Research Papers

• Function Analysis of MdRGL3a Gene in Malus × domestica
• REN Yiran，ZHAO Qiang，YOU Chunxiang，and HAO Yujin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1021-1028. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0711
• Abstract ( 318 ) HTML ( 799 ) PDF (1317KB) ( 799 ) 　　　

• In order to further reveal the mechanism of GA signal transduction in apple（Malus × domestica） and the physiological function of MdDELLAs，a gene named MdRGL3a（GenBank：DQ007887）cloned from‘Royal Gala’was analyzed. The function of this gene was analyzed by ectopic expression of MdRGL3a in Arabidopsis thaliana. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that MdRGL3a was expressed in different tissues，and the expression level was higher in flowers and fruits. Ectopic expression of MdRGL3a in Arabidopsis thaliana reduced response to GA3，which exhibited shorter root and hypocotyl，slower germination，smaller leaves and shorter stalk. The result of Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated with GA3 showed that MdRGL3a reduced the promotion of GA for plants growth and development，revealing that MdRGL3a might be a negative regulator of GA signaling pathway.

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• Transformation of β-1,3 Glucanase Gene Increased Alternaria mali Disease Resistance in Apple
• ZHANG Lili1,2，WANG Yanxia1,3，ZHANG Hao4，CHENG Xiaohua1，ZHANG Ying1，WANG Ying1，SHI Xiaoxin1,*，and DU Guoqiang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1029-1037. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0710
• Abstract ( 259 ) HTML ( 566 ) PDF (2694KB) ( 566 ) 　　　
• In order to enhance the disease resistant ability of apple，the plasmid encoding NPTⅡ gene，GUS gene，and β-1,3 glucanase gene was transferred into apple cultivars of Fuji and Gala via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated. Seventeen Gala and 11 Fuji transgenic lines succeeded in the Kanamycin resistant screen，GUS stain，and PCR analysis. From those，3 lines of each cultivar were chosen for Southern blot analysis，which confirmed that the exogenous genes had been integrated into the genome of the transgenic lines. Then，five lines of each cultivar were chosen for Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. All the lines except one from Fuji cultivar showed the positive target bands. The bands varied in brightness and sharpness indicated the difference of the gene expression among the transgenic lines. The detached leaves from the lines were inoculated with the spores of Alternaria mali and incubated. Among 10 Gala lines and 7 Fuji lines tested，8 Gala lines and 2 Fuji lines showed disease resistance at certain extent，and the enhancing of the disease resistance related to the gene expression.
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• Study on Time Effects of Exogenous 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Treatment on Alleviating Salinity Injury in‘Benihoppe’Strawberry
• WU Wenwen，AN Yuyan，and WANG Liangju*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1038-1048. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0010
• Abstract ( 395 ) HTML ( 650 ) PDF (778KB) ( 650 ) 　　　

• In order to determine the suitable time for 5-aminolevulinic acid（5-ALA）application to alleviate salinity injury in strawberry（Fragaria × ananassa Duch.‘Benihoppe’），exogenous 10 mg ? L-1 5-ALA solution was rhizospherically applied at 5 days before，simultaneously or 3 days after 100 mmol ? L-1 NaCl treatment，and the results showed that the alleviating effect was best in the pretreatment. This result implies that 5-ALA is more preventive than therapeutic for strawberry against salt stress. After then，another experiment was carried out，where 10 mg ? L-1 5-ALA solutions were rhizospherically pretreated to strawberry plants 5，10，15 or 20 days before NaCl treatment and the result showed that the pretreatment prior 20 d was the best effective treatment，which means that the earlier the strawberry was pretreated with 5-ALA，the less of salinity injury was found. It was observed that the possible alleviating mechanisms of 5-ALA against salt stress in strawberry may include the follows. (1) 5-ALA alleviated the decrease of leaf chlorophyll content and Chl.b/a ratio induced by salinity in strawberry. (2) 5-ALA induced the additional increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the production rate of superoxide anion in the leaves and roots of strawberry under salt stress. (3) 5-ALA was beneficial to intersystem electron transport from PSⅡ to PSⅠ，increasing the energy conversion efficiency during light energy absorption，harvest and transport，reducing heat dissipation，and improving photosynthetic capacity under salt stress. (4) 5-ALA alleviated the inhibition of plant growth induced by salt stress，including shoots and roots，especially the latter.

