Apple dwarfing rootstock M9 and vigorous rootstock MM106 were used as the material to clone a 3 753 bp nucleotide sequence encoding a length of 1 250 amino acids. The fragment named as MdABCB19 because of high homology with apple（XP 008341564.1），pears（XP 009347047.1），rape（XP 009151836.1），and Arabidopsis（AT3G28860.1）protein sequence of ABCB19. MdABCB19 sequence in M9 and MM106 presented of non-synonymous SNP，leading to the amino acid sequence different at the 885th amino acids：M9 serine（Ser），MM106 alanine（Ala）. Protein structure analysis found that the amino acid point mutations，leading to a shorter alpha helix in M9. Real time quantitative expression analysis showed that，MdABCB19 were differentially expressed in the rootstock M9 and MM106 MdABCB19 were also cloned and found“CTCTGT”6 bp deletion at about the 170 bp upstream of the start codon of M9 MdABCB19 promoter，resulting in missing a 5'UTR Py-rich stretch motif. Promoter cis element analysis shown MdABCB19 promoter region contained several light response motifs. Promoter GUS staining shown that MM106 MdABCB19 promoter activity was higher than M9. The MdABCB19 promoter wereregulated by light. M9 MdABCB19 pro-actingmoter 5'UTR Py-rich stretch motif deletions may induce in MdABCB19 low expression in M9.

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of fruit extracts from 14 plum cultivars，including peel and flesh，were assayed. Polyphenol contents in peel of plums ranged from 1.40 to 3.37 mg · g^-1 FW，which was expressed as gallic acid equivalents，for fresh weight；polyphenol contents in flesh ranged from 0.50 to 0.97 mg · g^-1 FW. The polyphenol contents，both in peel and flesh，were significant different among cultivars（P < 0.01）. However，the contents were great higher in peel than that in flesh. The contents of polyphenol in peel were high in Huanghouli and Zhuganli，and followed by Heibaoshili and Hongmeiguili；and the content in flesh was the highest in Qiujili，and followed by Weikexunli. The scavenging activities of superoxide anion radical（   ），hydroxyl radical（OH·），DPPH，FRAP and TBARS were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of plums. The first three main antioxidant cultivars of peel were Huanghouli，Heibaoshili and Zhuganli. And that of flesh was Hongmeilili，Hongmeiguili and Qiujili. It showed that there were remarkable correlation between polyphenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. According to the relations and comprehensive evaluation，DPPH and FRAP were considered to be the excellent method which used to evaluate antioxidant capacity of plum. There，polyphenol from plums may provide practical antioxidant，which can reduce the harm of free radicals and help people to keep fit.

The acidity or alkaline soil in many areas of south China is the main abiotic stress for citrus plants. Selection of rootstocks tolerant to high or low pH condition is very important for citrus production. In this study，8 different citrus rootstocks including Shiikuwasha（Citrus depressa Hayata Blanco），Zhuju（C. reticulata Blanco），Shantou Suanju（C. reticulata Blanco），‘Goutou’sour orange（C. aurantium L.），Carrizo Citrange（C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata），Ni 8047（C. junos），Daoxian Yeju（C. daoxinensis Blanco）and Niedu Yeju（C. reticulate Blanco）were used as materials to evaluate the acidity and alkaline tolerances and screen for the superior rootstocks with better tolerance. Under acidic and alkaline treatments（pH 3.5 and pH 9.0），the symptoms of plant were observed. Meanwhile，the physiological and biochemical parameters related to the abiotic stresses tolerance such as MDA（malondialdehyde），soluble protein，Pro（proline），SOD（superoxide dismutase），POD（peroxidase）and CAT（catalase）were measured. The clustering and comprehensive subordinate function analysis were performed to evaluate the stresses tolerance. The results indicated that observed symptoms were consistent with the measurements of parameters. The Shantou Suanju，Shiikuwasha and Ni 8047 showed great tolerance to low pH stress（pH 3.5），while Daoxian Yeju and Niedu Yeju were susceptible. Zhuju，‘Goutou’sour orange and Shiikuwasha possessed good adaptability to alkaline condition，while Daoxian Yeju and Niedu Yeju were sensitive. Shiikuwasha demonstrated better tolerance to both high and low pH stresses with great potential to be used as rootstock or breeding material.

