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2012, Vol.39, No.6 Previous Issue Next Issue

Fruit Trees

Genetic Analysis of Triploid Progenies from Shatian Pummelo（2x）× Citrus Allotetraploid Somatic Hybrid NS（4x）
SONG Jian-Kun, ZHU Shi-Ping, TAN Mei-Lian, GUO Wen-Wu, DENG Xiu-Xin
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1021-1026.
Abstract ( 1524 ) HTML ( 1601 ) PDF (1364KB) ( 1601 ) 　　　
Two pairs of SSR（simple sequence repeat）primers TAA1 and TAA3 were used to detect the band patterns and segregation rations among the 79 triploid progenies derived from the sexual cross between diploid Citrus grandis（L.）Osbeck‘Shatian’pummelo and somatic hybrid NS [（C. reticulata
Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.）‘Nova’tangelo + C. sinensis（L.）Osbeck‘Succari’sweet orange] by embyo rescue technology. Five and four band patterns were generated from the TAA1 and TAA3 primers at the ratio of 4︰1︰1︰5︰1 and 2︰2︰1︰1 respectively，as was in good accordance with the segregation ratio of amphidiploid deduced by the law of Mendel. The results preliminarily indicated that the meiosis behavior of citrus allotetraploid somatic hybrid was similar to that of the amphidiploid.
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Development of CAPS Markers and Allele-specific PCR Primers in Citrus
LEI Tian-Gang, HE Yong-Rui, PENG Ai-Hong, XU Lan-Zhen, LIU Xiao-Feng, YAO Li-Xiao, ZOU Xiu-Ping, JIANG Dong, CHEN Shan-Chun
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1027-1034.
Abstract ( 2222 ) HTML ( 3081 ) PDF (400KB) ( 3081 ) 　　　
The objective of this study was to develop CAPS markers and AS-PCR primers that can be used as molecular genetic markers in cultivar identification and genetic diversity studies. With the QualitySNP software package，1 521 putative single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）sites were identified among the 93 955 sweet orange [Citrus sinensis（L.）Osbeck] expressed sequence tags（ESTs）downloaded from the GenBank. Furthermore，those ESTs containing the putative SNP sites were analysed with WatCut program and 125 putative Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences（CAPS）sites were obtained. Forty ESTs with CAPS sites were randomly chosen to design primer pairs，with which PCR amplifications were performed and then the amplification products were digested with restriction enzymes. Meanwhile，25 sets of AS-PCR primers were designed according to other 25 putative SNP that change the deduced amino acid type. Afterwards，6 citrus cultivars with different genotypes were used for the validation of each SNP site. As a result，26 CAPS sites with cleaved amplified polymorphism among 12 citrus cultivars were identified，all of them can be used as CAPS markers. Furthermore，fifteen sets of Allele-specific PCR primers with good reproducibility and polymorphism were obtained，which can be applied for further SNP genotyping in citrus. This study indicated that it is feasible to develop CAPS markers and AS-PCR primers based on public citrus EST sequences.
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Molecular Mechanism and Genetic Characterization of Self-compatibility in Peach
XU Gao-Ge, WU Hua-Qing, WU Jun, WANG Chao, QI Kai-Jie, ZHANG Shao-Ling
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1035-1044.
Abstract ( 1032 ) HTML ( 1767 ) PDF (677KB) ( 1767 ) 　　　
PCR were performed with specific primer sets of Prunus S-RNase and SFB alleles using ‘Zhongyou 5’（Prunus persica var.necturina）as the template. The amplification products were extracted，cloned，sequenced and then Blast analysis，which were used to determine the S-genotype of this cultivar，S₁S_2(m). Sequence analysis showed that Prunus persica S₁-RNase and S_2(m)-RNase alleles have exceptionally high identities with other Prunus S-RNase alleles，and，SFB₁and SFB₂alleles have exceptionally high identities with other Prunus SFB alleles，too. The S-genotypes of self-pollinated progeny of‘Zhongyou 5’were detected，it is obviously that three classes were found in progeny，and the segregation ratio of S₁S₁，S₁S_2(m)and S_2(m)S_2(m) was 8︰13︰7，which did fit to the expected ratio that was 1︰2︰1（χ² = 0.214 < χ²_0.05,2 = 5.991）. This result showed that S-RNase and SFB alleles are tightly co-segregation according to the Mendel genetic model. Moreover，the existence of S₁S₁ and S_2(m)S_2(m)homozygotes suggested that SFB₁ and SFB₂ could not be cognized by self S-RNase，due to that the protein of these two SFB alleles were premature，which resulted in the‘Zhongyou 5’is self-compatible.
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Combining Agronomic Traits and Molecular Marker Data for Constructing Malus sieversii Core Collection
LIU Zun-Chun, LIU Da-Liang, CUI Mei, LI Min, JIAO Qi-Qing, GAO Li-Ping, CHEN Xue-Sen
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1045-1054.
