Genetic & Breeding · Germplasm Resources · Molecular Biology

• Detection of SLAF Tag Polymorphism Associated with Pear Russet Peel by PCR Product Pool Resequencing
• JIANG Shuang, WANG Xiaoqing, SHI Chunhui, LI Shuigen, and LUO Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 707-714. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0263
• Abstract ( 45 ) HTML ( 37 ) PDF (892KB) ( 37 ) 　　　
• Previous studies have shown that there are four SNP loci on the sequence of the russet peel associated SLAF tag（Marker286117），with a total of four genotypes（a，b，c，d） in Pyrus. In this study，PCR plus mixing pool re-sequencing was used to identify the polymorphisms of the SLAF tag in 64 pear cultivars. The results showed that a total of 7.1 Gb of raw data was obtained by re-sequencing，and the data were processed by two programs SNP-rseq and Calculate. The average number of reads obtained from 64 pear accessions was 117 642，which met the analysis needs. Two new genotypes（e and f） were found on this SLAF locus. Among six genotypes，genotype c was the original type，and genotypes b，d and e were produced in cultivated pears of P. pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri. Genotypes a and f appeared in samples of Western pear. When genotype and phenotype statistics showed that only genotype c existed，the peel of the pear fruit was russet，and those without genotype c were green. This rule applies not only to Eastern pears，but also to some Western pears. In this study，mixed-pool was used to reduce the cost of sequencing. This method could be applied to simplify the subsequent validation of re-sequencing and marking-assisted breeding.
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• Research on the Establishment of TRV-VIGS System of Fruit Shape- Related Genes CRC in Fingered Citron and Hongkong Kumquat
• WEI Junhai, WU Zhongyuan, WANG Xiaoqing, MEI Yulin, CHEN Wenrong, LIAO Fanglei, and GUO Weidong,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 715-726. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0542
• Abstract ( 36 ) HTML ( 30 ) PDF (1423KB) ( 30 ) 　　　
• Using fingered citron（Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle）and Hongkong kumquat（Fortunella hindsii Swingle）leaves from the Rutaceae family as materials，the role of CRC genes in fruit development were investigated. To achieve this，the tobacco rattle virus（TRV）to create a virus-induced gene silencing（VIGS）technology system were employed，which provided a simple and effective method for studying gene function. The silencing vector targeting the CRC gene was injected twice into the top leaves of fingered citron and Hongkong kumquat，with a time interval of 15–30 days. Between 25 and 115 days after the injections，a significant down-regulation of CmsCRC expression was observed in the neonatal leaves，neonatal flowers，and fruits of Fingered citron. The silenced plants exhibited clustered fruit shapes and an increased number of fruit fingers. The silencing effect of the CRC gene in fingered citron lasted for 25–115 days，while in Hongkong kumquat，it lasted for 25–105 days.
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• Genetic Diversity Analysis of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Based on Different Types of Prophage
• YOU Ping, YANG Jin, ZHOU Jun, HUANG Aijun, BAO Minli, and YI Long,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 727-736. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0187
• Abstract ( 36 ) HTML ( 15 ) PDF (1241KB) ( 15 ) 　　　
• To explore the geographical distribution and genetic variability of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（CLas）harboring diverse prophage types in China，300 CLas DNA samples extracted from leaf petioles of CLas infected citrus were collected from six provinces：Guangdong，Guangxi，Hainan，Yunnan，Sichuan and Guizhou. And surveyed for Type 1，Type 2 and Type 3 prophages by specific PCR，then sequenced，and subjected to genetic diversity analysis employing relevant bioinformatics software. The results showed that the presence of eight distinct prophage combinations among the six geographically diverse populations. Notably，the prevalence of CLas strains carrying a single prophage type was dominant，accounting for 53.3% of the samples，with Type 2 prophage being the most prevalent. Analysis of the three prophage gene loci demonstrated a higher content of A + T relative to G + C，indicating an AT preference. Recombination analysis indicated an absence of recombination signals，suggesting the absence of recombination events. The Nm value of gene flow is exceeded 1，indicating frequent gene exchange among different CLas groups. The results of the neutral test，characterized by Tajima’s D，Fu and Li’s D，Fu and Li’s F values，all being less than 0，indicated a historical expansion within the CLas population.
