectively. The transgenic hairy roots and plantlet were confirmed by PCR analysis with primers from K599 Ri plasmid rolC gene. Quantitative RT-PCR（qRT-PCR）analysis showed that rolC gene was normally expressed in the regenerated transgenic plants. Regenerated plants harbored a character of dwarf，more hairy roots and flowering normally. Organism in vivo directly as a receptor for infection by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599，it overcame the emergence of false-positive transgenic hairy roots. In addition，using the process of hairy roots propagation characteristics of the top growing point region sterile and the interception of adventitious roots near the growing point to the top for subculture，combined with cefotaxime sterilization，it can inhibit and kill the Agrobacterium effectively. In the subsequent callus induction and redifferentiation from hairy roots，it is no antibiotics added to medium for killing Agrobacterium. It genetically enhanced efficiency of plant regeneration.The transgenic hairy roots were induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 in chrysanthemum in vivo and plant regenerated from hairy roots highly efficiently in the study. It is useful to dwarf breeding and the target gene transformation of chrysanthemum.
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• Tetraploid Induction and Chromosome Identification from Immature Embryo with Colchicine Treatment in Clivia miniata
• WANG Chong;LEI Jia-jun;XING Gui-mei;and JIANG Chuang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1371-1376.
• Abstract ( 1971 ) HTML ( 1307 ) PDF (261KB) ( 1307 ) 　　　
• The immature embryos of Clivia miniata Regel.‘Shengli’were used as the explants to induce polyploid plants via colchicine treatment combined with tissue culture. The effects of colchicine concentration，treatment duration and embryo age on inducing polyploid plants were studied. The results showed that culturing 180 d immature embryos for 20 d on MS + NAA 2.0 mg · L-1 + BA 1.5 mg · L-1 containing 0.01% colchicine was the most effective treatment，with 30.8% tetraploid induction rate，36.5% morphological change rate and 34.1% death rate. The treatment was also excellent that culturing 120 d immature embryos for 30 d on the same medium containing 0.03% colchicine with the induction rate of tetraploid 24.0%，morphological change rate of 21.1% and death rate of 46.7%. Among 267 colchicine- inducing plantlets checked，30 were tetraploid（2n = 4x = 44），194 diploid（2n = 2x = 22）and 43 mixoploid. The average tetraploid-induced rate was 11.2%. In tube stage，the characteristics of slower growth，later and shorter roots，and wider and thicker leaves could be regarded as the available estimation indexes to the colchicine-induced tetraploid plants. 　　
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• Influences of Different Light Environments on Photosynthetic Characteris- tics of Clematis‘Vyryan Pennell’
• CAI Yan-fei;LI Shi-feng;XIE Wei-jia;LI Shu-fa;and LI Xia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1377-1384.
• Abstract ( 1813 ) HTML ( 1565 ) PDF (294KB) ( 1565 ) 　　　
• The influences of different light environments（open field，shadow by house，green-house with shade cloth）on photosynthetic characteristics of Clematis‘Vyryan Pennell’were compared. The results were showed that，when compared with the plant growing in the open field and shade cloth，the plant growing in half-shadow by house had higher light saturation point（LSP），maximum net photosynthetic rate（Pmax），maximum carboxylation rate（Vcmax）and photochemical efficiency. This difference was associated closely with the environmental factors under half-shadow by house conditions，i.e. appropriate light intensity and temperature. This species adapt to the changes of growing environment mainly through the changes in leaf mass area（LMA），light saturation point（LSP），light compensation point（LCP）and respiration rate（Rd）. The content of chlorophyll，leaf nitrogen content and leaf nitrogen distribution in the photosynthetic apparatus had little contritution to the adaptation of‘Vyryan Pennell’to changing environments. 　　
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Review

• Research Progress on Inheritance of Fruit Shape in Horticultural Crops
• QIAO Jun;LIU Fu-zhong;CHEN Yu-hui;and LIAN Yong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1385-1396.
• Abstract ( 1736 ) HTML ( 2759 ) PDF (315KB) ( 2759 ) 　　　
• Fruit shape is one of the main index of quality evaluation，classification and market grading，in horticultural crops such as fruit，melon and vegetable fruit. Moreover，it also is the important trait in commercial quality breeding. In this review studies on fruit shape measurement methods，genetic analysis techniques，heredity of fruit shape of main horticultural crops，etc were reviewed，and development of QTL mapping for fruit shape and positional cloning of genes related to fruit shape. 　
