Research Papers

• Molecular Cloning of Protein Phosphatase Gene MdPP2C-Like in Apple and the Response Analysis of ABA
• ZHANG Chunling，ZHOU Lijie，WANG Guiluan，LI Yuanyuan，WANG Xiaofei*，and HAO Yujin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1225-1236. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0726
• Abstract ( 277 ) HTML ( 636 ) PDF (3069KB) ( 636 ) 　　　

• Protein phosphatase gene MdPP2C-Like（MDP0000126636），an important factor that was involved in ABA signal pathway，was cloned from apple（Malus × domestica Borkh.）. Gene structure analysis showed that MdPP2C-Like gene contained 5 exons and 4 introns，and it was located on the eighth chromosome of apple genome. After amplification，a 1 035 bp open reading frame（ORF）was obtained. MdPP2C-Like gene encoded a protein of 344 amino acids with a calculated mass of 37.84 kD and an isoelectric point（pI）of 5.72. MdPP2C-Like protein sequence comprised a conserved phosphatase 2C （PP2C）domain，just as group A AtPP2Cs. The phylogenetic tree of the construction indicated that MdPP2C-Like and At4G32950 were located in the same evolutionary branch and had high homology. MdPP2C-Like gene mainly localized in the nucleus，with a few in cytoplasm. The expression level of MdPP2C-Like was different in all apple tissues，with the highest level in roots. Moreover，overexpression of MdPP2C-Like gene in apple callus and Arabidopsis plants reduced the sensitivity to ABA. Taken together，these findings showed that MdPP2C-Like played an important role in response to ABA signaling.

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• Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PP2C Gene Family in Vitis vinifera
• HE Honghong1，LU Zhihao2，MA Zonghuan1，LIANG Guoping1，MA Lijuan1，WAN Peng1，and MAO Juan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1237-1250. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0824
• Abstract ( 281 ) HTML ( 931 ) PDF (2146KB) ( 931 ) 　　　
• In this study，27 members of the VvPP2C gene family were identified in the whole genome of grapes（Vitis vinifera L.），with reference to Arabidopsis thaliana PP2C gene registration sequence. The VvPP2C genes expression was analyzed by bioinformatics，microarray expression and stress analysis. The results showed that the 27 members of VvPP2C gene family could be divided into 10 subpopulations of A，C–I，K，L. The analysis of physicochemical properties showed that the number of amino acids in the VvPP2C gene family was between 181–1 084，and the theoretical pI distribution was between 4.46–8.98. The VvPP2C gene family was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm，chloroplast and nucleus through the subcellular localization analysis. The VvPP2C gene family was mainly composed of α-helix and irregular coil in secondary structure analysis. The microarray analysis showed that VvPP2C gene members of the family responded to different stress in different tissues of the grape. The inducible expression of grape plantlets was the highest in 100，50 mmol ? L-1ABA，10% NaCl and 10% PEG，at 11，8，14 and 13 times in qRT-PCR analysis，respectively.
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• Expression of K+/H+ Antiporter Genes（PpeKEA）During Peach Flowering and Response to Potassium Fertilizer Application
• SONG Zhizhong，JIANG Hang，ZHANG Binbin，MA Ruijuan，and YU Mingliang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1251-1260. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0795
• Abstract ( 215 ) HTML ( 497 ) PDF (5050KB) ( 497 ) 　　　
• We isolated six putative PpeKEA（K+ efflux antiporter）genes from peach flowers，and analyzed the transcriptional expression and response to potassium（K+）fertilizer application during different flowering stages. Key antiporter genes were obtained and functionally verified. K+ fertilizer application favorably enhanced the flower fresh weight of‘Xiahui 8’peach in full bloom stage，and strengthened the flower K+ nutritional status. PpeKEA1–PpeKEA6 were differentially expressed during four stages，and the highest expression level appeared especially in full bloom stage. PpeKEA genes were differentially regulated by K+ fertilizer treatment. Notably，PpeKEA1 was the most highly expressed gene throughout the whole flowering process，which was significantly up-regulated in bud period and begin bloom stages but reduced in petal fall stage by K2O treatment. The recombinant expression vector pDR196-shortKEA1 can mediate K+ homeostasis in AXT3 yeast mutant，indicating that expression level of PpeKEA1 was positively correlated with the K+ homeostasis in peach flowering process. This study revealed that PpeKEA1 was an important K+/H+ antiporter that may regulate K+ homeostasis during the peach flowering，which contributes to K+/H+ balance and K+ homeostasis in fruit trees.
