Fruit Trees

• Effects of Oxalic Acid Treatment on AsA-GSH Cycle in Mango Fruit During Storage at Room Temperature
• ZHENG Xiao-lin;CHEN Yan;JING Guo-xing;LI Ang;ZHANG Jia-jia;and LI Jian-rong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1633-1640.
• Abstract ( 2159 ) HTML ( 1926 ) PDF (1686KB) ( 1926 ) 　　　
• Pre-harvest bagging mango fruit（Mangifera indica L.‘Shengxin’）were dipped in 5 mmol · L-1 oxalic acid solution for 10 min after harvested and then stored at room temperature（25 ℃）. The results showed that，as compared to control fruit，higher firmness index，lower disease index and decay incidence，and decreaed yellowing were observed in treated fruit. In addition，higher levels of ascorbate acid（AsA）and glutathione（GSH），and activation of enzymatic activities such as ascorbate peroxidase（APX）and glutathionereductase（GR），and decreases in radical oxygen species（ROS）production（including superoxide，and hydrogen peroxide，H2O2）and malondialdehyde（MDA）content were also presented in the peel of treated fruit during storage. It was suggested that the physiological effects of oxalic acid，in increasing activity of antioxidant enzyme and in elevating level of antioxidant involved in AsA-GSH cycle，could be beneficial in delaying ripening process of bagging mango fruit during storage，and pre-storage application of oxalic acid could be a promising method to suppress postharvest deterioration and extend useful shelf-life of the bagging mango fruit.
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• The Relationship Between GalUR Expression and Ascorbate Accumulation in Kiwifruit
• LI Ming-jun;LIU Jun;LIANG Dong;GUO Chun-miao;and MA Feng-wang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1641-1649.
• Abstract ( 1752 ) HTML ( 1452 ) PDF (541KB) ( 1452 ) 　　　
• In present study，D-galacturonate reductase（GalUR）cDNA were cloned from young fruit of Actinidia deliciosa‘Qinmei’，expressed it in E. coli，and prepared the specific antibody，then we analyzed the relationship between its transcript level and AsA level during fruit development and among different tissues of kiwifruit. The results showed that cDNA of GalUR from young fruit of kiwi had an 990 bp open reading frame（ORF） and encoded a protein of 329 amino acid residues with a putative molecular mass of 37 kD. Its accession No. in GenBank is GU339035. Both of its cDNA and amino acid sequence showed high similarity with GalUR genes reported in other plants，e.g. strawberry. After it was heterologously expressed in E. coli，the fusion protein GalUR-His（His is about 21 kD）was about 58 kD，and existed mainly as inclusion body. Western blotting showed that the antibody prepared in rabbit reacted specifically with protein extracted from kiwifruit tissues，and the size of GalUR protein in kiwifruit was also about 37 kD. Although GalUR expression levels had a good consistency with AsA content during fruit development and among different tissues of kiwi，the ratio of AsA produced from D-galacturonate was much lower than that from L-galactose by feeding experiment. These results suggest that GalUR in kiwifruit，as a monomer protein，has a good correlation with AsA content，but it is not a main controlling point in regulating AsA accumulation in kiwifruit. 　　
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• Expression Changes of ABA Receptor Gene FaABAR/CHLH in Strawberry and Its Affection Factors
• JIA Hai-feng;CHAI Ye-mao;LI Chun-li;DONG Qing-hua;QIN Ling;and SHEN Yuan-yue
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1650-1656.
• Abstract ( 2066 ) HTML ( 1781 ) PDF (267KB) ( 1781 ) 　　　
• To investigate the signalling perception mechanism of ABA regulation on strawberry fruit ripening，experiment with‘Beinongxiang’strawberry fruit during 1–4 weeks after anthesis，the mRNA expression level of FaABAR/CHLH gene in developing fruit and its affection factors were detected via real-time PCR and fruit-tissue discs. The results showed that a 4 325 bp cDNA fragment encoded a strawberry ABA receptor FaABAR/CHLH protein with 1 381 amino acid sequences that contain a conserved domain of metal ion chelatase H subunit superfamily. During the early developmental stage of fruit（small green，large green，and light green），the FaABAR/CHLH gene expressed highly. Coupled with fruit de-greening，the transcription level of the gene rapidly decreased，and then up to the lowest level at white stage. On the beginning of fruit red-coloring，the transcription level of the gene rapidly increased. Both ABA and pH could markedly promote the mRNA expression level of the gene. In contrast，sucrose significantly inhibited the gene transcripts. The change of the mRNA expression level of ABA receptor gene FaABA/CHLH during strawberry fruit development further uncovered an important role of ABA in regulation of fruit ripening.