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• Pan-Genome Analysis of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Causing Huanglongbing of Citrus
• XIONG Zhiwei, LI Zhilong, YIN Hui, and GAO Yuxia,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 737-747. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0171
• Abstract ( 28 ) HTML ( 37 ) PDF (2274KB) ( 37 ) 　　　
• In this work，a pan-genome from 34 genomes of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（CLas）was constructed and the extensive analyses of evolution and copy number variations were completed. The CLas pan-genome was composed of 36 593 genes and 1 188 gene clusters，including 872 core gene clusters，271 accessory gene clusters，and 45 strain-specific gene clusters. An examination for selection pressures of all gene clusters showed that 159 of them underwent adaptive evolution. Two genes associated with pathogenicity or treatment resistance in CLas were mined in combination with GO annotation data. An in-depth analysis of copy number variations in eight genes revealed that five genes were connected to pathogenicity or resistance of CLas. This result revealed that CLas develops resistance to antiseptics by increasing the copy number of relevant genes.
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• Screening and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Real-time Quantitative PCR in Wax Gourd
• HE Changxia, LUO Chen, YAN Jinqiang, LIU Wenrui, WANG Min, XIE Dasen, WU Zhiming, and JIANG Biao,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 748-760. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0343
• Abstract ( 36 ) HTML ( 17 ) PDF (2436KB) ( 17 ) 　　　
• Three statistical software including GeNorm，NormFinder，and BestKeeper were applied to analyze the expression stability of nine internal reference genes（18SrRNA，ACT，CYP，EF-1α，F-box，GAPDH，TUA，TUB，and UBQ）in wax gourd. The plant samples of plants were taken in different tissues （root，stem，leaf，male flower，female flower，ovary），fruits at different developmental stages including （0 d，10 d，and 20 d after pollination）of wax gourd，and leaves under biotic stress（Phytophthora melonis infection），and abiotic stress（salt，high temperature，and low temperature treatment）. The obtained results showed that the expression stability of EF-1α was the best in different tissues. The expression stability of F-box was the best in the fruits at different developmental stages and the leaves under P. melonis infection. By comparison，18SrRNA showed strong stability in the leaves under salt stress，while the expression stability of ACT was the best in the leaves under high temperature stress and TUA had the best stability in the leaves under low temperature stress.
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• Cloning of Pepper Ethylene-Responsive Proteinase Inhibitor Cacl-6468 and Its Effect on Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita
• HOU Xue, WANG Jiaojiao, ZHANG Wenwen, ZHAO Jianlong, and MAO Zhenchuan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 761-772. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-1220
• Abstract ( 28 ) HTML ( 11 ) PDF (1342KB) ( 11 ) 　　　
• The pepper gene Cacl-6468 is a novel ethylene-responsive proteinase inhibitor gene，from the nematode-resistance pepper HDA149（Capsicum annuum），belongs to the Potato InhibitorⅠsupper gene family，and has close genetic homology with potato ethylene-responsive proteinase inhibitor. The expression levels of Cacl-6468 in HDA149 were significantly affected by the population kinds of Meloidogyne incognita. For virulence population of M. incognita，Cacl-6468 was down-regulated significantly after 12 h infection，and reached the lowest level at seven days；while for avirulence population，the expression level was significantly up-regulated after 12 h infection，and reached the highest level at three days. Using virus-induced gene silencing（VIGS）technique，it was proved that the knock-down of Cacl-6468 could promote avirulent population to overcome the resistance of pepper HDA149，and developed some galls and egg masses，but the numbers were significantly lower than that of virulent population. The VIGS test also confirmed that Cacl-6468 negatively regulated ethylene signaling pathway，but had no significant effect on salicylic acid signaling pathway. In addition，the early pathological observation and chemotaxis test showed that VIGS treatment of Cacl-6468 enhanced the attraction of pepper root to M. incognita，and promoted early stage infection. The ethylene release of pepper was detected by GC-MS，showed that inhibition of Cacl-6468 expression could enhance the ethylene release of pepper. qPCR results suggested that Cacl-6468 is involved in the resistance regulation of pepper to M. incognita through ethylene signaling pathway，decreased the expression level of Cacl-6468 can increase the susceptibility，and weaken the resistance of pepper HDA149.