Abstract ( 1266 ) HTML ( 1565 ) PDF (239KB) ( 1565 ) 　　　
To construct Malus sieversii（Ledeb.）Roem. core collection，based on 15 agrinomic traits data and molecular maker from M. sieversii primary core collection，a serials of subsets were sampled at 50% proportion by different genetic distances，respectively. The genetic variation among collections was compared by evaluating the MD（mean difference percentage），VD（variance difference percentage），CR（coincidence rate of range），VR（changeable rate of coefficient of variation）of agrinomic traits and the p（percentage of polymorphic loci），M_Ne（average effective number of alleles），M_I（average Shannon’s information index）and M_PIC（average polymorphism information content）of molecular marker information. The results showed that the core collection constructed on the basis of a combination of data for agrinomic traits and molecular marker data is more representative than that constructed on the basis of data from agrinomic traits or molecular marker data alone. The value of VD，CR，VR，p，M_Ne，M_PIC and M_Iis 50%，96.56%，117.98%，97.67%，97.15%，101.88% and 100.44%，respectively. The mixed genetic distance（D_mix）is more preferable to construct core collection. The core collection was evaluated by using 15 agrinomic traits，and the data showed that it retained more than 93% agrinomic traits and could highly represent the genetic diversity of the initial collection of 300 Malus sieversii accessions.
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The Difference of Soluble Sugar Accumulation and Related Enzymes Activities in Pear Fruit from Hybrid Offspring
YANG Zhi-Jun, LE Wen-Quan, ZHANG Shao-Ling, YAO Gai-Fang, ZHANG Hu-Ping, MA Cui-Yun, WU Jun
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1055-1063.
Abstract ( 1098 ) HTML ( 1434 ) PDF (293KB) ( 1434 ) 　　　
Two individuals（GT-Y10，DT-Y168），showing comparative higher or lower sugar content with fruit respectively，from the population of‘Yali’×‘Jingbaili’were taken as materials. The contents of total sugar，sucrose，fructose，glucose，sorbitol and the activities of sugar related metabolizing enzymes were analyzed and compared. Results showed that the content of fructose in GT-Y10 and DT-Y168 was the highest，and accounted for 45.77% and 50.98% of total sugar content；The content of sorbitol following as the second，and the content of sucrose was comparative lower. At the stage of fruit ripening，the content of fructose in GT-Y10 was lower than that of DT-Y168，while the content of sucrose，glucose，sorbitol were higher in contrary，and resulted in total sugar difference between GT-Y10 and DT-Y168. The key enzyme that resulted in the difference of sucrose content between GT-Y10 and DT-Y168 was the sucrose synthase （synthetic activity），the difference of glucose and fructose content between GT-Y10 and DT-Y168 were mainly resulted by NAD⁺-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase and NADP⁺-dependent sorbitol dehydro- genase，meanwhile it also affected by acid invertase，neutral invertase and sucrose synthase（cleavage activity）. The activity of NAD⁺-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase and NADP⁺-dependent sorbitol dehydro- genase also made contribution to the difference of sorbitol content between GT-Y10 and DT-Y168.
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Effects and Mechanism of Copper and Zinc Elements on Controlling Fusarium-wilt Disease of Banana
JI Hua-Wei, ZHENG Qing-Song, DONG Xian, ZHOU Jin-Yan, SHEN Qi-Rong, GUO Shi-Wei
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1064-1072.
Abstract ( 2082 ) HTML ( 2066 ) PDF (724KB) ( 2066 ) 　　　
In order to find the measure of controlling the fusarium wilt disease of banana，through pot experiments and laboratory experiments，we investigated the applied effects of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Zn on the physiological characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense，and the combined application of Zn²⁺and the fungal antagonist of the No. 21 bacteria（SQR21^#，Paenibacillus polymyxa）on the suppression on the disease. The results were as follows：（1）Time of 96 hours after treatment the banana seedlings with crude toxin of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense，the seedlings of the control treatment wilted severely. However，the treatments of application of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Zn significantly reduced the disease stress on banana.（2）Application of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Znsignificantly increased the total biomass and the microconidium number of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense，but significantly reduced the production of fusaric acid of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Compared with the control treatment，the fusaric acid production with treatments of EDTA-Cu and EDTA-Zn were reduced by 73% and 96%，respectively.（3）In pot experiments，only Zn²⁺ addition significantly reduced the banana fusarium wilt disease index. Furthermore，combined application of Zn²⁺ and the No. 21 bacteria had a good effect of cotrolling the disease，and after 75 days of inoculation of banana seedlings，the banana fusarium wilt disease indices were all reduced by 62% compared with the only fungi-inoculated treatment.（4）Only addition of the No. 21 bacteria reduced the spore number by 18% compared to the only fungi-inoculated treatment. However，when combined application of Zn and No. 21 bacteria，the number of the spores was increased significantly by 30%. It was concluded that Zn application might effectively reduce the occurrence of fusarium wilt disease of banana though reducing the fusaric acid production of the pathogen and enhancing the No. 21 bacteria biocontrol activity.
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Cloning，Procaryotic Expression and Activity Analysis of Grape Berry β-glucosidase Gene
DONG Yin-Xing, GUO Jia-Xuan
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1073-1080.