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• Identification and Inhibitory Effects of Antagonistic Bacteria Against Strawberry Root Rot（Fusarium oxysporum）
• WANG Xue-jing;BU Chun-ya;JIN Yong-sheng;LIANG Wei;TONG Bao-sheng;SHI Guang-lu;and WANG You-nian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1657-1666.
• Abstract ( 1603 ) HTML ( 1943 ) PDF (1086KB) ( 1943 ) 　　　
• In order to screen antagonistic bacteria against Fusarium root rot of strawberry，totally 436 bacterial strains were isolated from strawberry rhizosphere soils. Three strains（w-25，w-79，w-181）were found to have high antifungi activities to Fusarium root rot of strawberry using five-point confrontation method，with inhibition zone of 11.0，5.4 and 6.4 mm，respectively. In addition，the three antagonistic bacteria on strawberry botrytis（Botrytis cinerea），strawberry red column pathogens（Fragria ananassa）and strawberry gum spore anthrax（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）have high antagonistic effect. According to their physiological and biochemical characters as well as 16S rDNA sequences，w-25 was probablely identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens，and w-181 and w-79 were probablely identified as Bacillus subtilis. Antagonistic bacteria（w-25，w-79 and w-181）can inhibit the mycelium growth. Their metabolic products treatment can lead fungi mycelium abnormality，bioplasm condensed and cellular vacuole increased，which was observed using light microscope and transmission electron microscopy.
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• Construction and Characterization of Normalized Full-length cDNA Library of Banana Roots
• WANG Zhuo;YIN Xiao-min;WANG Jia-bao;XU Bi-yu;and JIN Zhi-qiang;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1667-1674.
• Abstract ( 2031 ) HTML ( 1419 ) PDF (539KB) ( 1419 ) 　　　
• A normalized full-length cDNA library was constructed with the banana roots，by DSN（duplex-specific nuclease）normalization method combined with SMART（switching mechanism at 5′end of RNA transcript）technique. The titer of unamplified cDNA library was about 1.1 × 106 cfu · mL-1，the capacity was 5 × 106 clones，and the recombination ratio was more than 95%. The average insertion size was above 1 kb which suggested that the quality of the cDNA was better. Random selected 192 clones were sequenced and 179 high quality EST were obtained，which included 5 contings and 174 singlets. The redundancy was 2.35%. With small scale sequencing，145 unigenes were obtained. The analysis result indicated the library was efficient and reliable. Selecting 3 genes which is homological with other plants’ anti-abiotic stress genes from above sequences，they are expressed under drought，low temperature and salt tress using RT-PCR method. The result suggested that the 3 genes had different expression under different stresses.
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Vegetables

• Effect of Silicon on Photosynthesis and Its Related Physiological Parameters of Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino Grown Under Cd Stress
• SONG A-lin;LI Ping;LI Zhao-jun;and LIANG Yong-chao;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1675-1684.
• Abstract ( 2179 ) HTML ( 1556 ) PDF (692KB) ( 1556 ) 　　　
• Two pakchoi[Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino]cultivars：i.e. Hangyoudong（HYD），a Cd-tolerant cultivar and Shanghaiqing（SHQ），a Cd-susceptible cultivar，were selected among 12 pakchoi genotypes based on the root tolerance index，and then grown hydroponically to investigate the effects of Si on biomass，photosynthetic parameters and leaf stoma structure and chloroplast ultrastructure in two contrasting pakchoi cultivars grown under Cd stress. The results showed that shoot and root biomass of SHQ and HYD with Cd treatment decreased by 33.8%，30.9% and 28.2%，6.8% compared with the corresponding controls；Cd contents were 56.2，86.6 and 44.7，62.9 times as high in the Cd treatment alone as in the corresponding control treatment. Net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），transpiration rate（Tr）and chlorophyll content of the two pakchoi cultivars tested were all decreased under Cd-stress，while intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）was increased under Cd-stress. Microscopic observations showed that the stoma transmutated and chloroplast structure swelled observably with chloroplast granae being destroyed heavily under Cd-stress，which were all counteracted by addition of Si. Addition of Si to Cd treatment significantly increased shoot and root biomass of SHQ and HYD by 24.9%，41.8% and 32.0%，43.5%，decreased Cd contents in shoot of both cultivars by 15.1% and 26.3%，and increased Cd contents in root of both cultivars by 24.7% and 33.6%，compared with the corresponding Cd treatments alone. The results showed that addition of Si suppressed Cd uptake in shoots and root-to-shoot transport，improved the photosynthetic efficiency. However，the alleviation of Si on above-mentioned parameters was smaller in Cd-sensitive plant cultivar than in Cd-resistant plant.
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• Genetic Analysis and Mapping of gl-2 Gene in Cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）
• YANG Shuang-juan;MIAO Han;ZHANG Sheng-ping;CHENG Zhou-chao;ZHOU Jian;DONG Shao-yun;Todd C. Wehner;and GU Xing-fang;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1685-1692.