Using low-acid small fruit variety‘Changyecheng’and high-acid large fruit variety ‘Daguo Jincheng’both mutated from Jiangjin sweet orange as materials，two AREB（ABA responsive element binding）/ABFs（ABRE binding factors）transcription factors，i.e. CsAREB1 and CsAREB2 were analyzed by bioinformatics and expression analysis. In addition，the contents of endogenous hormones including ABA，IAA，GA and ZR in different stages of fruit development were determined with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The results showed that the Open Reading Frames（ORFs）of CsAREB1 and CsAREB2 contained 1 338 bp and 1 347 bp，encoding a protein of 445 and 448 amino acid residues，respectively. CsAREB1 and CsAREB2 predominantly expressed in leaves，flowers and fruits. During the fruit development，the expression level of CsAREB1 showed an increasing pattern in‘Changyecheng’and an increasing firstly and then decreasing pattern in‘Daguo Jincheng’，and the expression of CsAREB2 in both cultivars showed an increasing pattern. These two genesexpressed morehighly in‘Changyecheng’than in‘Daguo Jincheng’in division stage，conversely in rind and no significant difference in the pulp during expanding stage. The expression of CsAREB1 and CsAREB2 were induced by exogenous ABA. The contents of IAA，GA，ZR and the ratio of IAA，GA，ZR to ABA in‘Daguo Jincheng’were higher than those in‘Changyecheng’in division and expanding stage，however，an opposite trend was observed in flesh tissue in division stage. During fruit development，the expression levels of CsAREB1 were positively related to the content of endogenous ABA in fruit，while not to other and CsAREB2phytohormones. This study showed that CsAREB1 and CsAREB2 were regulated by ABA，and play a potential role in citrus fruit volume through the regulation of ABA.

Based on the information of transcriptome database derived from Xanthomon asaxonopodis pv. citri（Xac）infected citrus，the cDNA sequences of WRKY22，WRKY50，WRKY72-1 and WRKY72-2 were cloned from Newhall（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）and Calamondin. Sequence analysis showed that the full length of cDNAs were 1 123，1 312，1 809 and 2 208 bp，with 921，480，1 809 and 1 767 bp open reading frames（ORF），respectively. Those cDNAs encode 306，159，602 and 588 amino acids，respectively. Analysis of amino acid sequences and protein structures indicated that the 4 CsWRKYs belonged to the group Ⅱ WRKY proteins. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the 4 CsWRKY genes had a close relationship with TcWRKY and VvWRKY family from Theobroma cacao and Vitis vinifera，respectively. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the 4 CsWRKY proteins were located in the nucleus. The expression of these genes in Newhall navel orange and Calamondin after Xac inoculation revealedthat WRKY22 was involved in the susceptible response of the host，while WRKY50 was involved in the immune response of Xac resistance. Xac inhibited the WRKY72-1- and WRKY72-2- mediated host basal immunity. Results of SA and MeJA treatments indicated that none of the 4 WRKY genes was involved in the disease and stress resistance of host mediated by SA and MeJA.