Abstract ( 1423 ) HTML ( 2290 ) PDF (626KB) ( 2290 ) 　　　
To explore the activity of β-glucosidase（VvBG1）in grape berries，in the present study，VvBG1 gene was first cloned through reverse transcription technique from mesocarp during Hamburg grape berry red-coloring stages. The 1 518 bp sequences encoded a polypeptide with 505 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that VvBG1 contains both a putative transmembrane region and a glycosyl hydrolase1 superfamily domain. The coding sequence after remove of its signal coding region was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET28a（+）and then transformed into E. coli strain BL21（DE3）by restriction endonucleases BamHⅠand XhoⅠ. The recombinant strains were successfully induced to express fusion protein and permitted to purify the VvBG1 protein. A 0.8 mg · mL^-1 of soluble protein solution was obtained after dialysis and ultrafiltration. The results gained from a combination of purified protein incubation experiment using grape berry pulp and abscisic acid（ABA）content analysis by GC-MS demonstrated that the grape berry β-glucosidase VvBG1 is of high physiological activity.
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Vegetables

Association Analysis of Bolting and Flowering Time with SSR and InDel Markers in Chinese Cabbage
GAO Ying, LUO Shuang-Xia, WANG Yan-Hua, GU Ai-Xia, ZHAO Jian-Jun, CHEN Xue-Ping, SHEN Shu-Xing
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1081-1089.
Abstract ( 1911 ) HTML ( 2092 ) PDF (498KB) ( 2092 ) 　　　
Fifty-seven markers of SSR（simple sequence repeat）and InDel（insertion-deletion）were used to amply the genome DNA of 80 inbred lines and 110 F₁ hybrids of Chinese cabbage. Population genetic structure analysis showed that 190 Chinese cabbage accessions are composed of 3 subpopulations. The classification of subpopulations is associated with their genetic relationships and phenotypic traits. The association analysis of markers and bolting time，markers and flowering time were performed using GLM（general linear model）method of software TASSEL. A total of 17 alleles from 13 primers were identified as significant associations with bolting and flowering time，of which 15 alleles were associated with bolting time and 12 alleles were associated with flowering time. Furthermore，we found that 10 alleles were associated with two observed traits simultaneously.
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The Comparison Analysis of Genetic Diversity Between DH Population and F₂ Population Derived from the Same Two Parents in Brassica oleracea var.
italica
SUN Ji-Feng, LIU Yu-Mei, FANG Zhi-Yuan, LIU 二Yan, YUAN Su-Xia, LI Zhan-Sheng, YANG Li-Mei, ZHUANG Mu, ZHANG Yang-Yong, SUN Pei-Tian
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1081-1089.
Abstract ( 1036 ) HTML ( 1489 ) PDF (282KB) ( 1489 ) 　　　
By isolated microspore culture techniques and artificial self-crossing method，DH population with 176 lines separately and F₂ population with 176 individuals were derived from a broccoli combination of two high-generation self-bred lines which were obviously different in phenotype. Average value，coefficient of variation（CV）and segregation region of 13 main agronomic characters were studied by analyzing the separation of agronomic characters and the genetic diversity. The 13 main agronomic traitswere generally controlled by multiple genes and inherited as quantitative trait loci（QTLs）. The positive and negative transgress genotypes could be generated in DH population and F₂ population.The average CV and genetic diversity index were similar between DH population and F₂ population.Therefore，the DH population could be used as breeding material to obtain breeding resources with wider segregation of character and accelerated the progress of parental purification and enhanced the breeding efficiency.
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Cloning and Expression Analysis of BoVIN3 from Cabbage
ZHAO Rong-Qiu, HU Yuan, JIANG Xin-Mei, YU Xi-Hong
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1099-1106.
Abstract ( 1343 ) HTML ( 1404 ) PDF (935KB) ( 1404 ) 　　　
The mid harvest season cabbage variety‘Guangrong 1’was used in this experiment. Fourteen leaves cabbage plants were vernalized in the incubator at 8 ℃. Two vernalization-related geneswere isolated by RT-PCR. Sequencing analysis results showed that their ORF were both 1 680 bp in length，which encoded 560 amino acids，and GenBank accession number are JQ394927 and JQ394928 respectively. Their nucleotide sequences shared 85.55% and 79.95% identity with AtVIN3 respectively，and the deduced amino acid sequence showed homology to AtVIN3 with 80.72% and 72.96%. The expression patterns of the BoVIN3 genes were investigated by semi-quantity RT-PCR，results showed that BoVIN3 gene could express induced by low temperature treatment，and expressed in the stem apex specifically，transcript levels increased with increasing treatment time. The transcription reach the peak at 42 d of vernalization. At the same time the expression of FLC was suppressed after BoVIN3 wasinduced by low temperature treatment，results suggest that both genes maybe involved in the biological process of flowering regulation in vernalization. However both BoVIN3 could not be induced by GA₃and KT treatment. It indicated that cabbage BoVIN3was specific vernalization genes，whose transcripts could specially response to vernalization.
