Fruit Trees

• The Effect of Drought on Flavanols Accumulation and LAR Expression During the Development of Grape Berry
• WEN Peng-Fei, YANG Yun-Liang, GAO Mei-Ying, NIU Tie-Quan, XING Yan-Fu, NIU Xing-Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2341-2351.
• Abstract ( 1134 ) HTML ( 1778 ) PDF (450KB) ( 1778 ) 　　　
• In order to understand the effects of soil drought on the accumulation of flavanols and the expression of leucoanthocyanidin reductase（LAR），the key enzyme of the flavanols biosynthesis in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway，5 years old grapevines（Vitis vinifera L.‘Cabernet Sauvignon’）were used as materials，and the soil drought was simulated during grape berry development by the controlling irrigation through the prevent-rain shelter and root-cutting groove. The results showed that the single berry weight，longitudinal and horizontal diameter were decrease，and the growth of grape berry was significantly inhibited by soil drought，which indicated that the prevent-rain shelter and root cutting groove were the effective measures to simulate soil drought. In addition，the accumulation of flavanols in grape berry during its development was induced by soil drought was also observed，especially in the young berry. Real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that the soil drought could induce the expression of VvLAR1，VvLAR2，the synthesis of LAR new protein，and increased the LAR enzyme activity，which resulted in the accumulation of flavanols in grape berry.
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• Phylogenetic Relationships Among Fragaria Germplasm by SSR Markers
• HAN Bai-Ming, ZHAO Mi-Zhen, WANG Jing, YU Hong-Mei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2352-2360.
• Abstract ( 1166 ) HTML ( 2025 ) PDF (338KB) ( 2025 ) 　　　
• Twenty SSR primer pairs were used to amplify SSR fragments for 83 Fragaria materials which belonging to 14 species，natural pentaploid strawberry and the unknown species. The 20 SSR primers generated a total 363 alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 34，and averaged 18.2. The value of allelic polymorphism information content（PIC） ranged from 0.6691 to 0.9431，and averaged 0.8598. The dendrogram result showed that the samples clustered clearly among the same species. Among the species，the three octoploid species F. chiloensis，F. virginiana and F. × ananassa were clustered together，which showed the closest relationship. The three octoploid species had the distant relationship from other species. F. corymbosa，F. pentaphylla，F. nipponica，F. yezoensis，F. tibetica，F. nilgerrensis and F. viridis were clustered together and have closest relationship. And F. vesca，F. mandschurica，F. oriebtalis，F. moschata and the natural pentaploid strawberry were clustered together and have closest relationship. The origin of natural pentaploid strawberry may come from the cross of F. oriebtalis，F. moschata and F. vesca，F. mandschurica.
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• Studies on Prevention of Plum Fruit Cracking Disease
• WU Zhen-Lin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2361-2368.
• Abstract ( 1111 ) HTML ( 1268 ) PDF (325KB) ( 1268 ) 　　　
• For the purpose of effectively prevent plum fruit（Prunus salicina L.）cracking disease，suppress the fruits of moisture absorption and GA₃ promote epidermal growth angles from ethephon. The optimum combination of the screening reagent concentration，composition，dosage and administration period，comparing each treatment differences matter content in the combination of fruit and peel the cell structure. Thirty days before harvest，painstaking sprayed ethephon（0.5 g · L^-1）one time，then sprayed GA₃（0.5 g · L^-1）one time the day after. After this，the results shows that the cracking rate is only 0.4%（control 21.2%）and control efficiency is 98.13%. The contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C are significantly higher than the control group. Titratable acid and water content are significantly lower than the control group. The core reason of peel splitting is that the compared epidermal cells is relatively small and several cells in the cortical is relatively great and the growth rates are not synchronized. By reducing moisture，using ethephon could be narrow under cortical cells，and translate into a horizontal strip from a vertical strip while the longitudinal cracking of skin is not easy. GA₃ significantly increase the epidermal cells. Due to reducing water content，the epidermal cells and under cortical cells are increasedsimultaneously. Using ethephon alone could lead premature fruits drop and reduce the sugar content of fruits. With combination of GA₃，premature fruits drop can be prevented and sugar content can be increase.