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• Development and Utilization of KASP Marker for Identification of Pulp Firmness in Melon
• LI Ken, ZHANG Wei, WU Yunpeng, PENG Dongxiu, and ZHANG Ruowei,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 773-786. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0287
• Abstract ( 24 ) HTML ( 12 ) PDF (3845KB) ( 12 ) 　　　
• In order to improve the selection efficiency of melon materials with different pulp firmness types. The crispy melon inbred line 20S11 and the soft melon inbred line 20S75 were used as parents to construct F2 and BC1F1 populations，analyzed the fruit pulp firmness trait is inherited by a single gene，and crispy is dominant relative to soft. A mixed pool of extreme fruit flesh hardness traits was constructed based on the F2 segregation population. Using whole genome sequencing combined with map based cloning technology，the pulp firmness gene CmPf1 was located in a region of approximately 54.71 kb on chromosome 10. Through resequencing analysis，it was found that the gene MELO3C012216（CmGATL3） encoding GATL3（galacturonosyltransferase-like 3）in 20S75 had a termination codon mutation located at the 567th base（C–G）of the coding region，leading to early termination of protein translation and resulting in complete deletion of the transferase protein domain. The expression pattern analysis of CmGATL3 using qRT-PCR showed that the expression level in crispy melon 20S11 was significantly higher than that in soft melon 20S75. Based on the above mutation sites，PF-KASP molecular marker was developed and performed genotype detection on 56 melon inbred line materials. Among them，the crisp materials were C︰C type，and the soft materials were G︰G type，and the markers were codominance. Further utilizing PF-KASP for genotype identification of F2 population，compared with the results of pulp firmness phenotype identification，the accuracy reached 100%.
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• Association Analysis of Cattleya DUS Test Characteristics and SSR Markers
• YANG Xi, RAO Dehua, LIU Hong, YANG Zhe, SU Zhenzhu, JIANG Yuan, YIN Jiwei, and XU Zhenjiang,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 787-803. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0196
• Abstract ( 32 ) HTML ( 34 ) PDF (9052KB) ( 34 ) 　　　
• In order to discover the molecular markers potentially associated to the phenotypic traits of Cattleya，63 DUS（Distinctness，Uniformity and Stability）characteristics of 160 Cattleya varieties were identified and described. The genetic diversity of these varieties were analyzed with 22 selected core SSR primers. Moreover，the General Linear Model（GLM）and Mixed Linear Model（MLM）of TASSEL2.1 software were used to analyze the correlation of eight main ornamental characteristics and the core SSR primers of different Cattleya varieties. The results presented that 293 alleles were obtained by the 22 pairs of core primers in Cattleya varieties，with a variation range of 3–28. The average PIC value was 0.8531，with 2.3280 average Shannon’s information index. The Cattleya varieties were divided into two main populations based on Nei’s genetic distance cluster analysis. However，GLM model analysis identified 17 markers associated with four different characteristics，whereas 15 markers associated with six characteristics identified by MLM model analysis. Total of 15 loci were identified by both models to be associated with phenotypic characteristics of Cattleya. In addition，two markers SSR42 and SSR9 appeared repeatedly in both models，and may associated with several characteristics such as flower length，flower color，and mid sepal characteristics，reflecting the phenomenon of“one cause multiple effects”.
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• Functional Characterization of Key Genes CsANS and CsLAR Involved in Catechin Biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis
• ZHANG Zhiling, ZHANG Yuanyuan, LIN Xiaorong, LI Bin, and CHEN Zhongzheng,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 804-814. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0247
• Abstract ( 44 ) HTML ( 29 ) PDF (1517KB) ( 29 ) 　　　
• Two key enzyme genes CsANS and CsLAR involved in the catechin synthetic pathway from‘Yinghong 9’were cloned，and successfully identified their functions by prokaryotic expression，subcellular localization and transgenic overexpression analyses. The results showed that the ORFs（open reading frame）of CsANS and CsLAR were 1 068 and 1 029 bp，respectively，which were 99% homologous to the corresponding genes from‘Shuchazao’in TPIA database. Soluble proteins of CsANS and CsLAR can be obtained in prokaryotic induced expression system and can be successfully purified by GST tag. Transient expression of CsANS and CsLAR in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed that proteins they encoded were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore，CsANS and CsLAR were overexpressed in tea calli by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The results showed that both of them could significantly promote the biosynthesis of total catechins in tea calli，in which CsANS mainly increased content of EC and EGCG，while CsLAR mainly promoted the accumulation of trans-catechins C，GC，CG and GCG. It is speculated that the function of CsANS is mainly to promote the synthesis of cis-catechins，while CsLAR is more conducive to the synthesize trans-catechins in‘Yinghong 9’.