• Abstract ( 1806 ) HTML ( 1307 ) PDF (377KB) ( 1307 ) 　　　
• Genetic analysis and gene mapping were carried out on gl-2 gene in cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）using 9110Gt（with trichomes）and NCG-042（glabrous mutant）as experimental materials. The genetic analysis showed having trichomes or not is determined by a single nuclear gene，and the trait of having trichomes（Gl-2）is dominant to the glabrous（gl-2）in cucumber. Bulked segregant analysis（BSA）and simple sequence repeat（SSR）techonology were employed to mapping gl-2 gene of cucmber in F2 population. gl-2 gene was mapped to a linkage group with 11 SSR makers，corresponding to chromosome 2 of cucumber. The flanking markers SSR10522 and SSR132751 were linked to the gl-2 gene with genetic distances of 0.6 and 3.8 cM，respectively. The veracity of SSR10522 and SSR132751 was tested using BC1P2 population，and the accuracy rate for the two markers was 94.4% and 91.6%.
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• Cloning，Characterization and Expression of CsGAPDH，A Waterlogging Responsive Gene in Cucumber
• QI Xiao-hua;XU Xue-wen;LUO Jing-jing;GAO Hai-jie;XU Qiang;LIN Xiao-jian;ZHU Bi-yun;and CHEN Xue-hao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1693-1698.
• Abstract ( 1619 ) HTML ( 2086 ) PDF (258KB) ( 2086 ) 　　　
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene（GAPDH）was cloned from root tissues of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）line‘Zaoer N’with high waterlogging tolerance，based on reverse transcription polymerase chain amplification（RT-PCR）and rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）methods. CsGAPDH gene contained an open reading frame（1 011 bp）and encoded a protein of 336 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis of CsGAPDH gene showed high conserved character of GAPDH gene among different crops. CsGAPDH showed the highest homology with dicotyledonous plants such as carrot，grape and soybean，and the similarity were more than 88%. For monocot crops rice and maize，the similarities of GAPDH gene were 86.8% and 86%，respectively. The time course expressions of CsGAPDH gene in root of‘Zaoer N’under waterlogging treatment were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. CsGAPDH gene was ignificantly induced at 2 h after waterlogging treatment，and the peak level of gene expression was at 12 h. The tissue specific expression of CsGAPDH indicated that the expression level of CsGAPDH gene in root and leaf was higher than that in stem of the control plant；However，the transcription level of CsGAPDH gene were significantly up-regulated at 4 h after waterlogging treatment，which were higher in root than that in leaf and stem. In summary，the CsGAPDH gene was involved in waterlogging response in cucumber，and might play an important role in releasing waterlogging stress.
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• Inheritance of Resistance to Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveurm in Watermelon Wild Germplasm PI296341-FR（Citrullus lanatus var. citriodes）
• ZOU Xiao-hua;ZHANG Hai-ying;LI Sheng;GENG Li-hua;GONG Guo-yi;REN Yi;and XU Yong;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1699-1706.
• Abstract ( 1773 ) HTML ( 1159 ) PDF (240KB) ( 1159 ) 　　　
• RILs（F2S8）populations and six generations（P1，P2，F1，B1，B2，F2）derived from a cross of PI296341-FR（resistant） and 97103（susceptible）were used to investigate the inheritance of resistance to race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveurm. Using the mixed model of major gene plus polygene，the resistance to race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum was showed to fit one pair of additive-major genes plus additive-dominant polygene model（D-2 model）. In B1，B2 and F2 populations，the heritability of major genes with recessive effect was estimated to be 31.8%，23.4% and 48.6% respectively，and the polygene heritability ranged from 16.5% to 43.9%. Meanwhile，three linkage major genes with equal additive effect（F-3）were found to govern the inheritance of resistance to race 2 in the RILs（F2S8） populations，and the inheritance of major genes was estimated to be 66.2%，additive effect was–0.51. The recombinant rate between three major genes was about 0.16. This result indicated that the resistance to race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum in PI296341-FR was controlled by both major and minor genes，and the cumulative value for additive and dominant effects of minor genes were respectively higher than that of major genes.
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• Changes of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism of Garlic Plantlet in Vitro Under Exogenous H2O2 Stress and the Responses to AsA
• ZHANG Lin;JIANG Fang-ling;;XIONG Chao-chao;SUN Ping-ping;JIN Hui-qing;TIAN Jie;and WU Zhen;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1707-1716.