AGAMOUS-LIKE 18（AGL18）is a key regulatory factor in flowering time control of Brassica juncea. In order to clarify the regulatory mechanism of AGL18 protein interact with SOC1 in flowering pathways，AGL18-1 gene from reproductive shoots as well as AGL18-2 and AGL18-3 from vegetative shoots in‘QJ’germplasm of Brassica juncea，were cloned respcetively. AGL18-1，AGL18-2 and AGL18-3were members of AGL18 family and respectively encoded 257，257 and 258 amino acids. Sequences analysis showed that they were more than 90% similar to Brassica rapa and Brassica napus. Both Yeast two hybrid and BiFC showed that SOC1 protein could not interact with AGL18-1，AGL18-2 or AGL18-3. Yeast one hybrid and Dual-Glo^® Luciferase assays indicated that SOC1 promoter could interact with AGL18-1 but not AGL18-2 and AGL18-3. To screen the interaction regions of AGL18-1/SOC1，the M-domain and IKC-domain truncations of AGL18-1 protein were separated and found that only the M-domain truncation could interact with SOC1 promoter. It suggested that M-domain was the key region that mediated the interaction between AGL18-1 and SOC1 promoter. The work provided valuable information for in-depth studies on the molecular mechanisms of AGL18 protein with SOC1 and the flowering time in Brassica juncea.

The present study aimed at selecting the stable reference genes to ensure the reliability and accuracy in gene expression analysis of eggplant（Solanum melongena L.） under high temperature stress. By real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR technology，we investigated the expression stability of eight candidate reference genes（SmEF1a，SmEF2，Sm40sRPS29，Sm60sRPL24，SmTRX，SmCKⅠ，SmDAHPSⅠ，SmUCP）from RNA-Seq database under high temperature stress and SmActin，and the stability of expression of nine reference genes were evaluated by GeNorm，NormFinder，BestKeeper and ReFinder，respectively. The results showed that，at different periods，different tissues and different lines of eggplant under high temperature，the expression abundance and stability of these nine reference genes are different. When analyzing the gene expression of thermo-sensitive line 05-1 and thermo-resistant line 05-4 under high temperature stress，SmEF1a and SmUCP were the best reference genes for different periods ，and SmEF1a and SmTRX could be used as best reference genes for different tissues. Meanwhile，SmTRX and SmEF2 could be used as best reference genes in lines or varieties with different thermo-tolerance. On the whole，SmEF1a and SmTRX exhibited the most stable expression among all of the tested samples，while SmActin and SmCKⅠexhibited the least stable expression under most of the experimental conditions. It was found to be feasible and efficient to identify stably expressed genes from transcriptome database under high temperature stress as candidate reference genes，which will be helpful for the study of expression of genes response to high temperature and the mechanisms of thermo-tolerance in eggplant.

To identify the occurrence and variation of the coat protein gene（cp）of Tomato spotted wilt virus（TSWV）in pepper in Chongqing，a total of 298 diseased pepper samples were collected and subjected to the detection of Dot-ELISA with specific antiserum of TSWV and RT-PCR with specific primers. Results of Dot-ELISA detection revealed that 40 samples were positive with a detection ratio of 13.42%. Typical enveloped spherical particles were observed in the TSWV-positive samples through electron microscopy. Six positive samples were randomly selected and amplified by RT-PCR with primers specific for the cp gene of TSWV，and results revealed that an approximate 750 bp fragment was obtained in each sample. Sequencing showed that cp gene of the isolate TSWV-CQ（KX611497）shared 96.1% to 99.4% identities with those of the other 22 previously reported TSWV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate TSWV-CQ was most closely related to TSWV isolates of China and suggested that geographical selection force played a role in virus evolution.

Flammulina velutipes is one of the most popular edible mushroom species in the world. In this study，3 uracilauxotrophic mutants‘NG1-65’，‘NG1-92’and‘NG1-95’were obtained from the monocaryon 5-fluoroorotic acid（5-FOA）-sensitive F. velutipes strain‘DG1-1’by UV irradiation. UV mutagenesis was conducted under the conditions as following：an irradiation intensity of 10 W，irradiation distance of 15 cm and irradiation time of 12 s. The mutants could grow well in MM media containing 0.05 mmol · L^-1 uridine and 0.5 g · L^-1 5-FOA，but could not grow on MM medium without uridine. PCR analyses revealed that two critical genes pyrF and pyrG in the uridine biosynthetic pathway were disrupted in mutants，probably resulting in the inactivation of related proteins. The survey of the mutation sites suggested that a‘T’inserted the site between the 39th and 40th base of pyrF in strain‘NG1-65’and the 104th base‘C’was changed into‘T’of pyrF in strain‘NG1-95’. The mutant T→C at the site of 236th base was critical to inactive of pyrG in strain‘NG1-92’. The uracil auxotrophs of F. velutipes could be used as a tool for genetic transformation study and strain source identification.