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• Progress in Study of Monoterpene Compounds in Grape and Wine
• TU Cui;PAN Qiu-hong;ZHU Bao-qing;WU Yu-wen;WANG Zhi-qun;and DUAN Chang-qing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1397-1406.
• Abstract ( 1800 ) HTML ( 3274 ) PDF (318KB) ( 3274 ) 　　　
• Monoterpene compounds are a kind of typical aroma components in grapes and wine，with both free and bound forms. This review focuses on progress of monoterpene biosynthesis pathway and the key enzyme-monoterpene synthase in grapes，classification of monoterpene compounds as well as the structure，content，research methodology of glycosidically conjugated monoterpenes in grapes and wine. Also，the prospect of monoterpenes research is suggested.
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New Cultivars

• A New Early-ripening Chestnut Cultivar‘Daiyue Zaofeng’
• SHEN Guang-ning;MING Gui-dong;TIAN Shou-le;XU Lin;and LIU Xu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1407-1408.
• Abstract ( 1630 ) HTML ( 1144 ) PDF (194KB) ( 1144 ) 　　　
• ‘Daiyue Zaofeng’is a new chestnut cultivar selected form seedlings of Mountain Tai chestnut. It shows early ripening，good quality and high yield. The nut is glossy，middle to large size. The cultivar is suitable for cultivation in mountains and hills in Tai-yi region of Shandong Province.
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• A New Chinese Jujube Cultivar‘Jingu Dazao’Resistant to Cracking
• LI Deng-ke;WANG Yong-kang;SUI Chuan-ling;ZHAO Ai-ling;and DU Xue-mei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1409-1410.
• Abstract ( 1758 ) HTML ( 1106 ) PDF (193KB) ( 1106 ) 　　　
• ‘Jingu Dazao’was excavated in Shanxi Province，as a new Chinese jujube cultivar with high yield，huge fruit，good quality and resistance to fruit diseases and cracking. Its fruit is big，long cylindrical and slightly flat in shape. The average fruit weight is 24.1 g. Its fruit skin is smooth，thin and deep red. Its flesh is intermediate compact in texture. The contents of total sugar，acidity and vitamin C in fresh fruit are 29.68%，0.64% and 2 918.8 mg · kg-1 respectively. The contents of total sugar and acidity in dried fruit are 65.11% and 1.21%. It ripens in middle or late September in Taigu，Shanxi，China. 　
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• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Ningyu’
• ZHAO Mi-zhen;WANG Zhuang-wei;QIAN Ya-ming;YUAN Ji;WU Wei-min;and WANG Jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1411-1412.
• Abstract ( 5514 ) HTML ( 1630 ) PDF (178KB) ( 1630 ) 　　　
• ‘Ningyu’is a new，early-maturing strawberry cultivar derived from ‘Sachinoka’בAkihime’，with disease resisitance. The fruit is cone-shaped and uniform，with the average fruit of its first-second grade weight 24.5 g，the maxmum 52.9 g. It has red color，excellent flavor，bright luster and high yield. The soluble solids content is 10.7%，the total sugar content is 7.384%，the titratable acid content is 0.518% and the vitamin C content is 0.762 mg · g-1. The fruit firmness is 1.63 kg · cm-2. 　
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• A New Tomato Hybrid‘Wanxia’Resistant to Tomato Late Blight
• HUANG Ting-ting;LIU Bing-lu;LIU Shu-qin;LI Ping;ZHANG Yong-zhi;and SUN Zhao-fa
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1413-1414.
• Abstract ( 1897 ) HTML ( 1312 ) PDF (140KB) ( 1312 ) 　　　
• A new tomato hybrid‘Wanxia’has been released. Its parents are inbred-lines S04-3 and SE2-4. It is resistant to tomato late blight physiological strains T1 and T1,2.‘Wanxia’ contains tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance gene TY-3a. Its fruit is red，middle sized and well shaped with good commodity and long storage period. The average fruit weight is 130–150 g. It is high yield and suitable for greenhouse and open field cultivation. 　　