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• Changes in Sugar，Starch，Some Enzymes Involved and Their Relationships During the Development of Chinese Chestnut
• XIE Peng, GUO Su-Juan, XIONG Huan, LI Guang-Hui, Lv Wen-Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2369-2376.
• Abstract ( 1094 ) HTML ( 1671 ) PDF (270KB) ( 1671 ) 　　　
• This research applied colorimetric method to explore the interactions of the total soluble sugar content，sucrose content，starch content and the relevant enzyme activity of Chinese‘3113’chestnut in the fruit establishment stage. The starch accumulation sucrose metabolism and relevant enzymes activities were investigated in fruit establishment stage of Chinese chestnut. The results indicated that the transverse and longitudinal diameters show double“S”type，the average weight of Chinese chestnut showed“S”curve. The total soluble sugar content showed an increasing tendency，sucrose content had decreasing tendency，starch content presented as single peak curve. SS and SPS activities which reached the peak point 60 days after flowering，decreased afterward，showed the identical tendency as sucrose variation. All the activity variation of the AGPP，SSS and GBSS presented as single peak curve，but the time were not the same. According to the correlation analysis，soluble starch content which positive correlated to total sugar content significantly，the correlation coefficient was 0.978. The activity of SS and SPS positive correlated to sucrose content significantly，the correlation coefficients were 0.905 and 0.892，respectively. The content of soluble starch positive correlated to SSS and significantly positive correlated to GBSS，the corresponding coefficients were 0.764 and 0.883，separately.
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Vegetables

• Construction AFLP Genetic Linkage Map of Tomato Using Recombinant Inbred Lines（RILs）Population
• CHEN Li-Jing, WANG Li, WANG Yu-Kun, TAO Cheng-Guang, LI Jun-Ming, WANG Xiao-Wu, LI Tian-Lai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2377-2384.
• Abstract ( 1039 ) HTML ( 1478 ) PDF (326KB) ( 1478 ) 　　　
• A genetic linkage map of tomatowas constructed using a RILs（recombinant inbred lines）population of 80 individuals which was developed by crossing Solanum lycopersicum 99165-30 andSolanum habrochaites LA1777 through single-seed descent（SSD）. AFLPs were generated by the use of restriction enzymes EcoRⅠin combination with either MseⅠ. Pre-amplification was carried out using primers corresponding to EcoRⅠ and MseⅠ adaptors with no selective base. Selective amplifications were performed using IRD700 or IRD800 labeled EcoRⅠ primers and non-labeled MseⅠ primers. The resulting products were denatured in formamide at 95 ℃ and separated by electrophoresis 2.5 h on 6% polyacrylamide gel using IR² DNA Analyzer（Model 5200 LI-COR Biosciences，Lincoln，NE）. The segregation of each marker and linkage analysis was done using the program JoinMap version 3.0. With 22 primer pairs，a total of 247 parental polymorphic bands were detected and 125 used for mapping，the total map length was 662 cM，consisted of 18 linkage groups，number of markers in the linkage groups varied from 3 to 22，the length of linkage groups were from 14.0 cM to 58.0 cM and mean marker interval distance from 2.27 cM to 13.3 cM individually，and a mean marker interval distance of 5.3 cM between markers. The map developed in the present study could be used for genetic mapping and molecular marker assisted breeding and quantitative trait locus mapping of tomato.
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• Effects of Heavy Metals Pb and Cd on the Physiological Response and Accumulation in Lotus Root
• XIONG Chun-Hui, XU Xiao-Guang, LU Yong-恩, 欧Yang-Bo , ZHANG Yu-Yang, YE Zhi-Biao, LI Han-Xia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2385-2394.