To reveal the molecular mechanism of APETALA1（AP1）gene and the evolution among different plants，we selected the complete nucleotide coding sequences of AP1 gene from 8 different plant species for CUB analysis. Using R software，we performed a comparative analysis of codon bias and compositional dynamics of codon usage patterns in AP1 gene across eight different plant species by determining the GC contents，several genetic indices namely effective number of codons（ENC），relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU），and relative codon usage bias（RCBS）etc. Results showed codon usage in AP1 gene in plants were influenced by GC bias，mainly due to GC3s. The majority of optimal codons were A/U ending for the corresponding amino acid，of which ACA，AUA and CAG were over-represented codons in the AP1 gene of all the selected plant species. The codon usage pattern for AP1 in Paeonia lactiflora showed resemblance to that of Paeonia suffruticosa；similarly，and Prunus persica to Malus × domestica. Low Fop（Frequency of optimal codon）and high ENC values suggested a weaker codon bias observed for the AP1 gene in different plant species.

Ten aquaporin genes were cloned from Dianthus caryophyllus‘Master’based on the analysis from D. caryophyllus and D. chinensis transcriptome，7 genes belonged to PIP subfamily and another 3 belonged to TIP subfamily；DcaAQP1，DcaAQP2，DcaAQP3，DcaAQP4，DcaAQP6，DcaAQP8 and DcaAQP10 had advantage expression in sepals，and DcaAQP5 had predominant expression in stem and petals；DcaAQP7 had advantage expression in leaves；while the DcaAQP9 expressed low in all tissues；During the flowers opening and wilting process，the expression levels of DcaAQP1，DcaAQP3 and DcaAQP6 increased from flower bud stage and to the highest at half bloom stage；DcaAQP4，DcaAQP7，DcaAQP9 and DcaAQP10 expressions were the highest at full bloom stage. DcaAQP2 had the highest expression at flower bud stage；DcaAQP5 reached the highest level at the beginning of wilting stage. Indicating multiple AQP genes acted synergistically to maintain the water uptake and nutrients transport during the flowers opening and wilting process.

The flowers from stock plant and bud mutational branches of Osmanthus fragrans‘Jingui’were used for this research. First，the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart（R.H.S.C.C.）and colorimeter was used for the measurement of the phynotype parameters. The pigment types were preliminary identified with the method of color reaction and UV–Vis analysis. The HPLC–DAD was used to measure the contents of carotenoids and total flavonoids. The dominate carotenoid components were further identified by the HPLC–APCI–MS and standards. The results showed that the flower color of the mutational branches became into reddish orange（inside：R.H.S.C.C. 23B；outside：R.H.S.C.C. N25A），which was different from the yellow color（R.H.S.C.C. 12B–13A）of the flowers from stock plant. Furthermore，it was comfirmed that both of these two kind petals contained flavonoids，but without anthocyanins，and different content of carotenoids. Finally，α-carotene and β-carotene were detected as the main carotenoid components in the petals of the two kind flowers. The content of α-carotene，β-carotene and total carotenoids in the petals of the mutational branches were significant higher than those in the petals of stock plant，whereas there was no significant difference between the total flavonoid content of two samples. Therefore，carotenoids were considered as the dominate pigments which led to the change of flower color of mutant.