• Abstract ( 1703 ) HTML ( 1302 ) PDF (942KB) ( 1302 ) 　　　
• n order to investigate the inductive effect of exogenous reactive oxygen species（ROS）on hyperhydricity of plantlet in vitro，as well as the mitigative effect and mechanism of exogenous ROS scavenger on hyperhydricity，using garlic variety‘Ershuizao’as test material，the effects of exogenoushydrogen peroxide（H2O2）and H2O2 + Ascorbic acid（AsA，a ROS scavenger）on hyperhydricity and changes of reactive oxygen metabolism in plantlet in vitro were studied. The results showed that exogenous H2O2 treatment led to the increase of superoxide anion（）production rate and H2O2 content，as well as the rise of hyperhydricity rate and degree in garlic plantlet in vitro. The occurence of hyperhydricity lagged behind substantial generation of endogenous ，and was in synchrony with H2O2 accumulation. Between day 0 to 8 of exposure to H2O2，superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT）activities were on the rise and significantly higher than that of the control. But after 8 d，antioxidant enzymes activities decreased（SOD，CAT）or increased slowly（POD）. Whereas internal antioxidant compound，AsA，content on 8 d was remarkably lower than that of the control. Exogenous H2O2 + AsA treatment could reduce internalproduction rate and H2O2 content caused by exogenous H2O2；Antioxidant enzymes（SOD，POD and CAT etc.）activities kept rising，and were higher than that of the H2O2 treatment and control at the later stage；Endogenous AsA maintained a high level and were significantly higher than that of the exogenous H2O2 treatment；At the same time，hyperhydricity rate of garlic plantlet in vitro raised slowly，and was significantly lower than that of the exogenous H2O2 treatment. In sum，exogenous H2O2 treatment could lead to the increase of production rate and H2O2 accumulation；Reduce the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant system，resulting in the rise of hyperhydricity rate. The addition of exogenous antioxidant，AsA，could relieve the increase of production rate and H2O2 content，and then effectively control the occurrence of the hyperhydricity rate of plantlet in vitro.
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Ornamental Plants

• Cold Stress Tolerance of the Filial Generations Produced by AtDREB1A Transgenic Ground Cover Chrysanthemum and a Conventional Variety
• ZHANG Xiao-jiao;SHI Chun-feng;LI Chun-shui;GAO Jun-ping;and HONG Bo;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1717-1726.
• Abstract ( 1374 ) HTML ( 1172 ) PDF (935KB) ( 1172 ) 　　　
• Using the transgenic plant‘Fall Color’integrated AtDREB1A gene as the female parent，and the‘Asia Winter Light’，which has the better phenotype and wider application，as the male parent. Through the cross breeding method of non-emasculation artificial pollination，we obtained 158 filial generations. PCR and RT-PCR analysis of the part of progenies with superior ornamental mutation demonstrates that the exogenous gene can be transferred to the filial generations by sexual propagation and the AtDREB1A gene is over-expression in transgenic hybrids. Under low temperature，compared with the wild type，the growing of cuttage propogation plantlets of the transgenic hybrids which carrying exogenous DREB1A gene are much better，and the survival rates obviously increase under freezing stress. Physiological analysis demonstrates that the proline content and SOD activity of the transgenic hybrids are obviously raised under low temperature.
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Research Notes

• Effect of Once and Split Fertilization on Characteristics of Absorption，Distribution and Utilization of 15N-urea for Gala/Malus hupehensis
• LI Hong-bo;JIANG Yuan-mao;WEI Shao-chong;GE Shun-feng;and FANG Xiang-ji
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1727-1732.
• Abstract ( 1695 ) HTML ( 1317 ) PDF (200KB) ( 1317 ) 　　　
• The characteristics of absorption，distribution and utilization of eight-year-old‘Gala’apple（Malus domestica/Malus hupehensis）under the treatment of once and split fertilization were studied. The results were as follows：At the fruit maturity stage，Ndff values in different organs were obviously different，and Ndff values of the organs were generally higher in split fertilization than once fertilization. However，the Ndff value of fruits and roots in split fertilization was lower than that of once fertilization at the new shoot growing stage and the fruit rapid-swelling stage. At the fruit maturity stage，the distribution ratio 15N in reproductive organs was the highest，while vegetative and storage organs were in lower level，but there were no significantly difference between the two treatments. The ratio of 15N utilization in split fertilization was 32.2%，which was obviously higher than that of once fertilization（23.34%）.
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• dentifying Citrus and Its Related Genera Based on matK and rbcL DNA Sequence as Barcodes
• YU Jie;YAN Hua-xue;LU Zhen-hua;and ZHOU Zhi-qin;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1733-1740.