• Abstract ( 966 ) HTML ( 2110 ) PDF (332KB) ( 2110 ) 　　　
• Effects of five combinations of two heavy metals，Pb and Cd，as pollutersat at both lower （100 mg · kg^-1 Pb + 0.2 mg · kg^-1 Cd），both higher（500 mg · kg^-1 Pb + 1.0 mg · kg^-1 Cd），Pb lower（100 mg · kg^-1）and Cd higher（1.0 mg · kg^-1），Pb higher（500 mg · kg^-1）and Cd lower（0.2 mg · kg^-1），and non-treated（the control）in big pots on their accumulation characteristics，physiological and biochemical indicators，produce qualities and yields in lotus root（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.）were analyzed. The result showed that there were a positive correlation between Pb and Cd accumulations in the various organs of louts root and the levels of Pb and Cd supplemented to the soil. And it occurred even in the lower concentrations，Pb and/or Cd still exceeded the national food hygienic standards. As a whole，the accumulation patterns showed the heavy metals are more in lotus leaf，swollen stem，petiole and creeping stem. The toxicity of Pb or Cd accumulated in lotus root displayed that total chlorophyll content decreased and the MDA content increased in lotus leaf than swollen stem，the soluble sugar declined and the soluble protein first increased and then decreased in the lotus leaf，however，there was no obvious change in swollen stem；The vitamin C increased at lower levels of both Pb and Cd，then declined，and a significant difference in higher level soil of Pb and Cd than the control. Also，we can see that the yield of swollen stem of lotus dropped down along with the concentration increases and had a significant difference in Pb + Cd higher soil than the control.
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• Identification of Acting Domains Mediating the Protein Interactions Between SVP and FLC in Brassica juncea Coss.
• TANG Qing-Lin, LI Nian-Zu, SONG Ming, DING Ning, CHEN Zhu-Rui, LIU Zhi-Yu, WANG Zhi-Min
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2395-2403.
• Abstract ( 1027 ) HTML ( 2112 ) PDF (411KB) ( 2112 ) 　　　
• SVP and FLC were the key regulators in plant flowering pathways. For further study on the molecular mechanism of flowering control in Brassica juncea Coss.（mustard），the protein interaction domains between SVP and FLC were screened via yeast two-hybrid system. The truncated genes of SVP1- 5and FLC1- 5were respectively subcloned from yeast recombination plasmids pGADT7SVP and pGBKT7FLC. The proteins encoded by SVP1- 5 or FLC1- 5 had MI-domain，MIK-domain，K-domain， IKC-domain and KC-domain，respectively. SVP1- 5 truncated forms were fused into bait plasmid pGADT7，which were designated as pGADT7SVP1- 5 and then transformed into Y187 yeast stains. FLC1–5 truncated forms were fused into prey plasmid pGBKT7，which were designated as pGBKT7FLC1- 5 and then transformed into Y2HGold stains. All the transformed yeast stains were not autoactivation and toxicity. The yeast stains of pGADT7SVP2- 5 and pGBKT7FLC could mate into zygotes and grew on selective agar plates QDO/X/A with blue stains. The results showed that SVP2- 5 truncated forms and FLC protein could act with each other to form heterodimers. K domain of SVP（SVP3）was the key amino acid region to independently mediate the interactions between SVP and FLC.
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Ornamental Plants

• Resistance Identification and Genetic Diversity Among Lily Varieties Based on Resistance Gene Analogue
• YANG Xiu-Mei, WANG Ji-Hua, WANG Li-Hua, ZHANG Yi-Ping, ZHANG Li-Fang, QU Su-Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2404-2412.
• Abstract ( 950 ) HTML ( 1124 ) PDF (418KB) ( 1124 ) 　　　
• Thirty-six lily cultivars and five wild species were analyzed to study their resistance to Fusarium oxysporum by scale inoculating method. The results showed that there exist the rich resistance lily resources to F. oxysporum. Most known plant disease-resistance genes include conserved domains in their encoded products domains. Ten pairs of primers were designed on the loci of these conserved domains. By polymerase chain reaction（PCR）and denatured polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis techniques，resistance gene analogues（RGA）were amplified on 41 lily varieties. The RGA analysis of 41 varieties produced 159 amplification bands，156 of them showed polymorphic. The lily varieties were divided into 7 groups at 0.71 similarity coefficient. The resistance spectrum clustering analysis showed that varieties with similar resistance spectrum could finely fall into the same group，while the RGA-PCR clustering analysis showed that varieties with the similar genetic background could fall into the same group.General comparison of clustering analysis showed that there was no parallelism relationship in groups between two different types of the clustering. The result indicated resistance gene analog polymorphism，combining the resistance identification，could more accurately reflect their genetic background of parents，and enrich lily resistance germplasm，and breed durable resistance varieties.