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• The Functions of Blueberry VcLon2 Protease in Senescence of Transgenetic Tobacco
• CHEN Wenrong，CHEN Qiaoyue，YOU Shibei，YU Ying，LI Yongqiang，YANG Li，and GUO Weidong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1261-1271. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0760
• Abstract ( 224 ) HTML ( 441 ) PDF (1679KB) ( 441 ) 　　　
• Plant senescence always parallels peroxisome dysfunction，and Lon2 protease greatly involves in maintaining the function and structure of peroxisomes. However，little literature is available regarding Lon2 in plant senescence. In the present study，full length of Lon2 cDNA was cloned from blueberry（Vaccinium ssp.）and named VcLon2（KX611379），then the biological functions in plant senescence of VcLon2 were studied through Virus Induced Gene Silence（VIGS）and transgenetic techniques. Phenotypically，NbLon2-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana showed pygmyism with small and serious yellowing leaves，while VcLon2-overexpressed N. benthamiana plants grew well with bright green leaves. Moreover，chlorophyll content in NbLon2-silenced plants was about 50% of the control plants，and the H2O2 content as well as the membrane lipid peroxidation was more serious compared with the control. On the contrary，conversed change trend was observed in VcLon2- overexpressed plants. Furthermore，the transcription levels of catalase（CAT），a peroxisomal enzyme involved in the detoxification of ROS，showed no significant difference among different seedlings. However，CAT activity in NbLon2-silenced seedlings was reduced to 62.62% of the negative control，indicating that Lon2 plays an important role in structural and functional maintenance of peroxisomal protein. In addition，protein carbonylation degree in NbLon2-silenced plants were significantly higher than that in the control，and the expression level of SAG12 was 15 642.2 times the level in the control. It is suggested that Lon2 protease missing significantly accelerated degradation of photosynthetic pigment，destruction of membrane system and accumulation of carbonylated protein and Lon2 protease played an important role in delaying senescence in plants.
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• Effect of Boron Deficiency and Low pH on Cell Wall Components and Boron Distribution in Cell of Trifoliate Root
• DU Chenqing，WU Xiuwen，YAN Lei，LIU Yalin，and JIANG Cuncang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1272-1282. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0050
• Abstract ( 218 ) HTML ( 721 ) PDF (1831KB) ( 721 ) 　　　
• In order to explore changes of cell wall components and boron distribution under low pH in trifoliate root，the different pHs（4，5，6）and boron concentrations（0 and 10 μmol ? L-1）were set up in experiment. The results showed that boron deficiency and low pH could significantly inhibit root growth and elongation. When the boron concentration was suitable，the root length of pH 4 decreased by 26% and 29% compared with that of pH 5 and pH 6. When boron was absent，root dry weight of pH 4 was significantly reduced. However，when adding boron，the dry matter increase of pH 4 was not significant. When boron was enough，the boron content in the underground part of pH 4 increased significantly；compared with pH 6，the proportion of boron in protoplast and free boron to root boron in pH 4 reduced. Compared with pH 6，the proportion of boron in protoplasts to root boron treated by pH 4 increased and the proportion of free boron to root boron was not significantly changed under boron deficiency. Compared with pH 6，the cell wall extraction rate of pH 4 decreased when boron deficiency. Regardless of boron adequate or boron deficiency，pH 4 significantly decreased the content of chelate pectin in the cell wall of the roots of trifoliate. In the suitable boron treatment，the content of alkali soluble pectin treated by pH 4 and pH 5 decreased by 26% and 18% respectively than that of pH 6. The content of alkali soluble pectin treated by pH 4 decreased by about 20% than that of pH 6 and pH 5 treatments under boron deficiency. In addition，when boron deficiency，low pH had little effect on cellulose content in the root of trifoliate. However，the content of cellulose decreased with the decrease of pH value in suitable boron. Compared with pH 6，the cellulose content of pH 4 decreased by 13.8%. Most of the boron was bound to pectin，and the proportion of boron（Alk-B）in alkali soluble pectin was greater than that of chelated pectin（Chel-B）. Obviously，low pH can inhibit the root elongation by affecting the content of boron and components of the root cell wall.