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• The Phylogeney，Expression Patterns of Alkaline/Neutral Invertase Genes （Fa.A/N-Invs）Family and Their Influence on Sugar Accumulation in Strawberry Fruit
• ZHANG Ling1,2，WANG Yanxiu1,*，GAO Qinghua2，and DUAN Ke2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1049-1060. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0959
• Abstract ( 230 ) HTML ( 678 ) PDF (837KB) ( 678 ) 　　　

• On the basis of gene sequence analysis of the strawberry alkaline/neutral invertase gene family（Fa.A/N-Inv），strawberry cultivars‘Shen Yang’and‘Benihoppe’were employed as materials. The expression patterns of Fa.A/N-Inv genes under different conditions were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The dynamic enzyme activity of A/N-Inv and the sugar accumulation during fruit development stages were determined by spectrophotography and high-performance liquid chromatography（HPLC），respectively. Eight members of alkaline/neutral invertases were identified in the strawberry genome. The expression patterns of 4 Fa.A/N-Inv genes are tissue-，developmental stage-，and genotype-specific. The expression of  4 Fa.A/N-Invs was differentially induced by cytokinin（BA），gibberellic acid（GA）and auxin（IAA）. Sucrose and glucose，as substrate and product of A/N-Inv，hold positive and negative feedback regulation on expression of the 4 genes，respectively. Besides，as a signal molecule，sucrose could induce the expression of Fa.A/N-Inv genes. The enzyme activity of A/N-Inv in‘Shen Yang’was higher than that in‘Benihoppe’fruits of all stages except for the green fruit. The content of sucrose in ripe ‘Benihoppe’fruit（50.7 mg · g^-1 FW）was double of that in‘Shen Yang’fruit（23.2 mg · g^-1 FW）.

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Research Papers

• Function Analysis of miR159 and Its Target Gene VvGAMYB in Grape Flower Development
• WANG Mengqi1，XIE Zhenqiang2，SUN Xin1，LI Xiaopeng1，ZHU Xudong1，WANG Chen1，and FANG Jinggui1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1061-1072. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0816
• Abstract ( 326 ) HTML ( 732 ) PDF (4730KB) ( 732 ) 　　　
• VvGAMYB plays an important role in grape flower development. A MYB transcription factor gene in gibberellic acid（GA）signaling pathway，designated as VvGAMYB，was cloned using homology-based cloning and reverse transcription-PCR（RT-PCR） from Vitis vinifera L.‘Wink’. The open reading frame of VvGAMYB was 1 680 bp，encoding a protein of 559 amino acids. Sequence alignement showed that VvGAMYB protein contained a highly conserved R2R3 domain. In addition，VvGAMYB also contained 3 conserved motifs Box1，Box2 and Box3，which are typical structures in the GAMYB family. The VvGAMYB protein was mainly localized in the nucleus of onion epidermal cell. The expression of VvGAMYB and its downstream gene VvLFY increased and subsequently decreased during the development of grape flower. The GA3 treatment induced the expression of VvGAMYB and VvLFY，which promoted the development of grape flower. VvGAMYB was the target gene of miR159，and its expression was regulated by miR159. The miR159 could negatively regulate expression of VvGAMYB by cleavage. The expression of miR159 and its target gene VvGAMYB showed a negative correlation，and its expression was decreased by GA3 treatment，which also reduced the cleavage of VvGAMYB. These results suggest that VvGAMYB might paly a crucial role in grape flower development through the gibberellin pathway. In this process，the expression of miR159 was down-regulated while VvGAMYB and VvLFY was up-regulated.
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• Analysis of Anthocyanin Composition and Genes Expression Patterns of Vitis quinquangularis × V. vinifera‘NW196’
• CHENG Guo1，ZHOU Sihong2，ZHANG Jin1，ZHANG Ying1，GUAN Jingxi1，YANG Ying1，XIE Linjun1，and WEN Rende1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1073-1084. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0693
• Abstract ( 391 ) HTML ( 533 ) PDF (982KB) ( 533 ) 　　　
• The composition and content of anthocyanins were surveyed by HPLC–MS in berry skin of‘NW196’（Vitis quinquangularis × V. vinifera），transcript levels of both structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis confirmed by Real-time PCR，which were compared with V. vinifera L.‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. The results indicated that the‘NW196’berry skin had significantly higher total anthocyanin content than‘Cabernet Sauvignon’berry skin during late-ripening. At harvest，23 anthocyanins were detected in‘NW196’berry skins，and the berry skins of ‘NW196’contained higher proportions of monoglucoside anthocyanins than diglucoside anthocyanins during late-ripening. Delphinidin- 3-O-diglucoside was the most abundant anthocyanins in berry skin of‘NW196’，and 3’5’-substituted showed higher proportion than 3’-substituted anthocyanins. When compared with ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’，lower proportions of acylated and methylated anthocyanins detected in‘NW196’berry skins. These results suggested that the composition and content of anthocyanins in berry skins of‘NW196’and‘Cabernet Sauvignon’showed great differences，which related to the variety’s own characteristics and regulated by genes in flavonoid metabolic pathways. In addition，diglucoside anthocyanins were synthesized at the beginning of veraison.
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• Effects of Oxalic Acid Treatment on Lignification and Related Enzymes Activities in‘Huayou’Kiwifruit During Cold Storage
• LI Hua，LIANG Chunqiang，Lü Jiang，HU Miao，LI Jiaying，and RAO Jingping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1085-1093. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0718
• Abstract ( 282 ) HTML ( 636 ) PDF (1062KB) ( 636 ) 　　　
• The effects of 5 mmol ? L-1 oxalic acid（OA）solution on kiwifruit（Actinidia chinensis ‘Huayou’）lignification in during cold storage were investigated. The results showed that，OA treatment significantly reduced lignin content and total phenolics content. Meanwhile，OA inhibited the key enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthesis，including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL，EC 4. 1. 3. 5.），4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase（4-CL，EC 6. 2. 1. 12.），peroxidase（POD，EC 1. 11. 1. 7.）and polyphenol oxidase（PPO，EC 1.10.3.1.）activities. In addition，the research combined hand-cut samples and paraffin sections indicated that lignin accumulation of‘Huayou’kiwifruit mainly occurred in pulp tissue and vascular bundles；alleviation of fruit lignification via OA might be ascribed to subdued activities of the above four enzymes.
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• Comprehensive Evaluation of Yield，Quality and Salt Stress Tolerance in Grafting Tomato
• LIU Dexing1，JING Xin1，JIAO Juan1,3，WEI Min1，SUI Shenli2，ZHAO Lihua2，LI Yanwei2，ZHAO Na2，GONG Biao1,2,*，and SHI Qinghua1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1094-1104. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0947
• Abstract ( 370 ) HTML ( 940 ) PDF (736KB) ( 940 ) 　　　