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• Morphological and Histological Observation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Gladiolus hybridus
• WU Jian, WANG Hong-Chang, LUO Xian, ZHONG Xiong-Hui, GAO Ming-Wei, WU Ze, YI Ming-Fang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2413-2420.
• Abstract ( 1218 ) HTML ( 1758 ) PDF (1010KB) ( 1758 ) 　　　
• Cormlet slices of Gladiolus cultivars‘Advanced Red’were cultured on MS media with 6.0 mg · L^-1 TDZ to induce embryonic callus. After 21 days under dark treatment，the callus were transferred to MS media with 1 mg · L^-1 2,4-D for inducing somatic embryogenesis under dark treatment of 28 days. The morphology and histology of somatic embryogenesis were observed by stereomicroscope and Paraffin technology. The results showed that embryonic cells did occur in darkness after 14 days and formed pre-embryonic cell complexes，which had the capacity of developing into globular，shield-shaped，heart，torpedo and single-cotyledon embryo. When matured somatic embryos were transferred into MS media，adventitious shoots and roots in plantlets developed. The somatic system included exogenous and endogenous origins，secondary somatic embryos were regenerated on primary ones.
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• The Full-length Cloning of Ethylene Receptor Genes and Prokaryotic Expression of RhETR3 in Roses
• TANG Hong-Shu, LIU Dao-Feng, XUE Jing-Qi, 欧Yang-Lin , SUN Cui-Hui, MA Nan, GAO Jun-Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2421-2430.
• Abstract ( 1111 ) HTML ( 1539 ) PDF (910KB) ( 1539 ) 　　　
• In this paper，twenty-two UniGene fragments that shared high homology with ethylene receptor genes were obtained from previous-constructed rose flower transcriptome database. Then the full length of three genes，RhETR1，RhETR3，and RhETR5，were cloned from rose petals. The full length and encoded peptide chain of RhETR1，RhETR3，and RhETR5 were 2 814 bp and 595 aa，2 468 bp and 765 aa，and 2 740 bp and 742 aa，respectively. The predicted protein of the three genes shared the highest identity with ZjETR1 in Ziziphus jujuba（85.2%），PtETR2 in Populus trichocarpa（75.8%），andPpERS2 in Pyrus pyrifolia（80.3%），respectively. Further protein homologous and construction analysis indicated that RhETR1 andRhETR5were similar to ERS1andETR1in Arabidopsis，belonging to subfamily Ⅰ；RhETR3 was similar to ERS2，belonging to subfamily Ⅱ. During natural vasing life，RhETR1，RhETR3，and RhETR5 showed down-regulated，up-regulated and constitutive expression，respectively. Through a prokaryotic expression system，the recombinant protein of RhETR3 was obtained，whose molecular weight was similar to that of the theoretical ones，indicating that the cloned full-length of RhETR3 has a complete open reading frame.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Rapid Alkalinization Factor Gene CpRALF from Chimonanthus praecox
• WANG Bin, YANG Wen-Yuan, SUN Jing-Jing, MA Jing, LI Ming-Yang, SUI Shun-Zhao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2431-2438.
• Abstract ( 1112 ) HTML ( 1305 ) PDF (455KB) ( 1305 ) 　　　
• A new plant gene was identified by randomly cloning and sequencing from cDNA library constructed from Chimonanthus praecox flowers. The gene has an open reading frame（ORF）of 384 bp encoding a putative 127aa-polypeptide，and its mature form contains a conservative YIXY domain，a YXRGC domain and four cysteine residues characteristic to the RALF gene. This gene was thereafter named as CpRALF（GenBank accession No. JQ217379）. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR demonstrated that steady-state expression of CpRALF was higher in root and blooming flower compared to that in stem and leaf. And there is a lower expression level in cotyledon and tender leaves. During the lifespan，the expression of CpRALF was more abundant in bud stage and wither period than in other periods. The expression of CpRALF was inducible under various abiotic stresses including high temperature，salinity and heavy metals，while low temperature could inhibit the expression of CpRALF. The transcriptional responses of CpRALF subject to salinity and heavy metal treatments were more sensitive and severe than other treatments. In conclusion，we propose that the CpRALF gene may play a significant role in Chimonanthus praecox flower development and abiotic stress responses.