The cDNA fragment sequence encoding enolase（ENO）was obtained from the suppression subtractive library between Camellia sinensis‘Huangdan’and Camellia sinensis‘Jinguanyin’，and then the full-length sequence of ENO was cloned and verified from C. sinensis‘Tieguanyin’and named as CsENO（Accession No. KX962311）. The cDNA length of CsENO was 1 753 bp，containing a 1 332 bp open reading frame（ORF）encoded 444 amino acid residues. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that CsENO had the highly conserved regions in plants with specific structure domains of ENO and had the closer genetic relationship with Malus × domestica and Pyrus bretschneideri，which shared 84% identity in amino acids. Bioinformatic prediction showed that CsENO belonged to the stability and hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and signal peptide. It might be localized in other subcells and there were phosphorylation sites within the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure of CsENO was predicted to be mainly consisted of alpha helix.The quantitative real-time PCR showed that CsENO was all expressed in response to cold stress，ABA，high salinity as well as drought treatment. And its expression was induced by different degrees.

To explore the function and expression specificity of photomorphogenic negative regulator FaCOP1 in strawberry（Fragaria × ananassa‘Toyonaka’），the open reading frame（ORF）of FaCOP1 was cloned though homology cloning method and analyzed by bioinformatics. qRT-PCR was used to investigate expression pattern of FaCOP1. Results showed that the ORF of FaCOP1 was 1 989 bp，encoding a putative protein of 662 amino acids with a molecular mass of 74.7187 kD and a pI of 6.54 and GenBank accession number was KX583676. The FaCOP1 protein contained 3 conserved domains including RING，COIL and WD40. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that FaCOP1 is highly conserved in evolution process and different in species. The results of qRT-PCR showed that，FaCOP1 was detected in all analyzed tissues，the highest relative expression level in flowers，followed by leaves and roots and the lowest relative expression in stem and ripe fruit. During fruit development，FaCOP1 was decreasing almost regularly from small green to full red，as opposed to the pattern of anthocyanin accumulation. FaCOP1 could be induced by white，red，blue and mixed light（red︰blue = 1︰1）in leaves and fruit. COP1 played an important role in signal transduction and metabolic pathways while relying on the photomorphogenic positive regulator HY5，but itdid not repress the expression of FaHY5 at the transcriptional level in our study，so their relationship need further verified at the protein level.

Aroma components in fresh flowers from 6 germplasm of Robinia neo-mexicana var. Luxurians，R. viscosa，R. pseudoacacia‘Ziyan Qingshan’，R. pseudoacacia‘Duocai Qingshan’，L2F and L68F were analyzed by Micro-extraction and GC–MS technology. The results showed that：（1）Fifty-three kinds of volatile compounds were identified in fresh flowers from 6 cultivars of genus Robinia，mainly including terpenes，alcohols，esters，ketones，aldehydes，arenes and alkanes. Flowers aromatic components of the 6 samples consist of terpenes，alcohols and esters. The relative amount of components was as follows：terpene > alcohol > esters. Terpene is the main aroma components.（2）The highest content of terpenes and alcohols of red flowers of R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians and R. viscosaare (E)-4,8- dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, 1-octen-3-ol. The highest content of terpenes and alcohols from the rest 4 samples with white flowers are beta-ocimene，linalool.（3）According to the relative content and type of volatile matter，we defined the flowers fragrance of R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians and R. pseudoacacia ‘Duocai Qingshan’as light flavor，，R. pseudoacacia‘Ziyan Qingshan’，L2F and L68F as strong flavor. Robinia viscosa

An analytical method for the determination of glyphosate（PMG）and aminomethyl- phosphonic acid（AMPA）in peach fruit，leaf and soil was established using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（HPLC-MS/MS）. The samples were extracted with NaHCO₃ water solution and dichloromethane，derived with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate（FMOC-Cl）at room temperature for 3 h，and analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring（MRM）mode. The results indicated good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999 in the concentration range of 1–2 000 μg · L^-1. The average recoveries of PMG and AMPA in each matrixes were found between 76.7% and 93.0% at 0.01–1.0 mg · kg^-1，with relative standard deviations（RSD）of 2.2%–8.7%. The limits of  quantification（LOQ）were 0.01 mg · kg^-1. The method was suitable for rapid determination of PMG and AMPA residues in fruit and leaf of peach and soil.