• The variable characteristics of the plant growth，yield，quality，K⁺ and Na⁺ uptake and distribution，and photosynthesis were measured in the same scion‘Jiaxina 74-112’tomato grafted on 8 different rootstocks and the self-root grafting plants. Effects of both grafting and salt stress on plants yield，quality and salt stress tolerance were comprehensively evaluated on the basis of membership values of above indexes calculated by the method of membership function. The results showed that the plant growth and yield were significantly inhibited by salt stress. However，the fruit quality was significantly improved  

  by salt stress. The growth vigor，yield，quality and salt stress tolerance of grafting tomato were significantly difference in different kinds of rootstocks. Yields of grafted tomato，using‘Western tomato rootstock’under salt stress were decreased 32.3% and increased 37.7% separately comparing with auto-grafting of‘Jiaxina 74-112’under the control and salt stress conditions. And this grafting combination showed less effect on the fruit quality and the best comprehensive advantage. Based on the advantage of comprehensive evaluation by membership function，this study provide a new analytical method that can be used to selected the salt stress tolerance tomato rootstocks for the exploitation of saline-alkali soil.
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• Regulation of SGAs Biosynthesis of Green Tissues in Aerial Part of the Potato
• GUO Haixia1，ZHANG Jingjing2，AN Ran1，QIAO Yan1，SHI Wenhui1，SHI Jing1，and ZHANG Jinwen1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1105-1115. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0130
• Abstract ( 244 ) HTML ( 610 ) PDF (2110KB) ( 610 ) 　　　

• In order to improve the accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids（SGAs） in the aerial part of potato cultivar and thus to enhance its resistance and tuber quality improvement，the solanidine rhamnosyltransferase（sgt3）gene and ribulose-1,5-bisphoshate carboxylase（Ruisco）promoter were cloned in this research. Subcellular localization prediction showed that SGT3protein did not contain chloroplast transit peptide，mitochondrial peptide and signal peptide sequence. Therefore，we speculated that SGT3 protein was located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore，cDNA fragment of sgt3 and rbcS promoter was recombinated into plasmid pCEPSP. And we got a plant vector with glyphosate resistance marker that has sgt3 gene driven by a green-tissue promoter rbcS（rbcS：sgt3）. In addition，Longshu 3 and Shepody were  transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated protocol，and we obtained 12 glyphosate-tolerant transgenic plantlets. The analysis of gene expression levels indicated that the relative expression of sgt3 transcript in transformation plantlets were higher（1.3–3.0 times）than non-transformation plantlets. Also，the content of SGAs has increased by 20% to 37% for all transformation plantlets. Whereas，SGAs content did not display a significant difference between transgenic tuber and non-transgenic tuber in potato. Our result of this study will provide a theoretical basis for breeding varieties with SGAs content enriched in the foliage but diminished in the tuber in the further.