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Identification of Tomato spotted wilt virus and Screening for Resistant Sources in Tomato
QIU Shu-Liang, WANG Xiao-Xuan, DU Yong-Chen, GAO Jian-Chang, GUO Yan-Mei, ZHU De-Wei, HU Hong, LI Bao-Ju, SHI Yan-Xia
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1107-1114.
Abstract ( 2083 ) HTML ( 2314 ) PDF (809KB) ( 2314 ) 　　　
Fifteen tomato plants which seemed infected Tomato spotted wilt virus（TSWV）were selected randomly from the tomato cultivation greenhouse of Shunyi District，Beijing. Then the leaves and fruits were obtained from each plant and tested for the presence of TSWV using a DAS-ELISA kit. The results showed positive，indicating that 15 tomato materials had been infected with TSWV. A genetic analysis of 442 tomato materials with co-dominant SCAR markers developed from Sw-5，TSWV resistance gene originated from Solanum peruvianum，was issued and identified 24 resistant materials，which including 4 wild tomatoes，1 hybrid，16 breeding inbred lines and 3 S. pennellii introgression lines. Those 4 wild tomatoes are not suitable as breeding materials because of the poor agronomic characters，i.e. small fruits, low production，poor quality and bad flavor，while the other 20 tomato materials can be used for developing cultivars resistant to TSWV due to their better agronomic characters.
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QTL Analysis for Fruit Shape in Eggplant Based on Genetic Linkage Map
QIAO Jun, CHEN Yu-Hui, WANG Li-Ying, LIU Fu-Zhong, ZHANG Ying, LIAN Yong
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1115-1122.
Abstract ( 1430 ) HTML ( 1596 ) PDF (963KB) ( 1596 ) 　　　
An AFLP and SSR genetic linkage map was constructed in eggplant（Solanum melongena L.）with an intraspecific F₂ population derived from a cross between the round eggplant inbred line‘106’and the long eggplant inbred line‘113’. The generated map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 85 AFLP markers and 23 SSR markers，a total coverage of 1 007.9 cM and an average interval of 9.3 cM. The markers distributed randomly across the groups and could be done preliminary QTL mapping in MQM using MapQTL4.0. Two QTLs for fruit shape index were in the 1st and 12th linkage group, and explained 20.8% and 41.5% of phenotypic variances；Five QTLs for fruit length were in the 1st，8th，11th，12th and 14th linkage group，and explained 16.5%，36.8%，9.8%，45.0% and 41.9% phenotypic variances；And two QTLs for fruit width were detected in the 1st and 5th linkage group explaining 16.2% and 15.8% of phenotypic variances. QTLs for fruit shape index，fruit length and fruit diameter were located in the 1st linkage group，and their distance was 3.5 cM with the AFLP marker M23E21B which was closely linked to the fruit shape traits.
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Isolation and Identification of Antagonistic Actinomycetes and Their Application in the Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
LIU Jin-Xiu, MA Zheng, SHENTU Xu-Ping, YU Bing, YU Xiao-Ping
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1123-1130.
Abstract ( 1625 ) HTML ( 1910 ) PDF (532KB) ( 1910 ) 　　　
To obtain antagonistic actinomycetes against plant pathogen，Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum，about 44 strains of actinomycetes with antagonistic activity were isolated from various soil samples. Through the primary and secondary screening，the strain XF-7 showed the most efficient antagonistic activity among all tested strains. Moreover，the effects of fermentation broth of strain XF-7 on mycelium growth，spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum，seed germination of cucumber were tested，and the clay-pot experiments on the biocontrol effects of fermentation broth on seedling fusarium wilt were conducted. The results indicated thatthe fermented broth of strain XF-7 had a significant inhibition on the mycelium growth and spore germination of plant pathogen，and had a stimulative effect on seed germination of cucumber，the control efficacy againstseedling fusarium wilt of cucumber was significantly up to 79.57% as compared to the control. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain XF-7 shared 100% homology with Streptomyces toxytricini，strain XF-7 was morphologically and molecularly identified and named as S. toxytricini XF-7，with GenBank accession number JN315670.
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Cloning and Expression Analysis of ent-kaurene Oxidase Gene CKO in Cucumber
HU Hong-Min, JIANG Fang-Ling, CAO Xue, WU Zhen, WANG Guang-Long
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1131-1140.
Abstract ( 1170 ) HTML ( 1398 ) PDF (794KB) ( 1398 ) 　　　
With homologous cloning and RACE technology，ent-Kaurene oxidase（KO），a key enzyme in the pathway of gibberellins biosynthesis，was cloned from the shoot tip of‘Deltastal’（Cucumis sativus L.）and named CKO（GenBank accession number：JN792591）. The full cDNA was 1 895 bp in length with an open reading frame（ORF）encoding a protein of 519 amino acids. The protein molecular weight and isoelectric point were predicted to be 59.211 kD and 8.45 respectively. Amino acids homology analysis indicated that the sequence had 84% similarity with that of Momordica charantia. Sequence analysis showed that CKO belonged to cytochrome P450 superfamily and contained cysteine hemeiron ligand signature（FXXGXRXCXG）and transmembrane region. The fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR result showed that the expression level of CKO was the highest in leggy seedling under shading treatment，being 5.18 times of the normal one. While the expression of CKO significantly reducedafter spraying paclobutrazol at shading.