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Cultivation·Physiology & Biochemistry

• Effects of Exogenous GABA on Physiological Characteristics of Leaves and Fruit Flavor in Wine Grape
• LI Dou, WANG Yuhang, WANG Chunheng, JIN Xin, YANG Jiangshan, CHEN Yajuan, DAI Zibo, and FENG Lidan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 815-831. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0144
• Abstract ( 44 ) HTML ( 30 ) PDF (1700KB) ( 30 ) 　　　
• In order to investigate the effects of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid（GABA）on the photosynthetic pigment and sugar content of leaves and fruit flavor quality in wine grape‘Cabernet Gernischt’，GABA solution with different concentrations（5，10，15 and 20 mmol • L-1）was sprayed on the leaves at the flowering stage，fruit setting stage，enlargement stage and veraison stage，and distilled water was sprayed as the control. Photosynthetic pigment and sugar content of leaves at different stages and fruit flavor quality at the ripened stage were determined. Flavor quality of fruits was comprehensively evaluated and analyzed by using the PEN3 electronic nose non-destructive detection technology and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry（GC–MS）technology combined with cluster analysis，linear discriminant analysis（LDA），principal component analysis（PCA）and correlation analysis. The results showed that GABA treatment increased the contents of chlorophyll，carotenoids，soluble sugar and starch of the leaves of‘Cabernet Gernischt’grape and improved the flavor quality of the fruit. Notably，the total chlorophyll content in 10 mmol • L-1 GABA-treated leaves was significantly higher than that of the control at different developmental stages. After treatment with 10 mmol • L-1 GABA，the soluble sugar content of ripened grape fruits increased by 9% compared to the control group，while the levels of oxalic acid and tartaric acid showed respective increments of 121% and 108%. Compared with the control，GABA treatment increased the variety and content of fruit aroma volatiles. The aroma substances in fruits treated with different concentrations of GABA were similar in types，but showed significant difference in contents. The aroma profiles obtained by electronic nose analysis were basically consistent with that by GC–MS analysis. Among the different concentrations used in this study，10 mmol • L-1 GABA treatment had the highest content of volatile aroma substances，as well as the higher sensitivity response values for most sensors. PCA and LDA analysis showed that the electronic nose detection results could better distinguish the flavor of‘Cabernet Gernischt’grape fruits treated with different concentrations of GABA. The correlation analysis showed that the contents of soluble sugar，starch in leaves and fruit sugars and organic acids have correlation with the formation of aroma substances in fruit. In summary，exogenous GABA treatment improved the flavor quality of the fruit by enhancing the contents of photosynthetic pigments，soluble sugar and starch in leaves and prompting the accumulation of sugars and organic acids and aroma volatiles in grape fruits；10 mmol • L-1 was chosen as the optimum concentration of GABA.
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• Parameter Determination and Modeling of Central Leader Tree Shape for High Quality and High Yield Production of Ziziphus jujuba‘Huizao’
• WANG Wenjun, WANG Jingjing, CHEN Qiling, and ZHENG Qiangqing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 832-846. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0131
• Abstract ( 30 ) HTML ( 34 ) PDF (1781KB) ( 34 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the suitable pruning parameters for Ziziphus jujuba‘Huizao’under the central leader tree shaped cultivation mode，a four-factor quadratic mathematical model was established with plant height，main branch number，secondary branch number per main branch，and jujube stock number per secondary branch as variable factors and plant yield and fruit rate above grade one（including grade one fruit）as objective functions，using a mixed-level uniform design. The“continuous mathematical model simulation + normalization processing + clustering”was used for model joint optimization to obtain the best high-yield and high-quality tree-shaped parameters. Model analysis shows that plant height，main branch number，secondary branch number per main branch，and jujube stock number per secondary branch all have significant effects on plant yield and fruit rate above grade one for Ziziphus jujuba‘Huizao’. Computer simulation shows that under the central leader tree shaped cultivation mode with a plant row spacing of 1.0 m × 4.5 m，the highest plant yield Yy = 4.6453 kg （fruit rate above grade one Yg = 10.7729%）is obtained when the plant height is 2.7 m，the main branch number is eleven，the secondary branch number per main branch is eight，and the jujube stock number per secondary branch is ten. The highest fruit rate above grade one Yg = 36.7964%（plant yield Yy = 3.9255 kg）is obtained when the plant height is 3.0 m，the main branch number is seven，the secondary branch number per main branch is four，and the jujube stock number per secondary branch is six. Through joint optimization，the combination of plant height 2.8 m，main branch number seven，secondary branch number per main branch six，and jujube stock number per secondary branch nine is the high-yield and high-quality combination for Ziziphus jujuba‘Huizao’with a plant yield of 4.12 kg and a fruit rate above grade one of 28.57%.