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• Genetic Relationship Among Chrysanthemum F1 Hybrids Derived from an Incomplete Diallel Cross Unraveled by SRAP Markers
• WU Yangyang1，YANG Xiaodong1，YANG Xincheng1，XU Tingting1，GUAN Zhiyong1，XUE Jianping2，JIANG Jiafu1，CHEN Sumei1，FANG Weimin1，CHEN Fadi1，and ZHANG Fei1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1116-1124. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0824
• Abstract ( 299 ) HTML ( 593 ) PDF (1245KB) ( 593 ) 　　　

• Genetic relationship amongst the 6 cultivars of cut chrysanthemum and their 38 F₁ hybrids derived from a 2 × 4 incomplete diallel cross was unraveled by SRAP markers. The SRAP genotyping suggested that of the 229 fragments produced by 17 SRAP primer combinations 127 were polymorphic，with an average of 7.5 polymorphic fragments per primer combination，thus indicative of a moderate molecular diversity present in the entries. The Nei’s genetic distances were estimated between 0.11–0.25 and averaged at 0.19，denoting a close genetic relationship among the parental cultivars. The SRAP-based genetic similarity was calculated at 0.42–0.72 and 0.40–0.85，respectively，for the parental cultivars  and the F₁ hybrids，and the median of genetic similarity（0.61）for the hybrids were higher than that（0.55）for parental cultivars. This suggests a narrowing genetic base or homogenization during hybridization in chrysanthemum，despite the occurrence of some variant lines. Based on genetic similarity matrix，the UPGMA clustering classified the investigated entries into two major groups well congruent with female parents and cross combinations，reinforcing the reliability of SRAP markers in distinguishing F₁ hybrids resulted from different combinations in chrysanthemum.

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• The Diversity of Petal Colors and Its Relation to Anthocyanins in Rose Germplasms
• WANG Feng1,2，YANG Shuhua1,*，LIU Xinyan1，CUI Jiaopeng3，CHANG Zhihui2，and GE Hong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1125-1134. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0789
• Abstract ( 393 ) HTML ( 955 ) PDF (503KB) ( 955 ) 　　　
• The petal colors of 227 rose germplasms were classified into 7 color series by CIE Lab color system. In the two-dimensional quadrant map of a* and b*，petal colors of germplasms were mainly distributed in the Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ quadrant except the Ⅲ quadrant suggesting the lack of blue color in roses. Most of the germplasms could be clustered into 3 groups according to the lightness（L*）and chroma（C*）. The 1st group contained the germplasms of white and yellow color series. The 2nd group included the germplasms of the whole pink，purplish red，orange red color series and part of rose red color series. However，the 3rd group contained the germplasms of the whole dark red color series and part of rose red color series exhibited the positive correlations between L *and C*. The anthocyanins as standards were all detected in the germplasms by HPLC method，which cyanidin-3,5-di-glucoside（Cy3G5G）and pelargonidin-3,5-di-glucoside（Pg3G5G）ranked the most of the contents among six kinds of anthocyanins. Moreover，the contents of anthocyanins in the 3rd group were much higher than the other two groups. The above results indicated the abundant petal color diversity in rose germplasms. The correlation analysis further indicated that the contents of total anthocyanins（TA）were negatively correlated with L* in all germplasms. TA showed the positive correlations with a*/C* in the germplasms of the 1st and 2nd groups but the negative correlations in the 3rd group. There were no correlations between the anthocyanins and CIE Lab parameters in the 1st group. Two kinds of pelargonidins（Pg）exhibited the positive correlations with a*，b* and C* but no correlations with L* in the 2nd group，referring Pg could affect the colors but not the brightness. In the 3rd group，Cy3G5G as the unique anthocyanin presented the negative correlations with L*，a*/C*，indicating Cy3G5G might influence both the colors and the brightness.
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• Research on the Characteristics of Different Leaf Positions of Crabapple’s Leaf Color and Elite Germplasm Excavation
• JIANG Wenlong1，FAN Junjun1，ZHANG Dandan1，LI Qianhui1，WU Qifei1，SHEN Xingcheng1，and ZHANG Wangxiang1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1135-1145. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0774
• Abstract ( 380 ) HTML ( 682 ) PDF (1199KB) ( 682 ) 　　　