• Abstract ( 1764 ) HTML ( 1798 ) PDF (259KB) ( 1798 ) 　　　
• The classification of Citrus is still a scientific problem unresolved because of apomixes，asexual variation，and interspecific hybridization in the genus Citrus. To use matK，rbcL，and them together to identify Citrus and its closely related genera，the chloroplast matK and rbcL sequences of 59 accessions were analyzed，the inter- and intraspecific genetic distances were calculated，and the phylogenetic trees of all the accessions tested were constructed based on the obtained distance data. The results indicated that matK and matK + rbcL could be successfully used to identify Citrus and its related genera. However，at the species level，matK，rbcL and their combination（matK + rbcL）only have correct identification frequency of 55.9%，37.3%，83.0% respectively. Compared with the single fragment，matK + rbcL was shown to be more powerful，implying that it can be used to identify the species of Citrus and its related genera.
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• Analysis on Genetic Relations of Macadamia by ISSR Markers
• GUO Ling-fei;ZOU Ming-hong;DU Li-qing;ZENG Hui;LU Chao-zhong;and LIU Xiao-jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1741-1746.
• Abstract ( 1552 ) HTML ( 1377 ) PDF (319KB) ( 1377 ) 　　　
• Nineteen primers were used to analysis the genetic relation of 17 macadamia which screened from 100 primers. A total of 369 bands were amplified，of which 249 bands were polymorphic bands（the percentage of polymorphic band，PPB = 67.5%）. Examination of multivariate relationships among accessions using a cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four clusters. All Hawaiian cultivars were included in two sub-clusters within the largest cluster. The results suggesting that the Hawaiian cultivars must have originated from at least two genetically diverse ancestral populations；And the Australian selections，which formed 3 separate clusters，probably represent a different genetic background and selection history in Australia as compared to Hawaiian selections.
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• Genetic Relationship of Blackcurrant Cultivars Revealed by ISSR Markers
• SONG Yang;ZHANG Chun-yu;ZHANG Zhi-dong;WEN Jing-hui;LI Ya-dong;WU Lin;and LIU Hai-guang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1747-1752.
• Abstract ( 1668 ) HTML ( 1163 ) PDF (322KB) ( 1163 ) 　　　
• he genetic relationship of 39 blackcurrant cultivars was analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeats（ISSR）. The results showed that the total number of bands（A）amplified by 13 ISSR primers ranged from 3 to 11，the average was 6.77，the mean percentage of polymorphic band（P）was 64.37%. Cluster analysis showed that 39 blackcurrant cultivars were divided into 5 groups at 0.8496 level of similarity coefficient. Cultivars in the groupⅠcame from 8 origin countries. It indicated that there was larger gene flow between countries.‘Ben Lomond’and‘Kantata’were farther with other blackcurrant cultivars in genetic distances. Both cultivars have high agronomic and fruit quality traits.‘Ben Lomond’and‘Kantata’will be good cultivars in the future breeding programme.
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• QTL Analysis of the First Fertile Flower Node of Cucumis melo L.
• ZHU Zi-cheng;GAO Mei-ling;GAO Peng;and LUAN Fei-shi;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1753-1760.
• Abstract ( 1665 ) HTML ( 1632 ) PDF (320KB) ( 1632 ) 　　　
• he homozygous andromonoecy line TopMark served as male parent was crossed with the homozygous gynoecious line WI998 served as female parent during the experiment. The F1 derived from WI998 × TopMark was self-pollinated by single-seed descent（SSD）to obtain 171 F2S4 recombinant inbred lines（RILS），which was used to construct a SSR genetic linkage map. The resulting genetic map consisted of 19 linkage groups spanning 1 414.2 cM with an average marker interval of 10.2 cM. Total 9 QTLs of the first node on fertile flower were detected using the genetic map. These QTL were mapped on linkage groups 1，9，10，11，respectively. Their LOD values varied between 2.89–9.42. Four QTLs explained phenotypic variation more than 10%. Fp9.4 which was located in the 9th linkage group explained the highest phenotypic variation was 18.57%（2010 autumn，LOD = 9.17）. Also Fp9.3 which was located in the 9th linkage group（2010 spring 8.64%，LOD = 6.44；2010 autumn 17.99%，LOD = 9.42）and Fp10.1 which was located in 10th linkage group（2010 spring 3.59%，LOD = 2.89；2010 autumn 6.20%，LOD = 3.43）were both detected in the two seasons. The eight closed linkage markers（SSR01737、MU141991、TJ105、GCM206、SSR04910、MU173563、NR52、MU146331）can be used in fine mapping of the first node on fertile flower，which provides important reference anchors to the QTL in the future.
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• Organ-specific and Time-course Expression of ACC Synthase Gene FhACS1 in Freesia Flowers
• YUAN Yuan;LIAN Fang-qing;and TANG Dong-qin;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1761-1769.