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• Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Growth，Quality and Flavor of Hydroponic Chinese Chive
• HAO Jinqian, WANG Baoju, TONG Jing, LIU Mingchi, WU Zhanhui, WANG Suna, and LIU Ning,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 847-858. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0242
• Abstract ( 44 ) HTML ( 28 ) PDF (1074KB) ( 28 ) 　　　
• Hydroponic Chinese chive often tastes less pungent due to the changes in cultivation methods，which threatens the sustainable development of the hydroponic Chinese chive sector. The decline of the flavor of hydroponic chive intensity is primarily associated with the production of total S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides（CSOs）in its leafy tissues. In order to improve the flavor of hydroponic Chinese chive，the effects of different concentrations of melatonin（MT）on growth，development，leaf quality，and flavor were investigated. The results showed that the plant height，leaf width/length，root activity，dry（fresh）weight per plant，and theoretical yield of Chinese chive reach maximums under 100 μmol • L-1 MT treatment. MT treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD and POD，whereas the content of MDA and H2O2 significantly decreased. 75 or 100 μmol • L-1 MT effectively promoted the accumulation of soluble sugar，soluble protein，vitamin C，total flavonoids，as well as total phenols in Chinese chives. Intriguingly，the results revealed that the leaf pungency of hydroponic Chinese chive was boosted by MT treatments，even comparable to that of soil-grown counterparts. Accordingly，the expression of three AtuFMOs，encoding key enzymes of CSO biosynthesis，was also significantly increased under MT treatments. Taken together，exogenous MT treatment could improve the yield and quality of hydroponic Chinese chive，and 75 μmol • L-1 MT is recommended，which provides a trade-off between the crop yield and flavor quality of hydroponic Chinese chive.
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Plant Protection

• Inhibitory Effect of Pyropheophorbide-a on Cucumber Fusarium Wilt
• YU Jing, FENG Xiangjun, JIN Yingxue, and DING Guohua,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 859-874. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-1113
• Abstract ( 22 ) HTML ( 10 ) PDF (2807KB) ( 10 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the inhibitory effect of pyropheophorbide-a（PPa）on plant pathogens，and to find a new agent with low toxicity and high efficiency against the cucumber Fusarium wilt（CFW），Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. cucumerinum H46 5 strain and cucumber cultivar‘Changchun Mici’were used as materials，and the effect of different concentrations of PPa on the mycelial growth of H46 5 pathogen was deteced. The area of infected cucumber leaves，the malondialdehyde（MDA）content，the free proline content were measured. The activities of peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT）and superoxide dismutase（SOD）were determined after PPa treatment under different lighting condition. The reactive oxygen species（ROS）including H2O2 content and superoxide anion production rate was estimated using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine（DAB）staining and nitro-blue tetrazolium（NBT）staining. The results showed that PPa had a significant inhibitory effect on H46 5，and its inhibitory effect was positively correlated with its concentration. The optimal inhibitory concentration of PPa was 2 g • L-1. PPa treatment also significantly reduced the level of CFW disease and MDA content of the plant，and increased the proline content and antioxidant capacity of the plant，and maintained the ROS balance of the plant. Although the inhibitory ability of PPa was limited by the effects of light intensity and light duration，and the results proved that PPa had a good effect on inhibiting the disease of CFW.