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Ornamental Plants

Resistance Identification of Lily Germplasms to Fusarium oxysporium and Screening of the Resistance Related Genes
MA Lu-Lin, ZHANG Yi-Ping, DING Kun, WU Li-Fang, WANG Xiang-Ning, CUI Guang-Fen, JIA Wen-Jie, DUAN Qing, WANG Ji-Hua
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1141-1150.
Abstract ( 1228 ) HTML ( 1886 ) PDF (551KB) ( 1886 ) 　　　
Tissue culture seedlings of 20 lily germplasms were identified for resistance against Fusarium oxysporium by an in vitro inoculation method in laboratory，the highly resistant lily（Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowivzii Baker）was used to construct the forward suppression subtractive hybridization（SSH）library and the backward SSH library using the SMART method. The seedlings were induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii for 12 h and 24 h after inoculation and those treated by water were taken as control. Four resistance-related ESTs were analyzed by the semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that 3 of 20 identified lily germplasms were highly resistant，nine of them were middle resistant and 8 were susceptible；The inserted segments of SSH library were 200–2 000 bp in length；According to the results of dot blot hybridization，fiftyclones of the forward library were picked out and sequenced，and then 6 classes 10 resistance-related ESTs were obtained. The RT-PCR results of 4 resistance-related genes （serine/threonine protein kinase，glutathione S-transferase，peroxidase，cyclophilin etc.）showed that they were upregulated by F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii and supposed to involved in the disease resistance reaction for Fusarium wilt.
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Genetic Linkage Map of Anthurium andraeanum Based on SRAP Molecular Markers
YU Cui, JIN Mao-Yong, ZHANG Bao-Zhu, MING Jun, YUAN Su-Xia, WANG Zhao, CHU Li-Hong, LIU Chun
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1151-1158.
Abstract ( 1431 ) HTML ( 2241 ) PDF (489KB) ( 2241 ) 　　　
Agenetic linkage map of Anthurium andraeanum was constructed in 94 F₁ individuals from the cross of‘Pink Champion’×‘Dakota’by using sequence-related polymorphism（SRAP）polymorphic markers. The map was obtained by utilizing JoinMap4.0^®software’s CP model. It included 19 linkage groups which contained 254 loci and covered genome 1 689.5 cM with a mean marker interval of 6.65 cM. The length of linkage groups varied from 7.6–187.2 cM and each of them included 3–43 markers respectively.
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Floral Syndrome and Breeding System of Bletilla striata
WANG Cai-Xia, TIAN Min, LI Quan-Jian, LIU Fen
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1159-1166.
Abstract ( 1304 ) HTML ( 1938 ) PDF (552KB) ( 1938 ) 　　　
Field investigation，out-crossing index estimation，pollination characteristics analysis and artificial pollination experiments were conducted on the floral syndrome and breeding system of Bletilla striata. The main results were as follows：Under natural conditions，the flowering stage of populations was approximately 44 days from April to May，and the majority of plants kept blooming in 29th April to 10th May. The flowering stage for individual plant was approximately 11–27 days and the life span of a single flower was about 6–8 days. The flowers of B. striata were bisexual，with 3 to 11 in a raceme. The anther always exceeded stigma during the whole flowering process. Mature pollen grains were grouped by viscous substances and couldn’t disseminate to the stigma. The pollen viability and the stigma receptivity were both high within 3 days after blossoming. The out-crossing index was 4. Bagged flowers had no fruit setting regardless of emasculation or not，which indicated that there were no spontaneous autogamy and apomixis for B. striata. Fruit sets of manual self-pollination，goitonogamy and cross-pollination were 93.33%，90.00% and 93.33% respectively，while fruit set under open pollination condition was only 5.26%. It was concluded that mature pollen grains grouped by viscous substances and lack of efficient pollinator may be the major factor leading to low fruit set for B. striata in nature.
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Research Notes

The Change of Endogenous Hormones in‘Jinhuang’ Mango Fruit with Normal and Aborted Embryo
HE Jun-Hu, MA Feng-Wang, SHU Huai-Rui, CHEN Ye-Yuan, ZHAO Xiao-Qing, WEI Jun-Ya, CHEN Hua-Rui
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1167-1174.