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• A New Hot Pepper Cultivar‘Maoqing 5’
• SUN Qi-di;Lü Qing-fang;QIU Qiu-cheng;LI Ying-zhi;FENG Feng;and YE Chun-hai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1415-1416.
• Abstract ( 1621 ) HTML ( 1085 ) PDF (149KB) ( 1085 ) 　　　
• ‘Maoqing 5’（Capsicum annuum L.）is a new hot pepper cultivar derived from a hybrid combination of T9301 × B0306. The fruit is green colored，sheep-horn shaped and smooth-skinned. Its length is 20–22 cm，and the thickness of flesh is 0.83 cm. The average single fruit weights 40–60 g. The average yield is about 45 000 kg · hm-2. The soluble sugar content is 21.1 g · kg-1 , and the vitamin C content is 2.15 mg · kg-1.‘Maoqing 5’is characterized by thick flesh，high tolerance to adversity，medium resistance to bacterial wilt disease，good adaptability，and medium-late maturity.
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• A New Cold-resistant Rose Cultivar‘Tianshan Xiangyun’
• GUO Run-hua;SUI Yun-jil;YANG Feng-yul;and LIU Hong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1417-1418.
• Abstract ( 2271 ) HTML ( 1583 ) PDF (187KB) ( 1583 ) 　　　
• As the excellent rose hybrids，the branch above earth of ‘Tianshan Xiangyun’has a strong cold，drought and disease resistance，and it can go through winter in natural condition in North of Xinjiang. Current-year branch also can be normal flowering. Its flowers have bright，vivid colors. Constituting by the perennial branches，the plant type was tall，plump and magnificent in blooming with higher ornamental and applied value. 　　
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• A New Floribunda Rose Cultivar‘Beijinghong’
• KONG Chang;CHAI Fei;CAO Lei;YU Hong-qiang;YOU Jie;YANG Chun-qi;YI Gen-fa;and GU Shi-guo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1419-1420.
• Abstract ( 2760 ) HTML ( 1374 ) PDF (211KB) ( 1374 ) 　　　
• A new floribunda rose cultivar‘Beijinghong’was selected from the offspring seedling population of‘La Sevillana’בPurple Mediland’.‘Beijinghong’has bright orange-red color and semi-double flowers，with 7.1 cm average diameter of its flower. The blossom amount in one plant（two years’old grafted seedling）is 285 flowers per year. This new cultivar has excellent resistance to black spot disease and high growth vigor. It is suitable to be cultivated in North China region which has dominated climate type as Beijing.
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• A New Gypsophila paniculata Cultivar‘Qianwanxing’
• ZHAO Pei-fei;SHAN Qin-li;WANG Ji-hua;YANG Chun-mei;QU Yun-hui;LI Xia;WANG Guo-xian;WU Li-fang;and LI Shu-bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1421-1422.
• Abstract ( 2908 ) HTML ( 1120 ) PDF (195KB) ( 1120 ) 　　　
• New Gypsophila paniculata cultivar‘Qianwanxing’was selected from abroad introduced cultivar‘Baiwanxing’by technology of clonal selection. It is fixed fine varieties of natural variation. Compared with the original cultivar，it has more petals（40–48 pieces），larger flowers（diameter 0.4–0.5 cm），thicker stems，broader leaves. The flowers are more tidy and it has less invalid flowering branches. 　
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• New Chinese Bellflower Cultivars‘Zhonggeng Baihua 1’and‘Zhonggeng Fenhua 1’
• WEI Jian-he;SUI Chun;YANG Cheng-min;SHI Feng-hua;CHU Qing-long;and JIN Yue
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(7): 1423-1424.
• Abstract ( 1400 ) HTML ( 1232 ) PDF (163KB) ( 1232 ) 　　　
• The new Chinese bellflower cultivars‘Zhonggeng Baihua 1’and‘Zhonggeng Fenhua 1’were bred using systemic breeding method after four generation self pollinated purification.‘Zhonggeng Baihua 1’has many taproots，high medicinal roots yield，high saponins content and seedling blight resistance.‘Zhonggeng Fenhua 1’plants erect with few taproots，medium medicinal roots yield and saponins content and seedling blight resistance.‘Zhonggeng Baihua 1’and‘Zhonggeng Fenhua 1’are both late maturing cultivars with long flower life and suitable for medicinal and ornamental uses. 　
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