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• Ectopic Expression of AtCOR15a Improves Cold Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum
• JIN Xinkai，LI Xiaohan，SHEN Hui，LI Jinhua，PAN Yu，and ZHANG Xingguo*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1283-1295. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0872
• Abstract ( 238 ) HTML ( 632 ) PDF (2568KB) ( 632 ) 　　　
• Arabidopsis cold-tolerant gene AtCOR15a was controlled by cold-inducible promoter RD29A and was put into a binary expression vector. The gene was introduced into tomato variety Ailsa Craig mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The results showed that the cold tolerance of the three lines with high-level transgene expression was significantly enhanced compared with the wild type tomato. The expression levels of AtCOR15a in transgenic plants presented with a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and reaching its maximum at 6 h after cold treatment at 4 ℃. Meanwhile，the expression of endogenous cold-inducible genes such as SlDehydrin-like（SlDEHL）and SlDehydrin Ci7（SlCi7）was promoted；the membrane permeability，malondialdehyde content，and the accumulations of reactive oxygen species H2O2 and were decreased；the activities of superoxide dismutase，peroxidase，and catalase，as well as free proline contents were increased in the transgenic lines compared with the wild type tomato under cold treatment. Therefore，ectopic expression of AtCOR15a could enhance the cold tolerance of transgenic tomato.
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• Biocontrol Ability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Against Gray Mold on Tomato Fruit
• WANG Yajie，GAO Yu，CHEN Xiaomeng，LIU Mengling，and ZHANG Dongdong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1296-1304. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0828
• Abstract ( 161 ) HTML ( 523 ) PDF (1125KB) ( 523 ) 　　　
• Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea has been found to be the main fungal disease of tomato fruit. The dual culture method was used to screen for Bacillus strains with significant antagonistic activity to B. cinerea. Further testing of control efficiency was completed by spraying the antagonistic bacterium and its fermentation supernatant on tomato fruits. ESI-MS was utilized to detect main antifungal substances in the antagonistic bacterium’s fermentation supernatant crude extract. Further analysis using PCR allowed for the detection of genes related to antimicrobial substances synthesis. The species of the antagonist bacterium was identified through its colony and cell morphology，physiological and biochemical tests，and 16S rDNA and gyrB analysis. The control effect of the screened antagonist fqhm-13 and its fermentation supernatant on gray mold of tomato fruit was identified to be 69.0% and 78.1%，respectively. The main antimicrobial substances in the qhm-13 fermentation supernatant crude extract include lipopeptide antibiotics of C14–C16 surfactin A and C15–C17 iturin A. PCR detection showed.that the genome of fqhm-13 contained genes related to antibiotic synthesis，such as ituC，ituD，fenD and srfAB. Through species identification techniques，strain fqhm-13 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This study laid the foundation for the use of B. amyloliquefaciens and its metabolites to prevent and control gray mold on tomato fruit.
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• Exploration of Potential Potato Late-blight Resistance Germplasms Using Phytophthora infestans Effectoromics Strategy
• WANG Hongyang1,2 and TIAN Zhendong1,3,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1305-1313. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0638
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 588 ) PDF (2087KB) ( 588 ) 　　　
• To accelerate the mining of potato germplasm with late blight resistance，the effectoromics strategy was used in this study. Sixty eight Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector genes that up-regulated early during infection stage were selected for recognition assay. These effector genes were cloned into the plant expression vector pGR106 and transiently expressed in leaves of 55 potato genotypes using toothpick inoculation with Agrobacterium cultures. Ten RXLR effector genes，including Pi23008（an AVR2 family number），RD39（AVRblb2），RD2（a cell death inducer），and other unknown function effector genes （Pex147-2，PexRD8，PexRD49，PITG_10232，PITG_11484，PITG_07555 and PITG_22724），could induce the hypersensitive response（HR）on leaves of a total of 10 potato genotypes，suggesting that these potato materials potentially carry R genes corresponding to particular effectors. In addition，the potato material IVP196-2 that could recognize 6 RXLR effectors，showed a higher level of late-blight resistance when compared to HJT349-3，which could only recognize 3 effectors.