Abstract ( 1773 ) HTML ( 1173 ) PDF (243KB) ( 1173 ) 　　　
The relationship between the endogenous hormones and embryo abortion‘Jinhuang’ mango fruit at early development stage was investigated. The results showed that the fruit embryo abortion was finished within 30 d，indicating 20–30 d could be critical period for embryo development. The difference in size between embryo normal and abortion fruit mainly depended on the fruit flesh；The IAA，ABA contents in embryo aborted were higher than those in the seed at the initial stage，but the lower contents of GA₃ and ZT were observed，compared to those in the normal embryo. In contrast to seed fruit，the lower GA₃ contents while higher ZT，IAA and ABA levels were existed in embryo abortion fruit pulp. Moreover，the higher contents of GA₃ and ZT and lower ABA level were favorable to normal embryo development. The decreased ZT，enhanced ABA contents as well as lower（GA₃ + IAA + ZT）/ABA ratio in embryo comparing with those in pulp were important factors leading to embryo abortion. During fruit development，with the embryo aborted，the lower ratio of（GA₃ + IAA+ ZT）/ABA in embryo and pulp were the important reasons resulting in small size in seedless fruit.
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Determination of Interactions Between SVP and FLC in Brassica juncea Coss. by Yeast Two-Hybrid System
TANG Qing-Lin, LI Nian-Zu, DING Ning, CHEN Zhu-Rui, SONG Ming, WANG Zhi-Min
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1175-1182.
Abstract ( 1492 ) HTML ( 1403 ) PDF (689KB) ( 1403 ) 　　　
The fate of the flowering signal integrators is determined by SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE（SVP）and FLOWERING LOCUS C（FLC）. For further study on the mechanism of the mutual recognition between SVP and FLC in Brassica juncea Coss.（Mustard） variety‘QJ’，the coding sequences of SVP and FLC with digestion sites of EcoRⅠ/BamHⅠwere respectively amplified via PCR，and the interactions between SVP and FLC were detected by the yeast two-hybrid system. The full-length FLC was fused to the GAL4 DNA activation domain，which was designated as pGADT7FLC and then transformed into Y187 yeast stain. While SVP was fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain，which was designated as pGBKT7SVP and then transformed into Y2HGold yeast stain. The two transformed yeast stains did not exhibit autoactivation and toxicity. The yeast stains of pGADT7FLC and pGBKT7SVPcouldmate into yeast diploids. The zygote diploids grew on selective agar plates QDO/X/A （SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-α-Gal/AbA）with blue stains. The results strongly indicated that SVP and FLC could combine with each other. Furthermore，the expression vectors of bait plasmid（pGBKT7SVP）and prey plasmid（pGADT7FLC）were exchanged with each other. Then the recombinated yeast plasmids of pGADT7SVP and pGBKT7FLC were reconstructed and respectively transformed into Y187 and Y2HGold yeast stains. The yeast zygote diploids（pGADT7SVP × pGBKT7FLC）exhibit on selective agar plates QDO/X/A，and the DNA-BD and AD were brought into proximitry to activate transcription of four independent reporter genes（AUR1-C，HIS3，ADE2，MEL1）. The results showed that SVP and FLC could act with each other to combine and form a complex.
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Studies of Semi Vitro Culture of Hybridized Rosa rugosa Style
SUN Hua-Cai, ZHAO Lan-Yong, ZHANG Ling, DING Yi-Ming
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1183-1190.
Abstract ( 1303 ) HTML ( 1359 ) PDF (327KB) ( 1359 ) 　　　
The study took one wild germplasm of Rosa rugosa as female parent，two cultivars of R. rugosa and two cultivars of rose as male parents. After the hybridization，we took the hybridized styles to culture and empolyed fluorescent microscope to observe pollen tube growth in the styles. The results indicated that 15% sucrose，0.005% H₃BO₃，0.1% agar，and pH 7.0，were optimal for pollen tube growth. If we excised hybridized styles to culture when it reached 4 hours after pollination，the consequent was better. For the interspecific hybridized combinations，the effect of style cutting length on the results of semi vitro culture of style was significant. There was only a small amount of pollen tubes through the incisions when we cultured one third-length styles. To guarantee good pollination result，the germination rate of pollen which was used for pollination must be above 40%.
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Analysis of SSRs Information and Development of SSR Markers from Phalaenopsis ESTs
ZHANG Shui-Ming, CHEN Cheng, GONG Ling-Yan, WANG Tian
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1191-1198.
Abstract ( 1319 ) HTML ( 2091 ) PDF (376KB) ( 2091 ) 　　　
Using SSRIT software，8 188 ESTs of Phalaenopsis from NCBI were screened，according to the standard of repeat motif number above eight. The results showed that 261 SSRs were mined from 246 ESTs with a frequency of 3.19%. Dinucleotide repeats EST-SSRs were dominant，accounting for 94.25% in all SSRs. (TA)_n and (GA)_n were the most frequent motifs，accounting for 26.42% and 25.61% in dinucleotide repeats，followed by (TC)_n，(AT)_n and (AG)_n. Thirty-two primer pairs were designed and 16 primer pairs had expected products using the template of cultivar‘V31’. The sixteen workable primer pairs were chosen to PCR amplification in 16 Phalaenopsis cultivars and 9 primer pairs had polymorphism bands between 2 to 12. The results indicated that it was an effective approach to develop EST-SSR markers based on EST database of Phalaenopsis.
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New Cultivars

An Early-ripening，Red and Muscat Flavor Table Grape Cultivar ‘Jingyan’
FAN Pei-Ge, WANG Li-Jun, WU Ben-Hong, DUAN Wei, YANG Mei-Rong, LI Shao-Hua
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1199-1200.