• Abstract ( 1635 ) HTML ( 1174 ) PDF (317KB) ( 1174 ) 　　　
• Freesia hybrida‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’was used to investigate the organ-specific and time-course expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene FhACS1 in Freesia flowers. The results showed that significant differences presented in FhACS1 gene expression in different floral organs，florets at different developmental stage and florets during vase time. The organ-specific expression pattern of FhACS1 gene showed that the highest and the lowest expression were observed in stamens and pistil，respectively. The expression pattern of FhACS1 gene in florets at different developmental stages suggested that the highest and the lowest expression was observed in floret fully open（stage 0）and in florets at stage 4，respectively. To study the time-course expression pattern of FhACS1 gene in Freesia florets，the 3rd and 6th bud on inflorescence were used. The results suggested the expression in the 6th bud was significantly higher than that in the 3rd bud. For the 3rd bud，the expressions in petals，stamens and pistil were first increased and then decreased，but the highest expression in each floral organ occurred at different time；expression pattern in whole bud was consistent with that in petal. For the 6th bud，expressions of FhACS1 gene continued to rise in petals，and first increased and then decreased in stamens and pistil；the highest expressions in stamens and pistil occurred at the 3th and 6th day，respectively；the expression pattern in whole bud was similar with that in petals.
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• Microscopic Observation of Starch Grains in the Middle Scales of Lilium formolongi During Low Temperature Storage and Flower Bud Differentiation
• NING Yun-fen;LONG Ming-hua;;TAO Jin;YE Ming-qin;and YANG Mei-chun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1770-1774.
• Abstract ( 1869 ) HTML ( 1271 ) PDF (1188KB) ( 1271 ) 　　　
• Microstructure and quantity of starch grains in the cell of Lilium formolongi‘Raizan’were studied with paraffin sections and scanning electron microscope（SEM）during low temperature storage and flower bud differentiation. The results indicated that abundant starch grains were stored in parenchyma cell of middle scales when bulb harvested. The starch grains declined significantly during low temperature storage but tended to increase when the flower bud differentiation. The starch grains were oval or long-oval，with distinct annular striation and attached with translucent membrane.
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• Effect of Soil Compaction on Growth and Root Nitrogen Metabolism of Rosa rugosa Seedlings
• SUN Yue-bo;ZHAO Lan-yong;and ZHANG Ling
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1775-1780.
• Abstract ( 1462 ) HTML ( 1300 ) PDF (195KB) ( 1300 ) 　　　
• Experiment was conducted with potted seedlings of Rosa rugosa，for studying the effect of soil compaction with 1.10 g · cm-3，1.30 g · cm-3，1.50 g · cm-3 soil bulk density（SBD）on growth and root nitrogen metabolism of the seedlings. The results showed that the values of growth index and biological yield under different soil compaction were 1.30 g · cm-3 > 1.50 g · cm-3 > 1.10 g · cm-3. The ratio of root/top （R/T）of plant was decreased with soil compaction increasing，and the R/T of the 1.50 g · cm-3 SBD was significantly lower than that of the 1.10 g · cm-3 and 1.30 g · cm-3 . The root growth of the potted seedlings were inhibited as the soil compaction increasing，including root length，lateral root number and tap root iameter，but the average diameter and surface area of root was increased. The root activity，NO3--N and NH4+-N contents，NR activity in root were the largest in the 1.30 g · cm-3SBD，then the 1.50 g · cm-3 SBD and the 1.10 g · cm-3 was the lowest. GS activity in root was increased as the soil compaction increasing. The experiment indicated that the soil compaction was a crucial factor to affect nitrogen metabolism and influence the absorption and utilization of nutrients in plant. 1.30 g · cm-3 SBD was favorable for plants to grow.
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Technologies and Methods

• Improvement of the Cell Nuclei Suspensions for Flow Cytometry and Comparison on the Cell Division Activity of Litchi Fruitlet and Pericarp Which Having Different Final Fruit Size
• LI Cai-qin;WANG Ze-huai;XU Yong-shan;ZHANG Jin-ai;and LI Jian-guo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1781-1790.
• Abstract ( 1682 ) HTML ( 2764 ) PDF (376KB) ( 2764 ) 　　　
• The effects of the five commonly used buffers on DNA nuclei isolation from fruitlet of litchi were evaluated. The results showed that improved method on Otto buffers（adding the content and type of reducing agent into Otto buffers，putting RNase A directly into the buffer and reducing the centrifugal force）could get the highest resolution and the lowest coefficient of variation G1/G0 peak of DNA nucleus，which was suitable for detecting the cell division activity of litchi fruitlet and pericarp. By comparing with cell division activities of fruitlet and pericarp in the first stage of fruit development between larged-fruit and smalled-fruit from the early and late flowering flowers of‘Feizixiao’litchi with the similar genetic background，and from‘Siliangguo’and‘Chenzi’litchi with the different genetic background respectively，it was found that the cell division activity of larged-fruit was higher and lasted longer compared with the smalled fruit，indicating that their differences in terms of the final fruit size was related to the cell division activity in early fruit development.