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• A Comparative Study on Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Starches Isolated from Mother and Filial Bulbs of‘Binglang’and‘Xiangsha’
• ZHU Xiaowei，CUI Wenxue，ZHANG Erjin，WANG Leilei，YU Xurun，and XIONG Fei*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1314-1326. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0733
• Abstract ( 318 ) HTML ( 408 ) PDF (1999KB) ( 408 ) 　　　
• The mono-bulb taro and the multi-bulb taro named‘Binglang’and‘Xiangsha’were used as experimental materials，respectively. The scanning electron microscope，X–ray diffraction，and rapid viscosity analysis techniques were employed to compare and investigate the physicochemical differences of starches isolated from mother and filial bulbs of two taro varieties. The average size of starch granule of mother bulbs from‘Binglang’was bigger than that of filial bulbs，while‘Xiangsha’presented an opposite characteristic. The apparent amylose content and degree of ordered structure in the external granule region of mother bulbs from two taro varieties were higher than that of filial blubs. In the process of heating，the swelling power of starch from mother and filial bulbs changed significantly above 75 ℃，and mother bulbs exhibited higher swelling power than that of filial bulbs at 95 ℃. Compared with the filial bulbs，the starch from‘Binglang’mother bulbs had higher peak，breakdown and setback viscosities，while the‘Xiangsha’showed opposite characteristics. The final hydrolysis degree of starch from two taro mother bulbs was higher than that of filial bulbs. The results showed that there were obvious differences in morphology，composition and physicochemical properties between starch of mother and filial bulbs from two taro varieties. The results can provide reference for the application of taro starch in food and non-food industry.
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• Cloning and Functional Analysis of R2R3-MYB Gene NtMYB5 in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis
• WU Jiacheng，WANG Guiqing，Muhammad Anwar，and ZENG Lihui*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1327-1337. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0889
• Abstract ( 256 ) HTML ( 606 ) PDF (2842KB) ( 606 ) 　　　
• A R2R3-MYB-like gene，named NtMYB5，was selected from transcriptome of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis and was cloned in order to study its function in flavonoid metabolic pathway. Multiple alignments showed that NtMYB5 contained R2-domain and R3-domain. A pdLNLD/ELxiG/S motif was also found near the C-terminal. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that NtMYB5 was closely related to negative regulators of anthocyain biosynthesis. The expression level of NtMYB5 was higher in perianth and corona，and increased during the process of flowering. The accumulation of anthocyanin activated by StMYB was suppressed by NtMYB5 in the transient expression of tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants were obtained and the flower colour of transgenic plants became lighter. The results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that most structural genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway were down-regulated by NtMYB5. This study suggests that NtMYB5 is a repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese narcissus.
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• Separation and Selection of Heterotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria from Lawn Soil and Their Nitrification Products Characteristics
• BAI Sannü，XU Tianyue，LIU Ying，WANG Xiaohong，and BAI Long*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1338-1346. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0773
• Abstract ( 149 ) HTML ( 433 ) PDF (775KB) ( 433 ) 　　　
• In this experiment，two heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria isolated from lawn soil were identified by comparing 16S rDNA sequence to homologous species published on the GenBank. The nitrification function of these two bacteria were detected by measuring intermediate products，denitrification process and N2O emission characteristics under inorganic nitrogen sources （NH4+-N and NO3--N）. The results showed that the two heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas sp.，16S rDNA fragment length were 1 448 and 1 460 bp and named as Pseudomonas sp. BJ and Pseudomonas sp. DJ，respectively. GenBank accession number were MF001078 and MF001079 for Pseudomonas sp. BJ and Pseudomonas sp. DJ. The two strains have a strong oxidation ability with inorganic nitrogen，ammonium removal efficiencies were 96.61% and 97.06%，respectively. The maximum nitrification rate were 21.97 and 18.90 mg ? L-1 ? h-1. Denitrification ability of two bacteria were not efficient，the maximum denitrification rate were 0.99 and 1.00 mg ? L-1 ? h-1，respectively. Metabolic pathways of the two strains can be simplified to a large extent as NH4+ → NH2OH → NO2- → NO3-. NO3--N was the main intermediate products of strain DJ，and its content was much higher than that of strain BJ（P < 0.05）. The content of N2O produced by strain BJ was significantly higher than that of strain DJ（P < 0.05）.