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• Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens‘L19’on Fusarium oxysporum Inhibition and Plants Growth Promotion in Potato
• QIANG Ran, ZHANG Dai, YANG Zhe, CHEN Mingyue, ZHAO Jing, and ZHU Jiehua,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 875-892. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0876
• Abstract ( 20 ) HTML ( 11 ) PDF (4930KB) ( 11 ) 　　　
• In order to obtain a dual functional biocontrol strain with excellent antagonistic effect against Fusarium oxysporum in potato and promoting the growth of potato plants，the inhibition effect of secondary metabolites produced by strain L19 on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was determined by the plate confrontation method. The lipopeptides and volatile compounds released by strain L19 were detected and identified by PCR and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry（GC–MS），respectively. The greenhouse pot experiment and chlorophyll fluorescence detection technology were used to explore the effect of strain L19 on the promotion of potato plants growth and leaf photosynthesis，respectively. The results showed that a total of 25 biocontrol strains were isolated，among which strain L19 could significantly inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum hyphae. According to morphology and gyrB sequence analysis，the strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The secondary metabolites produced by strain L19 caused the deformation of hyphae，such as twisting，adhesion，expansion and bubbling. The hyphae treated with B. amyloliquefaciens L19 metabolites lost penetration. With fermentation liquid concentration increasing，the spore germination rate of F. oxysporum was lower. B. amyloliquefaciens L19 contained lipopeptide synthesis genes such as sfp，ituA，fenB，bacD and mycB. Moreover，B. amyloliquefaciens L19 produced 12 volatile compounds，among them，the aromatic content accounted for 47.42%，followed by alcohols and ketones. 2-Ethyltoluene was the main volatile compound，with relative content of 20.91%. B. amyloliquefaciens L19 showed the ability to produce cellulase. The pot experiment showed that compared to the control group，the growth index of potato plants significantly increased after applying different concentrations of L19 fermentation broth. The growth rate of root circumference was as high as 78.57%，and the root morphology was better treated by 5 × 107 CFU • mL-1 L19 fermentation. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that there were significant differences in the fluorescence intensity of OJIP curve at O，J（2 ms），I（30 ms）and P points between the treated groups and the control groups. After the application of different concentrations of fermentation broth，the absorption of light energy per unit reaction center（ABS/RC），the energy captured by the unit reaction center for reduction of QA（TRo/RC），and the heat dissipation per unit area（DIo/CSo）of potato leaf photosynthetic index increased by 16.32%–28.38%，respectively，B. amyloliquefaciens L19 fermentation liquid can improve the light energy utilization rate of plant leaves. Therefore，the secondary metabolites secreted by B. amyloliquefaciens L19 showed strong inhibition effect on F. oxysporum，and the fermentation broth also had the growth promoting effect on potato plants. Moreover，B. amyloliquefaciens L19 could improve the photosynthesis of plant leaves and has good application prospects.
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New Technology and New Methods

• Virus Elimination from‘Shine Muscat’Grape Plantlets in vitro via Heat Treatment Combined with Shoot Tip and Axillary Bud Culture
• DU Yijing, LIU Wenlin, QIAO Yuelian, WANG Li, AN Dezhi, DU Guoqiang, and SHI Xiaoxin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 893-902. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0204
• Abstract ( 38 ) HTML ( 19 ) PDF (1267KB) ( 19 ) 　　　
• In order to optimize the virus elimination system of grape plantlets in vitro，research on virus elimination was carried out using the‘Shine Muscat’grape plantlets in vitro，which have been detected carrying five viruses including grapevine fabavirus（GFabV），grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus（GRSPaV），grapevine Pinot gris virus（GPGV），grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 （GLRaV-3），and grapevine virus E（GVE）. The effects on virus elimination regarding heat treatment ways and duration，as well as plant materials（shoot tip or axillary bud）used for inoculation after heat treatment were studied. The results showed that the heat treatment of 38 ℃/light 8 h and 32 ℃/ dark 8 h in turn generated the highest survival rate and virus elimination efficiency，followed by the treatment of 38 ℃/light 16 h and 32 ℃/ dark 8 h in turn and constant 38 ℃（light 16 h + dark 8 h）. Then，about 1.5 mm long shoot tips or the first or the second axillary buds under the shoot tips were cut from the plantlets cultured under the heat treatment of 38 ℃/light 8 h and 32 ℃/ dark 8 h in turn for 10，15，20，25，30，and 40 days，respectively，for inoculation. The survival rate of the shoot tips was higher than that of the axillary buds. The new plantlets were detected for the viruses，and virus-free plantlets were obtained from all kinds of the materials. The virus elimination rate was 52.38% when the heat treatment duration was 10 d，and reached 100% when that was 25 d or 30 d. With the further increased duration，the survival rate of the inoculated shoot tips and the axillary buds decreased. The duration of 25 d was recommended.