DNA methylation is an important way to regulate gene expression，which is a main content of epigenetic research field. The way to determinating DNA methylation rate of a gene is mainly by bisulfite conversion，then amplifying the converted DNA sequence by PCR，and cloning and sequencing the PCR production to measure the rate of cytosine converted into the thymine in the sequence. Based on this method，we developed anenzyme linked immunosorbent assays（ELISA）instead of cloning and sequencing to measure the rate of cytosine converted into the thymine in DNA sequence. We used this improved method to detecting the methylation rate of promotor region sequence of recessive SP11 in the heterozygote plants containing one dominate SP11 and one recessive SP11 of Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapiferu Metzg. Compared with the original method，the method reported here is more economical and time saving.

This article briefly defined the concept of molecular breeding of crop and summarized the major progresses in molecular identification of genes for major agronomical traits of tomato. Further，the prospect of molecular breeding of tomato in China is discussed.

‘Fuxiu’is a new extremely late-ripening nectarine cultivar derived from the cross ‘Ruiguang 19’×（‘Beijing Wanmi’+‘Guanhua Xuetao’et al.）. The fruit is round in shape with average fruit weight about 189.7 g and the biggest one weighs 293.9 g. The fruit skin color is covered by dark red on green-white background. The flesh is white，crisp，hard melting and taste sweet .The soluble solids content is 18.9%–25.1% and titratable acid is 0.1%. The flesh firmness without skin is 12.5 kg · cm^-2. The edible rate is 96.2%. In Yantai，the fruit mature is in late September to early October and the fruit development period is about 160 days. The cultivar is very early fruiting and high yields. The yield of 4-year-old trees is about 38.1 t · hm^-2.

‘Jinong 5’is a new cherry tomato hybrid for protected cultivation. It is indeterminate growth type，the first inflorescence born in 7–8 node，inflorescence interval of 2–3 leaves，and 15–20 grains for each ear. The average weight of single fruit is 13–17 g. The fruit is red and of oval shape. Fruit shape index is 1.41，and the setting rate is 95%. The fruit contains 0.1267 mg · g^-1 vitamin C，7.85% Soluble solid，and 0.55% organic acid. This variety is early maturity，high-resistant to TYLCV，TMV and bacterial wilt and mid-resistant to gray mold and leaf mold. It is suitable for protected cultivation.

‘Xitian 4’is a early-maturing melon hybrid with high quality. The whole fruit growth period is 87 d and the fruit developing period is 27 d. Fruit is a white regular spherical. The fruit weight is 0.6–1.5 kg. The flesh is jacinth，thick，tender in texture，faint scent. The soluble solids content is 17%，and sugar gradient is small. It is resistant to common diseases and tolerant to storage. The yield is up to 37 500–45 000 kg · hm^-2。

‘Hongpao’is derived from the cross of female‘Luolina’and male‘Aiguozhe’. It belongs to a large cut flower cultivar with purple red petal，black centre and semi-double type. The diameter of inflorescence is about 11–13 cm，the peduncle length is 52–69 cm，peduncle is tough. The yield of cut flower is 22–26 branches per plant every year in greenhouse. The vase life can last 12–13 days. It is resistant to storage and transportation.

‘SCBG Lüfeicui’is a new cultivar of Paphiopedilum developed by crossing two excellent strains of female parent Paph. primulinum and male parent Paph. philippinense. This cultivar is characterized by strong growth vigor. The surface of leaves of the cultivar is green，undersurface of leaves is light green. The grey inflorescence is nearly erect with white hairs，its average length is 16.5 cm with an average of 2.5 flower，12.2 cm in average transverse diameter and 7.5 cm in vertical diameter. Middle sepals is green with grayish-brown veins. Ribbon petals are light green and with purple brown stripe. Labellum is yellow-green，staminodes are heart-shaped and green. Plants are easy to bloom and the flowering period is in April to June and the lifetime of a single flower is 30 to 35 d.