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Research Notes

• Evaluation on Cold Resistance of Four Juglans Species in Leaf-expansion Period
• TIAN Jing-Hua, WANG Hong-Xia, GAO Yi, ZHANG Zhi-Hua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2439-2446.
• Abstract ( 1145 ) HTML ( 1122 ) PDF (674KB) ( 1122 ) 　　　
• The test materials were leaves in leaf-expansion period of 20 Juglans germplasms that belong to four species including J. regia L.，J. hopeiensis Hu，J. mandshurica Maxim.，or J. nigra L. The semi-lethal temperatures（LT₅₀）were estimated by electric conductivity method with Logistic equation. Leaf anatomical structures were observed with paraffin section. The correlations between leaf anatomical structures and its cold resistance were analyzed. The results as follows：The relative electrical conductivities（REC）of walnut leaves were rising with the decrease of the temperature. There were great differences in cold resistance of Juglans germplasms in leaf-expansion period. The semi-lethal temperatures of leaves were from–8℃to 2℃. There were cold resistant germplasms among J. nigra L.，J. mandshuria Maxim. and J. regia L. in leaf-expansion period. There were significant positive correlations（P < 0.01）between the LT₅₀ and REC of leaves treated at 0 ℃ or–3 ℃，and the correlation coefficients were high. LT₅₀ and the REC of leaves treated at 0 ℃ or–3 ℃ for 12 h could be used as physical indicators for cold resistance of Juglans leaves. The main structures of Juglans germplasms leaves were similar，meanwhile there were some specific characteristics for each species. There were significant negative correlations（P < 0.01) between LT₅₀ and the thickness of palisade tissue or leaf blade. The thickness of palisade tissue and leaf blade could be anatomical structure indicators for cold resistance of leaves.
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• Analysis of Aroma Components and Related Enzymes of Fatty Acid Metabolism of Red Bud Sports
• WANG Chuan-Zeng, ZHANG Yan-Min, XU Yu-Ting, DONG Fei, SONG Yang, LIU Mei-Yan, LIU Jin, CHEN Xue-Sen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2447-2456.
• Abstract ( 1018 ) HTML ( 1206 ) PDF (293KB) ( 1206 ) 　　　
• Apple fruit aroma components of 4 bud sport variants of Fuji，Rall and Red Fuji together with that of their respective mother plants as the control were analyzed by solid phase microextraction（SPME）and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC–MS）. The activity changes of enzymes related with aroma and fatty acids metabolism in the growth stage was further characterized in Rall and its bud sport variant，which was aimed to provide the fundamental information for the study on bud sports formation mechanisms and sports variant identification. The results showed that：①116 aroma components，categorized as 8 different species，were found out from the mature fruits of 8 investigated cultivars，among which 67 were fatty acid，amounting to 57.8% in this revealed aroma ingredients，being absolutely predominant in the identified aroma substances；②No regular changes can be drawn out in the respects of aroma species after comparing aroma components of the variant with their control，but thecontent of the shared components both existed in the variants and its mother plants，the total aroma value of characteristic aroma components，ester contents and total aroma content in the variant is significantly higher than that in their respective control；③ In the late period of fruit development，the activity of 4 key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism in the red sport variant assumes the increasing trend and is higher than that in its control.
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• Effects of the Dithiothretiol on Activate Oxygen Metabolism and Chlorophyll Fluorescences in Spinach Leaves Under Seawater Stress
• CHEN Xin-Bin, SUN Jin, GUO Shi-Rong, LU Xiao-Min, HE Li-Zhong, YAN Bei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2457-2467.