Abstract ( 1440 ) HTML ( 916 ) PDF (450KB) ( 916 ) 　　　
‘Jingyan’is an early-ripening table grape cultivar derived from‘Jingxiu’×‘Xiangfei’. Berries mature during the first 10 days of Augest in Beijing. The fruit cluster is conical and medium-size and dense，weighing 420 g on average with uniformly sized berries. The mass of a single berry is 6.5–7.8 g. It has elliptic and rose red or purplish red berries. It can color in low-light intensity. The flesh is firm，crisp and slightly juicy with 15.0%–17.2% soluble solids content，0.59% titratable acid content and muscat flavor. It has high yield and resistance to diseases.
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A New Apple Semi-dwarfing Rootstock Cultivar ‘Qing Ai 3’
JIANG Lin, ZHANG Cui-Ling, SHAO Yong-Chun, YU Fu-Shun
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1201-1202.
Abstract ( 1144 ) HTML ( 962 ) PDF (160KB) ( 962 ) 　　　
‘Qing Ai 3’is a new apple semi-dwarfing rootstock selected from the M₉ seedlings in 1978. Not only its crown but also its growth is medium. Grafting on the inter stock，the Fuji tree fully produced at 3 years old. The average yield of the tree of 7–14 years old is 42 270 kg · hm^-2，while that on M₂₆ is 34 785 kg · hm^-2，which shows it has high-yield character. The fruits have good quality and colour. The soluble solids content of Fuji grating on the inter stock is 14.3%，the hardness is 7.8 kg · cm^-2，and the fruit index is 0.87，which is equal to M₂₆.The Fuji tree dwarfing on the inter stock in high-yield year has a 3.83 m height and a 3.57 m crown diameter，which is 30% more than that of M₂₆. Therefore，‘Qing Ai 3’belongs to a semi-dwafing rootstock. It has straight trunk which can stand without pillars，which is suitable for the application in the main apple production area such as Shandong，Hebei，Shanxi and Shaanxi.
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A New Early-ripening Flat Nectarine Cultivar ‘Zijin Zao Youpan’
YU Ming-Liang, MA Rui-Juan, XU Jian-Lan, CAI Zhi-Xiang, SHEN Zhi-Jun
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1203-1204.
Abstract ( 2829 ) HTML ( 1124 ) PDF (157KB) ( 1124 ) 　　　
‘Zijin Zao Youpan’is an early ripening flat nectarine cultivar derived from the cross of ‘Zaogfengtian’and‘DN2-41’. The flower is showy with pollen fertility. The fruit is flat，the average fruit weight is 120 g，and the biggest is 158 g. The flesh is yellow，melting，with 12.7% soluble solids content，9.67% soluble sugar content and 0.17% titratable acid content. The stone is cling. The fruit development period is about 87 days. It ripens in mid-June in Nanjing，China.
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A New Late Ripening Prunus avium Cultivar‘Caixia’
ZHANG Xiao-Ming, ZHANG Kai-Chun, YAN Guo-Hua, ZHOU Yu, WANG Jing
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1205-1206.
Abstract ( 1673 ) HTML ( 881 ) PDF (470KB) ( 881 ) 　　　
‘Caixia’，a new late ripening cultivar of Prunus avium L.was selected.‘Caixia’is a medium to large-sized，firm，crisp，attractive，good-flavor red cherry. Its average fruit weight is 6.23 g，and the biggest one is 9.04 g. The soluble solids content is 17.05%. It ripens in late June in Beijing area，nearly 15 days later than‘Van’（ripens in mid-June in Beijing）. The tree is moderately vigorous. No special susceptibility to common pests，diseases and stress injuries. It has good adaptability to chilling and freezing damages.
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A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Zijin Siji’
ZHAO Mi-Zhen, WANG Zhuang-Wei, QIAN Ya-Ming, WANG Jing, WU Wei-Min, YUAN Ji
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1207-1208.
Abstract ( 1954 ) HTML ( 1211 ) PDF (159KB) ( 1211 ) 　　　
‘Zijin Siji’is a new day-neutral strawberry cultivar derived from‘Sweet Charlie’×‘Linguo’，with disease resistance. The fruit is cone-shaped and uniform，with the average fruit weight 16.8 g，the maximum 48.3 g. It has red color，bright luster，high yield.The soluble solids content is 10.3%，the total sugar content is 7.152%，the titratable acid content is 0.498% and the vitamin C content is 0.697 mg · g^-1. The fruit firmness is 2.19 kg · cm^-2.
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A New Primocane Raspberry Cultivar‘Qiuping’
DAI Han-Ping, WANG Xing-Yang, DU Xiao
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1209-1210.