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Research Notes

• Cloning and Expression Analysis of Calmodulin Gene in Ping’ou Hybrid Hazelnut（Corylus heterophylla × C. avellana）
• YANG Dan1,3,*，LI Qing1,*，ZHU Liquan3，ZHAO Tiantian1,2，LIANG Lisong1,2，WANG Guixi1,2，and MA Qinghua1,2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1347-1358. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0267
• Abstract ( 192 ) HTML ( 580 ) PDF (3081KB) ( 580 ) 　　　

• This study cloned calmodulin gene of Ping’ou hybrid hazelnut（Corylus heterophylla × C. avellana），and further analyzed sequence features and expression characteristics，which is helpful to understand the role of calmodulin gene in the self-incompatibility reaction in Corylus. Based on the RNA-seq data，the calmodulin gene was cloned using RACE technique in the main cultivar‘Dawei’of Ping’ou hybrid hazelnut. The bioinformatic characteristics of the ChaCaM were analyzed using online service. The expression profiles of ChaCaM in various tissues and the pistils at different time after self-incompatibility pollination were investigated by using quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR）. ChaCaM was submitted to GenBank with accession number KY211037. This gene contains a 450 bp open reading frame（ORF）that encodes 149 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of ChaCaM was 16.8476 kD. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ChaCaM was an acidic stable hydrophobic protein，without transmembrane domain and signal peptide present. ChaCaM was mainly located in the cytoplasmic matrix，and it contained several phosphorylation sites and glycosylation sites. Sequence analysis showed that ChaCaM contained two EFh domains，which were similar to CaM from other species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ChaCaM was closely related to CaM in tobacco，cocoa and radish，and affiliated to the same branch with CaM in other species. Gene expression analysis showed that ChaCaM presented tissue specific expression，especially were significantly changed in the pistils after self- incompatibility pollination. ChaCaM gene has typical characteristics of calmodulin gene，and is mainly located in the cytoplasmic matrix. It belongs to constitutive expression，which may participate in self-incompatibility regulation in Corylus.

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• SSR Mining and Polymorphism Analysis in Leaf Transcriptome of Blueberry
• FANG Qian，ZHANG Yuanyuan，YANG Yuting，HUANG Miaomiao，FU Qiaoli，ZHOU Huisha，CHEN Wenrong，ZONG Yu*，and GUO Weidong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1359-1370. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0675
• Abstract ( 172 ) HTML ( 531 ) PDF (808KB) ( 531 ) 　　　
• Simple sequence repeat（SSR）loci were searched and analyzed in the leaf transcriptomic sequence of Vaccinium corymbosum‘Brigitta’. The frequency of SSR was 21.32%，accounting for 22 058 SSR loci. The highest type of SSR motif was dinucleotides with the frequency of 77.70%，followed by trinucleotides with the frequency of 21.45%. Fifty-three random pairs of primers were used to perform polymerase chain reaction（PCR）in 8 accessions in Vaccinium genus. A total of 15 pairs of core primers with clear and stable amplification bands were screened from above primers. Genetic diversity of 39 accessions in genus of Vaccinium was estimated using the 15 core primers. The results showed that the maximum number of effective alleles was 7.11（VcSSR19）and the minimum value was 1.41（VcSSR41），with an average value of 3.90. The average of Shannon diversity index was 1.55，ranging from 0.64 to 2.31. The range of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.050–0.900 and 0.293–0.870，with mean values of 0.457 and 0.677，respectively. Five polymorphic loci could be used to distinguish 38 accessions. Southern highbush blueberry cultivars‘Legacy’and‘Bluerainare’were more closely related to cranberry cultivars and wild relatives of Vaccinium，which would be suitable cultivars for cross breeding with wild species in Vaccinium.
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• Assessment of Mineral Elements Contents at the Mango Germplasm Level Based on Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis
• MA Xiaowei，MA Yongli，WU Hongxia，ZHOU Yigang，SU Muqing，and WANG Songbiao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1371-1381. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0794
• Abstract ( 133 ) HTML ( 431 ) PDF (2101KB) ( 431 ) 　　　
• Contents of 10 mineral elements in bagged fruits of 53 mango cultivars were determined and analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences with wide variability regarding the mineral content in different cultivars，and the average contents of 10 mineral elements followed by the order of K > P > Mg > Ca > Na > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > B. The coefficient of variation ranged from 16.79%（P）–52.28%（Mn）. All of the 10 mineral contents distributed normally. Significant correlations were found between Mg and Mn，Zn，Cu，P，K and B，and between P and K. Zn，Cu and K were significantly correlated with each other. K，P，Ca，Mn and B were the characteristic elements of mango. The 53 mango cultivars were divided into 4 clusters；(1) 11 cultivars with high K，P，Mg，Zn and Cu contents，(2) 18 cultivars with high Na and Fe contents，(3) 8 cultivars with low Mg，Zn and K contents，and (4) 16 cultivars with low Ca，B and Mn contents.