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• Induction and Cultivation of 77 Jujube Cultivars Pulp Callus
• ZHAO Ruoyu, GUO Xiaoxue, ZHU Wenhui, LI Ruimei, ZHAO Jiaxue, DU Dan, DAI Li, LIU Zhiguo, WANG Lixin, and LIU Mengjun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 903-914. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0205
• Abstract ( 48 ) HTML ( 37 ) PDF (8492KB) ( 37 ) 　　　
• Mass culture of pulp callus can provide material basis for the establishment of suspension cell system，the isolation and culture of protoplasts，the establishment of genetic transformation system and the study of secondary metabolites. In this study，10 media were selected to study callus induction of jujube pulp from 77 jujube cultivars at five developmental stages. The results showed that the genotypes，fruit development stages，medium type and the proportion of growth regulators had significant effects on the callus induction. At the initial cultivating stage，one to six kinds of medium were screened which were suitable for callus induction for 42 cultivars. There were eight kinds of media that can successfully induce callus，among which G1（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.5 mg • L-1 6-BA + 2.5 mg • L-1 2,4-D）and G7（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.8 mg • L-1 6-BA + 1.5 mg • L-1 2,4-D）medium had the highest applicability，up to 60%，followed by G5（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 1.0 mg • L-1 6-BA + 2.0 mg • L-1 2,4-D），up to 45%. Young fruits were the most suitable for pulp callus induction and cultivation，and the successful rate of cultivars reached 88%. In addition，the closer the fruit was to maturity，the more difficult the pulp callus cultivation was. Among them，only‘Yuanling Xiaozao’pulp at the whole red stage could be successfully induced callus. At the sub-cultivation stage，22 cultivars pulp callus were achieved subcultivition，and the appropriate medium was G1（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.5 mg • L-1 6-BA + 2.5 mg • L-1 2,4-D），G3（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 1.0 mg • L-1 6-BA + 1.0 mg • L-1 2,4-D），G5（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 1.0 mg • L-1 6-BA + 2.0 mg • L-1 2,4-D），G6（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 3.0 mg • L-1 TDZ + 0.5 mg • L-1 NAA），G7（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.8 mg • L-1 6-BA + 1.5 mg • L-1 2,4-D），G9（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 20 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.5 mg • L-1 NAA + 1.0 mg • L-16-BA），G10（4.41 g • L-1 MS + 6 g • L-1 agar + 25 g • L-1 sucrose + 0.4 mg • L-1 6-BA + 1.5 mg • L-1 2,4-D）. The changes of hormone ratio could significantly improve the callus sub-cultivation effect at the following cultivating stage. In addition，at the initial cultivating，a very small number of cultivars such as‘Wuhe 72’and‘Linyi Lizao’could directly induce bud germination.
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New Cultivars

• A New Flowering Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Yuetai 2’
• GUO Juxian, FU Mei, LUO Wenlong, LUO Shanwei, and LI Guihua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 915-916. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1131
• Abstract ( 18 ) HTML ( 9 ) PDF (944KB) ( 9 ) 　　　
• ‘Yuetai 2’is a new flowering Chinese cabbage cultivar derived from the cross of cytoplasmic male sterile line HY18A and the inbred line T-6. Its leaf is in long oval shape and green in color，25.8 cm in length and 14.0 cm in width. Main stalk is 40.5 cm in length，3.4 cm in diameter，weighing about 370.2 g，laurel-green in color. It taste crisp and sweet. The souble solids content is 5.3%，protein content is 2.24%，reducing sugar content is 1.9%，crude fibre content is 0.8%，and vitamin C content is 581 mg • kg-1. ‘Yuetai 2’showed strong adaptability and resistance. It is suitable for producing at autumn in Pearl River Delta Region and it takes 54 d from sowing to harvest.