• The leaf color of the upper，middle and lower leaves of 62 ornamental crabapple cultivars were observed by X-rite color difference meter. The dynamic changes of the color of different cultivars in the growing season were studied，and established the evaluation system of the leaf color of the crabapple，on this basis，the fine foliage breed were selected. (1) Based on the L^*，C^*，h^°，three-dimensional dynamic figure of CIELCH color space at different leaf positions were built. All varieties of the upper leaves of the most abundant color，L^*，C^*，h^° sites are the most dispersed，the middle leaf color has faded；L^*，C^* showed a continuous downward trend，h^° showed an increasing trend；the lower leaf color becomes dark green，L^*，C^*were the lowest and h^°were the highest. (2) Based on the color parameter（L^*，a^*，b^*）of upper  leaves in May，the tree diagram of the leaf color cluster analysis was built. We found that 62 ornamental crabapple were divided into 2 major groups and 5 subgroups，including Green group（Dark green，Brownish green and Bright green）and Red group（Fuchsia and Reddish brown）. (3) Based on the results of cluster analysis and color parameters，the evaluation system and the evaluation system of leaf germplasm of ornamental crabapple were established. We found that M.‘Spring Snow’，M.‘Golden Raindrop’and M. floribunda were bright beautiful and have a high color regularity，this three cultivars were the fine germplasm in green group. In red group，M.‘Perfect Purple’，M.‘Purple Gems’，M.‘Thunderchild’，M.‘Cardinal’were red and beautiful and had a high level in regularity and stability，this four cultivars were the fine germplasm in red group.

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• Comparison on Flower Bud Differentiation and Development of Different Seasons in Osmanthus fragrans‘Sijigui’
• LU Ting1，WANG Yiguang1，LUO Yibo1，ZHANG Chao1，FU Jianxin1，DONG Bin1，HU Shaoqing2，and ZHAO Hongbo1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1145-1156. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0772
• Abstract ( 787 ) HTML ( 537 ) PDF (10817KB) ( 537 ) 　　　
• The micro-dissection technique and paraffin method were used to study flower bud differentiation and flowering characteristics of different seasons in Osmanthus fragrans‘Sijigui’. ‘Sijigui’flowered 3 times every year，whose flower bud differentiations respectively beginning in early March，early June and late October and ending in late April，late august and late November，and lasting for about 2 months，2 and a half months and one month. The flower bud differentiation and flowering process that began from June were similar to autumn-flowering cultivars which flowered only one time in autumn every year. Analogously，the flowers in this season would open only experiencing sufficient cooling capacity after completion of flower bud differentiation and finally formed cyme which had no inflorescence stalks and whose flowers had normally developed pollen. The flower buds that initiated in October immediately developed into panicle with inflorescence stalks，whose flowers opened continuously. The inflorescence stalks were divided into short stalks and long stalks，whose lengths were（0.80 ± 0.11）cm and（3.50 ± 0.71）cm respectively. The flower buds that initiated in March developed synchronously with new shoots into panicle，and the flowers opened continuously after the completion of differentiation. The results show that Osmanthus fragrans‘Sijigui’have two different flowering mechanisms.
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Research Notes

• Vinasse and Distiller’s Grains Could Reduce Apple Replanted Disease
• WANG Sen1，DUAN Yanan1，SUN Shenyi2，WANG Jiayan3，CHEN Xuesen1，SHEN Xiang1，MAO Zhiquan1，and YIN Chengmiao1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1157-1166. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0749
• Abstract ( 426 ) HTML ( 636 ) PDF (733KB) ( 636 ) 　　　
• The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of sterilized and non sterilized matur vinasse and Distiller’s grains on the Malus hupehensis Rehd. and replanted soil microorganisms. The study showed that lees（vinasse and distiller’s grains）increased biomass of seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd. It could enhance Malus hupeheusis Rehd. seedlings biomass. Plant height，fresh weight and dry weight after adding vinasse and distiller’s grains. And the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil with continuous cropping on the photographic is also improved significantly after using them. Based on the cluster analysis. PCA and diversity index analysis，the soil microbial community structure had obvious changes.In different types and different processing mode of lees microbial community structure was different. The dominant population presented in the soil and changed microbial community diversity index and richness index by reason of lees carred and sterile lees breeding in the soil. Through the real time fluorescence quantitative of Fusarium proliferatum in soil，the results show that Fusarium proliferatum copy number of vinasse，distiller’s grains，sterile vinasse and distiller’s grains were decreased by 39.1%，58.1%，20.9% and 39.2% than apple replant soil，vinasse and distiller’s grains have weaker effection on inhibiting Fusarium proliferatum. In conclusion，adding vinasse and distiller’s grains in apple replant soil could change microbial community structure in soil，reduce the number of harmful fungi. Vinasse and distiller’s grains can alleviate the apple replant disease and distiller’s grains have better effect.
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• Effects of Phloridzin and Phloretin on Prunus persica Grafted Seedlings
• ZHANG Susu1，XU Shaozhuo1，SUN Shenyi2，WANG Jiayan3，CHEN Xuesen1，SHEN Xiang1，YIN Chengmiao1,*，and MAO Zhiquan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1167-1173. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0882
• Abstract ( 317 ) HTML ( 532 ) PDF (666KB) ( 532 ) 　　　