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Review

• Phylogenetic Analysis and Genomic Localization of Polygalacturonase Genes Related to Fruit Softening
• WEI Xiao;LIU Wei-sheng;LIU Ning;ZHANG Qiu-ping;ZHANG Yu-ping;LIU Shuo;and LIU You-chun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1791-1799.
• Abstract ( 1688 ) HTML ( 2375 ) PDF (1109KB) ( 2375 ) 　　　
• Forty-eight PG genes were classified into three major clades by phylogenetic analysis and each clade contained PG genes that involved in fruit softening. PG genes belonged to clade A and clade B had functional divergence obviously. There were some different amino acid sites in amino acid sequence of PG genes from different clades. PG genes in clade A and clade C had a deletion of 60–70 amino acids in N terminal end compared with PG genes in clade B. Variation in the structure of PG genes（mainly including promoter regions，introns and encoding regions）had a significant impact on their functions. PG genes in apple and peach were accurately localized in genome respectively and around the genes there were some fruit softening markers.
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• Research Progress on QTL Mapping in Edible Fungi
• GONG Wen-bing;XIAO Yang;ZHOU Yan;and BIAN Yin-bing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1800-1806.
• Abstract ( 1474 ) HTML ( 1629 ) PDF (229KB) ( 1629 ) 　　　
• The methods and advances of QTL mapping in edible fungi were summarized，It was also suggested that QTL mapping should be carried out using different segregation populations，based on the high-density linkage map constructed by molecular markers with high stability and repeatability。
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• Advances in Nutriology of Fruits and Vegetables Products：A Review of the Abstracts of the 28th International Horticultural Congress
• LU Yan and ZHOU Zhi-qin;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1807-1816.
• Abstract ( 1823 ) HTML ( 1636 ) PDF (322KB) ( 1636 ) 　　　
• he nutrient and bioactive compounds of horticultural products is one of the most active fields of study in horticulture science in recent years. In this paper，the current study status of the nutrients and bioactive substances of horticultural products was fully introduced based on the abstracts of the 28th International Horticultural Congress. The current study on nutriology of fruit and vegetable products mainly covered commercial cultivars and valid genetic resources. The subjects of studies included the contents，distribution，environmental and genetic determinants and their controls，as well as the effects on human beings of the nutrients and bioactive compounds. The method and technique used in the studies and the problems remained unsolved were also summarized in an attempt to provide new information for the future.
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New Cultivars

• A New Grape Cultivar‘Ziti 988’
• YUAN Yong-qiang;YUAN Bi-heng;XU Zhi-da;DUAN Xing-min;DING Ming-qian;and WANG Wei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1817-1818.
• Abstract ( 2553 ) HTML ( 980 ) PDF (160KB) ( 980 ) 　　　
• Ziti 988’is a new grape cultivar selected from’Red Globe’grape’s branch mutation. Its fruit cluster weighs 1 000 g on average，and the largest reaches about 3 540 g. The berry is oval，purple-red，thick-wax. The average weight of single berry is 14 g，and the largest reaches about 26 g. The berry usually has uniform size. It has soluble solids content of 13.90%，up to 20%. The growth period is about 100 d. It has high endurance for storage and transportation. The fruit is suitable for fresh use. The vine has strong disease resistance and adaptability.
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• A New Pear Cultivar‘Dangshan Xinsu’
• ZHANG Jin-yun;XU Yi-liu;YI Xing-kai;GAO Zheng-hui;PAN Hai-fa;SHU Bing;and LEI Bo
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1819-1820.
• Abstract ( 1182 ) HTML ( 1119 ) PDF (144KB) ( 1119 ) 　　　
• ‘Dangshan Xinsu’is a new pear cultivar which selected from the mutant of‘Dangshan Suli’. It matures about 15 days earlier than‘Dangshan Suli’. The fruit sharp is suborbicula，and fruit-shape index is 0.95. The average fruit weight is 370 g. Soluble solids content is 12.6%. Total acid content is 0.079%. Flesh firmness is 6.4 kg · cm-2. Stone cell group（diameter > 0.25 mm）content is 1 778 mg · kg-1. The flesh is white，sour-sweet，with tiny aroma，good flavor，and excellent quality. The cultivar has strong adaptability，high and stable production.
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• A New Red Pear Cultivar‘Nanhong Li’
• LI Jun-cai;WANG Bin;GAO Qing-fu;WANG Jia-zhen;CAI Zhong-min;and ZHANG Jing-e;
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1821-1822.