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• De novo Transcriptomes and Genes Involved in Chicle Biosynthesis of Manilkara zapota
• LIU Huimin1，QING Jun1，HU Jingjing2，DU Hongyan1，and WUYUN Tana1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1382-1392. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0661
• Abstract ( 157 ) HTML ( 500 ) PDF (2624KB) ( 500 ) 　　　
• To study the transcriptomes and genes related to chicle biosynthesis of Manilkara zapota L.，we conducted the RNA sequencing and analysis of M. zapota. The transcriptomes of fruit，bark，and leaf from M. zapota were sequenced on the Illumina platform. The sequencing data were then analyzed by Trinity and other software. qRT-PCR was performed to validate the transcriptome data. The raw data were assembled into 162 455 unigenes，with the total length，mean length，and N50 being 139 792 553 nt，861 nt，and 1 544 nt，respectively. Through mapping all the unigenes to databases，like NR，NT，Swiss-Prot，KEGG，COG，and GO，89 628 unigenes were annotated. In total，57 362 SSR sites were identified taking all the unigenes as references. A total of 99 925，65 989，and 129 109 SNPs were identified in fruit，leaf，and bark expressed genes. In all，105 unigenes were indentified to be chicle-related. The unigenes involved in the MVA pathway were highly expressed in fruit and bark，whereas，the unigenes involved in the MEP pathway were highly expressed in leaf. The gene expression profiles calculated by qRT-PCR were in accordance with those by transcriptome data. The transcriptome was assembled well and the gene expression level calculated by RNA-sequencing was reliable. Plenty of SSRs were indentified，which provides an important basis for the development of molecular markers. According to the expressional profiles of genes involved into chicle biosynthesis，we proposed that the MVA pathway might be the mainly produced initiators for chicle.
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• Studies on Flowering Dynamics and Breeding System of Mongolian Medicine Lomatogonium rotatum
• LI Xuxin 1,*，Bagenna 2，YANG Hengshan1，and ZHANG Shujuan1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1393-1401. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0168
• Abstract ( 525 ) HTML ( 546 ) PDF (3056KB) ( 546 ) 　　　
• Making Lomatogonium rotatum（L.）Fries ex Nym. as material，the floral organ characteristics，flowering dynamics，and pollination insects were studied by field observation. The pollen vigor，pollination of stigma，the ratio of pollen and ovule（P/O），hybridization index（OCI），and artificial pollination were used to test the propagation system. The results showed that the single flowering stage was 6–7 d，including single flower bud stage，early stage，blooming stage，decadence stage and fade stage. The stigma always exceeded anther during the whole flowering process. The pollen viability and stigma receptivity of 2–3 d after flowering were stronger. The ratio of pollen and ovule（P/O）is 551.02，and the hybridization index is 4. The main breeding system is heterosynthesis，partial self-compatibility，and thrips as the main pollination medium. The seedling rate of the fruit was 0 after emasculation with bags and no pollination，indicating that there was no apomixis.
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Review

• Research Progress on Molecules of Parthenocarpy in Horticultural Plants
• ZHANG Ying，CHEN Yuhui，LIAN Yong，and LIU Fuzhong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1402-1414. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0614
• Abstract ( 243 ) HTML ( 864 ) PDF (740KB) ( 864 ) 　　　
• 对园艺植物单性结实相关基因的定位、克隆及其作用机理、单性结实材料基因转录表达情况、单性结实性状的分子标记和QTLs定位等研究进展进行了综述，并对今后这一领域的研究进行了展望。
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New Cultivars

• A New Apple Cultivar‘Zaofu 1’
• ZHAO Lei，LIU Heng，AN Lu，LU Mingyan，DU Yan，and ZHANG Dongya*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1415-1416. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0289
• Abstract ( 333 ) HTML ( 370 ) PDF (995KB) ( 370 ) 　　　

• ‘Zaofu 1’is a new apple variety selected from‘Fuji’，which was introduced in 2002 from Japan. The fruit shape is short conic. The average fruit mass is 173 g，the largest is 210 g. The flavor is nice taste，with typical fruit aroma. It has high quality（SSC 15.06% and TA 0.26%）and relatively long storage life. The ripening date is at the end of August. The tree is early-bearing and has high and constant yield.