• The effects of phloridzin and phloretin（typical phenolic acids in the soil of apple orchard） on the plant biomass，root activity，protective enzyme activities and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA）of one year Prunus persica grafted seedlings were studied under pot condition. The results showed that phloridzin could significantly damage the Prunus persica grafted seedlings，compared with the control，the fresh and dry weight reduced by 16.66% and 21.58%，respectively. The root activity reduced by 33.04%，and the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）reduced by 40.80% and 31.10%，while the content of MDA increased by 116.34%. Phloretin had little effect on the Prunus persica grafted seedlings. Potassium permanganateobviously alleviated the damage of phloridzin to Prunus persica grafted seedlings，significantly reduced the content of phloridzin in the apple orchard soil by 57.80%，improved the biomass，root activity，protective enzyme activities of the peach seedlings and reduced the content of MDA. In conclusion，phloridzin（0.343 mg · kg^-1）measured in old apple orchard soil could reduced the biomass of the peach seedlings，and moderate potassium permanganate could alleviate the damage of phloridzin on the peach seedlings.

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• Relationship of Seed Hardness Development and Microstructure of Seed Coat Cell in Soft Seed Pomegranate
• XIE Xiaobo1,2,*，HUANG Yun3，TIAN Shenping1，LI Guili3，and CAO Shangyin2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1174-1180. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0949
• Abstract ( 324 ) HTML ( 744 ) PDF (1697KB) ( 744 ) 　　　

• In order to learn the seed hardness of pomegranate during development，the soft seeds cultivar‘Tunisia’，the semi-soft seeds cultivar‘Israel Sour’and the hard seeds cultivar‘Qingpi’were used in this research. The seed hardness，aril weight and total soluble solids in pulpa were tested during development. The cell microstructure and lignifying conditions in seed coat were also observed during fruit ripening，under microscope by phloroglucinol-HCl and safranine staining. The seed hardness of  ‘Tunisia’growing at different places was also compared. Results showed that the seed hardness of pomegranate increased progressively during ripening. The maximum hardness stage was presented at the later stage of fruit ripening but not at the completely ripened time. On the 97th d after flowering，the seed hardness of‘Tunisia’arrived its maximum，（2.939 ± 0.895）kg，while‘Israel Sour’and‘Qingpi’got their maximum seed hardness，with being（5.571 ± 2.109）and（9.203 ± 3.006）kg，respectively，on the 106th d after flowering. On the 124th d after flowering，the maturity，the seed hardness of‘Tunisia’，‘Israel Sour’and‘Qingpi’was（2.887 ± 0.735），（4.242 ± 1.036）and（8.192 ± 2.561）kg，respectively. The seed hardness of the 3 cultivars showed significant difference. The correlation between seed hardness and total soluble solids and aril weight varied in a large range with TNS being the highest of them. No significant difference of seed hardness was detected among the seeds of TNS growing at different places at mature time. Micro-examination revealed that the cell wall of seed coat was highly lignified in the cultivars. According to the cell wall thickness of outer integument，order of the 3 cultivars was ranked as‘Tunisia’>‘Israel Sour’>‘Qingpi’. The significant differences were detected among the cultivars by ANOVA. In summary，TNS was a soft-seeded cultivar of pomegranate with significant lower cell wall thickness. The seed hardness was independent to the growing conditions.