Abstract ( 1192 ) HTML ( 1150 ) PDF (189KB) ( 1150 ) 　　　
‘Quiping’is a seletion from open pollination of the British primocane raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’. It’s an early autumn bearing cultivar harvested from Aug 1st to Oct 10th. It can survive without mulch in winter in Shenyang region. The fruit of‘Qiuping’is large，bright red，conical，with good quality，firmness，uniformity，sweetness and aroma. The largest fruit weight is 7.2 g，and the average fruit weight is 3.6 g. This cultivar is suitable for fresh market as well as quick frozen processing. The plant height of ‘Quiping’is 1.5 m with a strong stress resistance.
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A New Pomegranate Cultivar‘Hongbaoshi’
YUAN Zhao-He, ZHAO Xue-Qing, YIN Yan-Lei, FENG Li-Juan
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1211-1212.
Abstract ( 1368 ) HTML ( 1379 ) PDF (187KB) ( 1379 ) 　　　
‘Hongbaoshi’is an elite middle maturing pomegranate cultivar selected from‘Dahongpao’cultivation population. The fruit skin is bright red when it ripens. Its average fruit weight is 487.5 g，the biggest fruit can amount to 675.0 g. 100-aril weight is 38.8 g. Eatable rate is 68%. Total soluble solids content is 14.8%. Soluble sugar is 12.98%. Vitamin C is 40.6 mg · kg^-1. Acidity is 0.3%. The yield is high. The new cultivar has strong drought and barren resistance and stable characteristics.
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A New Chinese Jujube Cultivar ‘Cangdong 1’with Bud Mutation of Short Branch
WANG Zhen-Liang, XIAO Jia-Liang, HAN Hui-Zhi, SHAO Xue-Hong, ZHANG Xiu-Hong
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1213-1214.
Abstract ( 1158 ) HTML ( 901 ) PDF (552KB) ( 901 ) 　　　
‘Cangdong 1’，a new Chinese jujube（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.）cultivar with bud mutation of short branch，was selected from‘Dongzao’in Cangzhou of Hebei Province. The fruit is circular with average fruit weight of 15.9 g. Soluble solids content reaches 21.4%. Titratable acid content is 0.23%. The fruits taste sour-sweet.‘Cangdong 1’has high stable yield. The fruits ripen in mid October in Hebei Province. It is suitble to be cultivated jujube cultivating area of of Hebei plain.
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A New Tomato Cultivar for Greenhouse ‘Jidong 219’
SUN Zhong-Feng, CAO Xia, WU Chun-Cheng, MAO Xiu-Jie, DAI Bo, WANG Xue-Dong
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1215-1216.
Abstract ( 1001 ) HTML ( 923 ) PDF (174KB) ( 923 ) 　　　
‘Jidong 219’is a F₁ by several generations of screening and crossing with import tomato. It has unlimited branches and sparse leaves and it grows vigorously. The first inflorescence is situated between the sixth and ninth node，inflorescence interval of 2 to 3，and each inflorescence bears 8–15 tomatos. The average fruit mass is 38–42 g. The fruit is red，round. Fruit shape index is 0.89. Vitamin C content is 0.17 mg · g^-1. The soluble solids content is 6.18%. Organic acid content is 0.79%. Ratio of sugar to acid is 7.82. Fruit is sweet and sour，flesh is thick. It is tolerant to storage and transportation. It is high-resistant to TYLCV，TMV，southern bacterial wilt and leaf mold，and mid-resistant to gray mold. It is suitable for protected cultivation.
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A New Cauliflower Cultivar‘Jinpin 60’for Protection Cultivation
YAO Xing-Wei, SUN De-Ling, ZHANG Bao-Zhen, LIU Li-Li, DAN Xiao-Zheng, WEN Zheng-Hua, XIAO Yu
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1217-1218.
Abstract ( 1028 ) HTML ( 1077 ) PDF (137KB) ( 1077 ) 　　　
‘Jinpin 60’is a new protection cultivation cauliflower cultivar developed by the cross of CMS line sterile Fuqiang-1 × self-incompatible line C-8. The plant type is erect，curds are well protected by leaves. The curd is semispherical，tight，white and smooth. The growing period from transplantation to harvest is about 61–65 days in protection cultivation. The average weight is about 1.0 kg. The mean yield is 40 000 kg · hm^-2. It is resistant to black rot and TuMV diseases. It is also tolerant of 0–5 ℃ and high humidity.
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A New High Yield Cultivar‘Shenxiang 18’in Lentinula edodes
SONG Chun-Yan, LIU De-Yun, ZHANG Lu-Jun, SHANG Xiao-Dong, XIANG Shou-南, CHEN Ming-Jie, TAN Qi
Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(6): 1219-1220.
Abstract ( 2390 ) HTML ( 1141 ) PDF (172KB) ( 1141 ) 　　　
Protoplast monokaryons prepared from Lentinula edodes，late maturing strain‘Shenxiang 15’and medium maturing strain‘939’，were intercrossed using asymmetric hybridization methods. ‘Shenxiang 18’was selected among those hybrid offspring strains through multi-year and multi-sites trails. It has excellent characteristics such as high yield，good quality and easily management. The yield arrived at 1 kg fresh mushroom per kg dry materials. The new cultivar is appropriate to be planted in Zhejiang，Fujian Province and other autumn cultivating areas.
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