• Abstract ( 3222 ) HTML ( 1168 ) PDF (210KB) ( 1168 ) 　　　
• ‘Nanhong Li’is red mutant of‘Nanguo Li’. The peel is bright red and its coloring index is 0.89，0.70 higher than‘Nanguo Li’. The average single fruit weight is 84.6 g. The fresh is white. The flesh ripens over time into a sweet，juicy，flavorful pear and is less grainy than other pear varieties. The soluble solids content is 17.3%. The total sugar content is 11.5%. The titratable acid content is 0.41%，and vitamin C content is 0.02 mg · g-1. The content of anthocyanin is 35.9 μg · g-1，which is 1.65 times higher than‘Nanguo Li’.
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• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Qianmei 1’
• QIAO Rong;ZHONG Pei-lin;YANG Shi-pin;and WANG Tian-wen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1823-1824.
• Abstract ( 1637 ) HTML ( 1194 ) PDF (180KB) ( 1194 ) 　　　
• ‘Qianmei 1’is a new strawberry cultivar bred from the cross‘Zoji’בFalandi’. The fruit is cone-shaped and uniform. The average fruit weight is 26.4 g，and the maximum is 83.6 g. It has 9%–10% soluble solids content，7.73% total sugar content，0.44% total acid content，0.909 mg · g-1 vitamin C content，and 1.57 kg · cm-2 firmness. It is tolerant to storage and transport，resistant to powdery mildew. The cultivar is suitable for cultivation under the low light and high humidity natural conditions in Guizhou.
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• A New Cherry Tomato‘Jinling Tianyu’with Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
• ZHAO Tong-min;YU Wen-gui;YANG Ma-li;and ZHAO Li-ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1825-1826.
• Abstract ( 1730 ) HTML ( 1192 ) PDF (187KB) ( 1192 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinling Tianyu’is a new cherry tomato hybrid which developed by crossing TY-07-5 as a female parent with TY-07-4 as a male parent. It is indeterminate growth type，which grows vigorously. The leaf is dark green. The fruit is red，and it has oval-round shape. The average weight of single fruit is 22 g. It is resistant to TYLCV，ToMV and wilt.
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• A New Winged Bean Cultivar‘Xianglengdou 3’
• QUAN Miao-hua;CHEN Dong-ming;JIANG Xiang-hui;LU Xiang-yang;and TIAN Yun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1827-1828.
• Abstract ( 1398 ) HTML ( 1005 ) PDF (183KB) ( 1005 ) 　　　
• ‘Xianglengdou 3’is a new winged bean cultivar which was selected from mutant generations of‘Zhongyi 1’by EMS and NaN3. It has excellent characteristics such as mid-early maturity，green skin，un-fibrosis. The pod is 20.8 cm in length，3.3 cm in width，1.6 cm in thickness. The pod contains water 85.5 %，crude fiber 1.6 %，crude protein 2.6 %，soluble sugar 3.1%. The yield is about 14.8 t · hm-2. It is tolerant to high temperature，and strongly resistant to ceitocybe bescens，pod rot disease，etc.
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• A New Pleurotus citrinopileatus Cultivar‘Qijin 1’
• ZHANG You-min and YAO Fang-jie
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1829-1830.
• Abstract ( 1202 ) HTML ( 1161 ) PDF (138KB) ( 1161 ) 　　　
• ‘Qijin 1’is a new cultivar of the valuable and rare edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Its hypha grows strongly. The fruit body is golden brown，dense growth，trumpet-like. It has good commercial characteristics. The diameter of a fruit body is 3.5–7.8 cm. The thickness of pileus is 0.45–0.75 cm. The period is 55–75 d from the inoculation to the first harvest. The yield of fresh fruit body is 85.4 kg per 100 kg dry basis. It has stronger resistance to Trichoderma viride and other microbe pollution.
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• A New Green Tea Plant Cultivar‘Zhongcha 302’
• YANG Ya-jun;YANG Su-juan;ZENG Jian-ming;WANG Yu-shu;CHEN Liang;and WANG Xin-chao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2011, 38(09): 1831-1832.
• Abstract ( 2076 ) HTML ( 1287 ) PDF (159KB) ( 1287 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhongcha 302’is a new early sprouting green tea plant cultivar，which has elite quality，high yield and strong adversity resistance. It was bred from the progenies of artificial pollination between ‘Georgia 6’，which originated from Georgia，and F1 of‘Fuding Dabaicha’，which originated from China. ‘Zhongcha 302’is shrub type，which has medium leaf and semi-erect growth habit. Its young shoot colour is yellow green，and it has medium density young shoot pubescene. It suitable to process single bud or one and a bud type superior famous green tea.‘Zhongcha 302’is suitable to popularize in Zhejiang，Sichuan，Hubei and Henan Xinyang tea cultivated regions.
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