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• Cloning，Sequence Analysis and Expression Profile of Protein Arginine N-methyltransferase Gene BrcuPRMT5 in Flowering Chinese Cabbage
• XIAO Xufeng1，ZHANG Yi1，WU Zhiming2，and YANG Yingui1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1181-1188. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0708
• Abstract ( 176 ) HTML ( 706 ) PDF (971KB) ( 706 ) 　　　
• The full length cDNA and gDNA of BrcuPRMT5 were obtained by using RT-PCR and RACE amplification from flowering Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa syn. campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis）‘Youqing 49’and‘Youqing Tiancaitai 80’stem apex. BrcuPRMT5 was 2 117 bp in full length and encoded a predicted protein of 642 amino acids（ORF length 1 929 bp）with a molecular mass of 71.55 kD and an isoelectric point of 5.87. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that it contains one conserved domains of PRMT family of protein arginine N-methyltransferase in higher plants. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the flowering Chinese cabbage had the closest evolutionary relationship with Chinese cabbage，rape and broccoli. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that it might be targeted to the mitochondrion without transmembrane region. The corresponding gDNA was 4 151 bp in length which harbored 23 exons and 22 introns. The longest extron was 140 bp in length and the length range of introns was 50–150 bp. BrcuPRMT5 was expressed in the root，stem，leaf and flower by the tissue-specificity expression. The expressive content in different tissues was different：the highest was in flower，the next was in stem，and the lowest level was in root. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR analysis revealed that no detectable levels were expressed during the first stage of sampling，then transcripts were detected during the two true-leaf，the four true-leaf，the five true-leaf and the flowering stages. This suggests BrcuPRMT5 may play an important role in flowering Chinese cabbage flower development.
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• Evaluation of Flavor and Main Nutritional Quality of Three Wild Populations of Allium tuberosum in Tibet
• WANG Zhonghong1，LANG Jie1，SHEN Guoyan1，WANG Luzhou1，CHEN Shuangchen1,2，and GUAN Zhihua1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1189-1197. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0922
• Abstract ( 256 ) HTML ( 775 ) PDF (2035KB) ( 775 ) 　　　

• The flavor and main nutritional quality of 3 wild populationsofAllium tuberosum Rottler production in southeastern Tibet were evaluated. The populations included Muxu and Quzika populations of Markham County，as well as Raojin population of Zogong County. The results showed that there were 21 kinds of amino acids in the 3 populations，and the content of glutamine（Gln）was the highest，followed by alanine（Ala），which accounted for 12.87%–22.03% and 10.33%–12.55% of total amino acids，respectively. The 8 essential amino acids for human body were at a low level，0.9431 mg · g^-1 in Muxu population（accounting for 35.80%）0.7884 mg · g^-1 in Quzika population（accounting for 36.61%）and 1.1895 mg · g^-1 in Raojin population（accounting for 41.16%）. Fourteen kinds of amino acids showed significant difference in different degree. Lower vitamin B₁（around 0.3 μg · g^-1）and vitamin B₂（around 0.4 μg · g^-1），higher vitamin A（around 10 μg · g^-1）and vitamin E（from 3 to 13 μg · g^-1）while rich vitamin C（around 1.5 mg · g^-1）were detected in all the three populations. In contrast，the content of vitamin B₆ was less than 0.1 μg · g^-1 thus below the limit of detection. Ten kinds of aromatic substances were detected in Muxu and Quzika populations while 11 kinds of aromatic substances in Raojin population. Methyl mercaptan was only detected in Raojin population. It displayed difference in varying degree among the ten aromatic substances contained in the 3 populations. Dimethyl disulfide had the highest content among all the aromatic substances in the 3 populations，accounting for 70% of the aromatic substances. The content of soluble sugar，protein and water showed significant differences in varying degree among populations.

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• Study of Accumulation and Distribution of the Rare Earth Elements in Different Tea Cultivars
• WANG Qiongqiong2,3,4，XUE Zhihui1,2,3,4，LIN Weidong2,3,4，CHEN Zhidan1,2,4，and SUN Weijiang1,2,3,4,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1198-1206. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2015-0935
• Abstract ( 407 ) HTML ( 551 ) PDF (697KB) ( 551 ) 　　　
• In this paper，we collected 55 tea varieties as materials under 2 different natural environmental conditions，Anxi and Wuyishan in spring，summer and autumn. The study showed that the REE（rare earth element）content of different tea varieties（lines）significantly varies from different seasons and habitat conditions，it exists absorption of certain laws：REE content from 13 tea varieties in Anxi behaves spring is higher than summer and autumn，while it is higher in Anxi than Wuyishan from 10 tea varieties. This assay also screened high，medium and low three levels enrichment of REEs from 55 tea varieties，number of three enrichment levels each were 1 for high（> 5.0 mg · kg-1），40 for medium（2.0–5.0 mg · kg-1），14 for low（0.91 ~ 2.0 mg · kg-1），respectively. Thus providing reference for the next screening of anti-REE tea cultivars and gives a reference for the production of planting material when picking and processing tea fresh leaves.
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New Technologies and New Methods