• Abstract ( 1279 ) HTML ( 1393 ) PDF (290KB) ( 1393 ) 　　　
• The effects of the dithiothretiol（DTT）on activate oxygen metabolism and chlorophyll fluorescences under seawater stress and methyl viologen（MV）induced oxidative stressin leaves of‘Helan 3’（seawater tolerant cultivar）were investigated by hydroponics. The results shown that production rate of superoxide radical，content of hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）and malonaldehyde（MDA）were remarkably increased by seawater and MV which could induce oxidative stress on spinach leaves，whereas contents of chlorophyll a（Chl.a），chlorophyll b（Chl.b），total chlorophyll and carotenoid（Car.） remarkably decreased. Under the stress of seawater and treated with MV，maxmium quantum efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry（F_v/F_m），the effective PSⅡ quantum yield（Yield），apparent electron transport rate（ETR）and coefficient of photochemical quenching（q_P）were decrease significantly，coefficient of nonphotochemical quenching（NPQ/4）was increased significantly. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species（ROS），degradation of photosynthetic pigments，as well as decrease of F_v/F_m，Yield，ETR，NPQ，q_Pwere aggravated by introduction of dithiothreitol. Our results suggested that the inhibition of xanthophyll cycle under seawater stress decreased the dissipation of non-radiative energy，enhanced the accumulation of ROS，which were leading the degradation of photosynthetic pigments，decreation of activity of PSⅡ and ETR，reduction of energy for photochemical reactions，and photosynthetic performances were affected significantly. Higher activity of xanthophyll cycle in seawater-tolerant spinach plays a major role in maintaining the stability of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic activity under seawater stress.
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• Changes of Plastid and Mitochondria Before and After Microspore Division in Watermelon
• LIU Lin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2468-2474.
• Abstract ( 1360 ) HTML ( 2244 ) PDF (2108KB) ( 2244 ) 　　　
• To understand morphological changes of plastids and mitochondria before and after microspore division as well as the distribution of these organelles to vegetative and generative cells during microspore division，microspores at different developmental stages and newly born 2-celled pollen grains were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. Plastids in microspores at all developmental stages do not have internal membranous structures，and do not accumulate starch or any other forms of storage reserves，indicating an undifferentiated status. In contrast，plastids in the newly born 2-celled pollen grain accumulate a huge amount of starch，indicating that the microspore division stimulates differentiation of proplastids into amyloplasts. In the newly born 2-celled pollen grain，the generative cell does not contain plastids，while the newly born vegetative cell contains a large number of plastids，indicating a complete exclusion of plastids from the generative cell during microspore mitotic division，i.e.，watermelon possesses the mode of purely maternal plastid inheritance. Based on cytological observations，watermelon should be added to the list of Lycopersicon type. Mitochondria in microspores reveal few cristae，whereas cristae dramatically increase in number in 2-celled pollen grains.
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• SCoT Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism for Wild Germplasm of Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis from China
• ZHAO Meng-Ran, CHEN Qiang, HUANG Chen-Yang, ZHANG Jin-Xia, WU Xiang-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2475-2482.
• Abstract ( 972 ) HTML ( 1005 ) PDF (372KB) ( 1005 ) 　　　
• The genetic diversity was analyzed by start codon targeted（SCoT）markers for 63 wild strainsof Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis collected from three counties in Xinjiang Autonomous Region，China.A total of 147 bands were generated from nine SCoT primers，of which 92.52% was polymorphic，and each primer generated 15.11 bands in average. Nei’s genetic diversity index was 0.261. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.612 to 0.932，and the average 0.772. These results revealed rich genetic diversity in the wild resources of P. eryngii var. tuoliensis. Principal coordinate analysis was identical to the cluster analysis. All the samples could be divided into three groups with their geographical origins，which indicated the genetic diversity related closely to geographical distribution for this organism. With the genetic distances assay，the genetic relationship for the samples collected from Yumin and Tuoli was the closest（GD = 0.086）and that from Tuoli and Qinghe was the farthest（GD = 0.156）among the three populations. Correlation analysis revealed latitudedistance，rather than longitude or geographical distance，was related to genetic distance.