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• A New Tomato Cultivar‘Longfan 15’
• HU Zhifeng, SHAO Jingcheng, and ZHANG Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 917-918. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0990
• Abstract ( 24 ) HTML ( 11 ) PDF (1219KB) ( 11 ) 　　　
• ‘Longfan 15’is a new F1 hybrid tomato developed by crossing 09103 as female parent and 09104 as male parent. It is characterized by the indeterminate growth habit，middle lately ripening，moderate amount of leaves and midium growth potential. The matured fruit is pink and round，with midium hardness and long shelf life，and the taste is sweet and sour. The young fruit has no green shoulder. The single fruit weight is 279.5 g，and the soluble solids content is 5.28%. The fruit commodity rate is high. It is high resistant to TMV and leaf mildew，middle-resistant to early blight and powdery mildew. Average yield is more than 90 000.0 kg • hm-2. It is suitable for cultivation in protected condition in spring.
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• A New Cucumber Hybrid‘Zhongnong Cuilü 2’
• ZHANG Congying, GU Xingfang, MIAO Han, DONG Shaoyun, LIU Xiaoping, GUAN Jiantao, and ZHANG Shengping,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 919-920. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0206
• Abstract ( 21 ) HTML ( 10 ) PDF (1206KB) ( 10 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhongnong Cuilü 2’is a new northern-China type cucumber hybrid using gyneocious line 171051 as maternal parent and inbred line 171006 paternal parent，respectively. It grows vigorously with high tolerance to low temperature and weak light. Its fruit is about 16 cm in length and 3.5 cm in diameter. Its fruit has short neck，white and green skin，small fruit cavity and light green flesh. The fruit skin has few white spines and small tuberculates. The cultivar has multi-resistance and high total yield. The yield can reach 123 690 kg • hm-2. It is suitable for solar greenhouse and plastic tunnel cultivation.
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• A New Fresh Sweet Corn Cultivar‘Tiancui 710’
• LI Ye, CHEN Rongli, CAI Zhirong, ZHOU Sheng, and YI Honghua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 921-922. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0803
• Abstract ( 20 ) HTML ( 3 ) PDF (980KB) ( 3 ) 　　　
• The fresh-eating sweet corn‘Tiancui 710’，was selected from hybrids of DH3534（female parent）and ET1003（male parent）. Its grain is yellow，the reducing sugar content ranges from 4.65% to 5.10%，the soluble sugar content ranges from 12.92% to 15.12%. It is sweet and fragrant .The average fresh ear yield of the cultivar rang from 15 100 to 15 290 kg • hm-2. It is suitable for fresh corn cultivation in areas south of the Huai River in Anhui and Jiangsu，Shanghai，Zhejiang，Jiangxi，Fujian，Guangdong，Guangxi，Hainan，Sichuan，Chongqing，Guizhou，Hunan，Hubei，and the hilly，flat，and low mountain areas in central Yunnan.
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• A New Cerasus campanulata Cultivar‘Wangdi’
• ZHANG Wei, YE Xiaoling, HU Xiaomin, ZHU Jun, XIONG Yuming, CHEN Duanni, and FENG Qinzhao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 923-924. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0747
• Abstract ( 16 ) HTML ( 3 ) PDF (1165KB) ( 3 ) 　　　
• ‘Wangdi’is a new cultivar bred from seedlings of Cerasus campanulata. The flowers are dense，open widely and has large diameter，with 8–43 purplish red oblong petals which of inner whorl spread outward. Sometimes in the middle of the flowers there is another flower. It has funnel-shaped calyx tube and reflexed sepals. There are two pistils whose stigmas can be seen before the flower blooms.
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• A New Rose Cultivar‘Yinghe’
• LAN Wei, MENG Yanqiong, XUAN Yun, ZHU Kangning, DING Xiaohao, FAN Dexin, and KANG Liyun,
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2024, 51(4): 925-926. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-1058
• Abstract ( 19 ) HTML ( 5 ) PDF (1140KB) ( 5 ) 　　　
• ‘Yinghe’is a new cultivar of strong aroma shrub roses and has been bred by cross-pollination of‘Generous Gardener’בReine des Violettes • Queen of the Violets’. The height of the plant are 60–70 cm with fewer skin prickles and high growth vigor. The petals are light pink to white，and the number of petals is 60–75. The flowers have a double petal shape，with a diameter of 8–9 cm. The flowers are dense and emit a strong myrrh fragrance. ‘Yinghe’has strong resistance to black spot and downy mildew，moderate resistance to poery mildew，and good resistance to red spider. It is suitable for cultivation in areas north of the Yangtze River with strong environmental adaptability.
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