• Identification the Citrus Bud Mutants by Transposon Display Technology
• KE Lingjun，YU Huiwen，XU Haidan，XIE Zongzhou，DENG Xiuxin，and XU Qiang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1207-1216. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0812
• Abstract ( 426 ) HTML ( 896 ) PDF (2931KB) ( 896 ) 　　　
• Based on the citrus genome information，this study developed a molecular technology based on the transposon sequences to distinguish bud mutants in citrus. Transposon display（TD） technology was used to investigate the transposon polymorphisms of 43 citrus bud mutant cultivars and 7 wild type citrus cultivars. The results showed that 5 DNA transposons（DTM63，DTM58，Helitron1，Spem and mPing2）and 4 retrotransposons（Line1，LTR-Gypsy3，LTR-Gypsy5 and Tcs2）could clearly identify the differences between bud mutants. Robertson navel orange and its early-maturing cultivar Robertson 35 could be identified by DTM63，Spem and mPing2；mPing2 could identify 4 pairs of bud mutants as following：Robertson navel orange and Robertson 35，Anliu and Hong Anliu，the common ponkan and Qianyang seedless ponkan，red flesh and orange skin of Guanxi pummelo. DTH3，a DNA transposon，was highly polymorphic among sweet oranges，and it could identify different bud mutants in sweet orange. Therefore，TD is a type of noticeable and effective molecular marker technology in the identification of citrus bud mutants.
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New Cultivars

• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Liantong’
• QI Yongzhi*，SU Yuan*，JIA Wei，WANG Ning，LIU Xuejing，MA Yanhui，and ZHEN Wenchao**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1217-1218. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0007
• Abstract ( 209 ) HTML ( 541 ) PDF (1099KB) ( 541 ) 　　　

• ‘Liantong’，a new strawberry cultivar，was mutagenesised and selected with tissue culture technique from‘Tongzi 1’，under the pressure of the mixture consisted of toxin of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid，an autotoxin. The long and conical fruits are orange-red or red color，smooth in surface，waxy in luster，with a slight acid and strong fragrant in aroma，which contains 0.17% titratable acid，11.3% soluble solids，7.9% total sugar and 0.793 mg · g^-1 vitamin C，with 2.325 kg · cm^-2 fruit firmness and good shipping quality. The cultivar is resistant to wilt disease，gray mildew and powdery mildew，and suitable planted in open cultivation，semi-forcing or forcing cultivation in Hebei and Shandong provinces，with the yield more than 34 500 kg · hm^-2. The occurrence of continuous cropping obstacle of‘Liantong’is lighter obviously than‘Tongzi 1’.

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• A New Muskmelon Cultivar‘Xizhoumi 24’
• SUN Yuping，ZHANG Rui，YANG Jun，YANG Ying，HU Jinge，and LIAO Xinfu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1219-1220. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0768
• Abstract ( 251 ) HTML ( 441 ) PDF (1256KB) ( 441 ) 　　　
• ‘Xizhoumi 24’is a new mid-early maturing muskmelon hybrid culivar with superior quality. The fruit weight is about 1.5 kg. The fruit is oval and its skin is yellow with fine netting. The flesh is orange and crisp texture，sweet taste，the flesh thickness is 3.5–4.0 cm，the center soluble solids content is 17.0%–19.0%. The whole growth period is about 85 days and the fruit development period is 40 days. The yield is 45 t ? hm-2. It is resistant to powdery mildew and storage and transportation.
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• A New Paphiopedilum Cultivar‘GZSLKY Youyou’
• YAN Fengxia，TIAN Fan，JIANG Yunli，LUO Zaiqi，and WANG Lianhui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2017, 44(6): 1221-1222. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0740
• Abstract ( 290 ) HTML ( 553 ) PDF (901KB) ( 553 ) 　　　
• ‘GZSLKY Youyou’is a new cultivar of Paphiopedilum developed by crossing female parent P. dianthum and male parent P. barbigerum. This cultivar is characterized by the shaped and color traits of flowers between the two parents. With green leaves and more flowers，this hybrid cultivar has high seeds germination rate and wide adaptability. It is also characterized by erect stalks，elegant and more flowers，high flowering efficiency.
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