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• A New Very Early-maturing Apricot Cultivar‘Jinhe’
• ZHAO Xiping1，WU Xiaohong1,*，ZHANG Xiancheng2，YUAN Liyong3，LI Liying4，TANG Huanying3，and CUI Qizhi4
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1417-1418. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0898
• Abstract ( 675 ) HTML ( 357 ) PDF (885KB) ( 357 ) 　　　
• ‘Jinhe’is a very early-maturing apricot（Prunus armeniaca Lam.）cultivar derived from the cross of‘Zihe’בXinshiji’bred in 2008. The fruit is round-shaped with the ground color of yellow and little of flush on the surface. The fruit edible rate reaches 97.12%. The new cultivar also has the qualities of early fruit，high yield and strong stress resistance. The average yield reaches 9.795 t ? hm-2 after 3 to 5 years of top grafting.‘Jinhe’is a fresh variety which matures at mid-late May in South-central Hebei Province.
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• A New Middle Ripening Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Linglongcui’
• CHEN Long，WU Yaqin，CHENG Hehe，LI Yusheng，WU Yongjie，LI Yougang，and ZHAO Yanhua*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1419-1420. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0895
• Abstract ( 1150 ) HTML ( 422 ) PDF (1133KB) ( 422 ) 　　　
• ‘Linglongcui’is a new middle ripening sweet cherry cultivar. Its fruit is wide reniform，yellow-skinned with bright pink blush. The average fruit weight is 9.5 g and the biggest one is 13.5 g. The flesh is yellow，crisp，juicy and sweet with the soluble solids content of 20.5%. It is suitable for storage and transportation. It ripens about 7 d earlier than‘Hongdeng’in Changli area. The tree is moderately vigorous，early fruiting and very adaptable to chilling and freezing injuries.
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• A New Mid-late Ripening Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Changhua Ziyu’
• CHENG Hehe，WU Yaqin，CHEN Long，LI Yusheng，WU Yongjie，LI Yougang，and ZHAO Yanhua*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1421-1422. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0902
• Abstract ( 280 ) HTML ( 328 ) PDF (1167KB) ( 328 ) 　　　
• ‘Changhua Ziyu’is a new mid-late ripening sweet cherry cultivar. It is obtained from naturally pollinated seeds of‘Stella’through embryo rescue. The fruit development period is 60–65 days. The fruit is wide heart shape，with purple red skin. The average fruit weight is 8.5 g，and the biggest one is 10.6 g. The flesh is red，crisp，juicy and firm. It is delicious with 20% soluble solids content. It is self-fruitful with high yield，strong resistance to cold and disease.
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• A New Mid-late Ripening Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Changhua Ziyu’
• LIU Ping1,2，WANG Jiurui2,3，LIU Zhiguo1,2，WANG Lihu1,2，LIU Jiabin4，XU Juan2，SHI Qinghua1，and LIU Mengjun1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1423-1424. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0857
• Abstract ( 227 ) HTML ( 467 ) PDF (1299KB) ( 467 ) 　　　

• ‘Changhua Ziyu’is a new mid-late ripening sweet cherry cultivar. It is obtained from naturally pollinated seeds of‘Stella’through embryo rescue. The fruit development period is 60–65 days. The fruit is wide heart shape，with purple red skin. The average fruit weight is 8.5 g，and the biggest one is 10.6 g. The flesh is red，crisp，juicy and firm. It is delicious with 20% soluble solids content. It is self-fruitful with high yield，strong resistance to cold and disease.

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• A New Chinese Jujube Cultivar‘Cangjinhong’
• ZHANG Lishu1，LI Zhixin1，YUE Lei1，LIU Jinyu1,*，SUN Xiukun1，LIU Yingmin1，LIU Mingxia2，LIU Chong2，SUN Yueli1，PAN Fenglong1，ZHANG Weidong1，and REN Zhiqing1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(7): 1425-1426. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0038
• Abstract ( 262 ) HTML ( 442 ) PDF (1149KB) ( 442 ) 　　　
• ‘Cangjinhong’，a new high quality cultivar of Chinese jujube（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.），was selected from‘Jinsi Xiaozao’in Cangzhou City，Hebei Province. The fruit is circular with average fruit weight of 10.8 g. Soluble solids content reaches 37.1%. The flavor is sweet and slightly sour. It is suitable for drying process and fresh eating. The cultivar has excellent characteristics，such as early fruiting，high fertility，resistance to thick rotten disease and fruit cracking. The fruits ripe in late September in jujube cultivating area of Cangzhou City，Hebei Province.
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