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• Studies on Viability and Storage Characteristics of Pollen of Groundcover Chrysanthemum
• LV Jin-Hui , ZHAO Yao, WANG Yuan, FENG Yan-Meng, LI Yan-Feng, KONG Yi-Chang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2483-2490.
• Abstract ( 1011 ) HTML ( 1294 ) PDF (294KB) ( 1294 ) 　　　
• In the study，the pollen viability of the cultivars‘Maobaiyu’and‘Fenfurong’was determined via culture in vitro，and the pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed. The results showed that the pollen germination rate and growth of pollen tubes were promoted significantly by Ca²⁺ but not influenced by H₃BO₃；The viability of pollen collected from middle parts of inflorescences was signi?cantly higher than that from external or inside of inflorescence. Shading decreased pollen viability. Pollen viability decreased with increasing storage time under different temperatures. The appropriate storage time of pollen was 8 days and 6 days at room temperature，25 days and 20 days at 4 ℃，21 days and 18 days at–80 ℃ respectively for‘Maobaiyu’and‘Fenfurong’，and 25 days at–20 ℃ for both cultivars. Desiccation duration for 2 hours could increase the viability of pollen stored at–80 ℃，producing better results than that of 4 hours and 6 hours treatments. The pre-freezing treatment reduced pollen germination. The methods of defrosting frozen pollens at 35 ℃ for two minutes or in trash ice were better than other defrosting treatments.
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• Silencing of Chalcone Synthase Genes by Artificial microRNA in Petunia
• WANG Hui-Ping, YU Ling, ZOU Shi-Hui, CHEN Jing, GUO Yu-Long, LI Ming-Yang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2491-2498.
• Abstract ( 1089 ) HTML ( 2205 ) PDF (356KB) ( 2205 ) 　　　
• Transgene-mediated gene silencing is a useful technique for elucidating biological function of genes and modifying crops by genetic engineering. In plants，amiRNAs make an effective tool for specific gene silencing. We designed the amiRchs1 for silencing the petunia chalcone synthase genes according to the amiRNA design principles refined from the structure characters of plant microRNA. We used the precursor for Arabidopsis miR319a as backbone for the amiRchs1 expression under the control of 35S promoter，exchanging the natural miR319a sequence with the sequence of amiRchs1 by overlapping PCR. The transgenic petunia plants expressing the amiRchs1 precursor produced flowers with varying amounts of diffused white dots or irregular white patches，and nearly white flowers. Both the contents of anthocyanin and CHS mRNA in corollas of the transgenic plants were reduced significantly. These results showed that the precursor for Arabidopsis miR319a can be used to express amiRNA in petunia，and structure genes can be knocked down effectively by the amiRNA technology.
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• Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Relationship of 89 Tree Peony Cultivars from Different Provenances
• SHI Yan-Tong, ZHOU Bo, ZHANG Xiu-Xin, JIANG Hai-Dong, XUE Jing-Qi, WANG Shun-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2499-2506.
• Abstract ( 1073 ) HTML ( 2235 ) PDF (486KB) ( 2235 ) 　　　
• In this paper，ISSR-PCR was used to detect the genetic diversity of these peony cultivars. Nineteen good ISSR primers selected from 122 primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA of some introduced peony cultivars to study on their genetic diversity. The results showed that 188 bands were detected，of which 177 were polymorphic with the polymorphism frequency of 94.1%. Analyzing these results by POPGENE and NTSYS，it was found that the average value of effective allele number，Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index of the detected peony cultivars were 1.514，0.3085 and 0.4713，respectively，and the similarity coefficient were ranged from 0.3294 to 0.7744. The 89 tree peony cultivars could be separated into 2 groups by UPGMA（unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average）analysis. The results also provide references for the peony genetic breeding.
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• Investigation and Introduction of Ornamental Resources of Salvia in West Sichuan Province
• WANG Tao, WANG Long, YANG Zai-Jun, ZHANG Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2507-2514.
• Abstract ( 845 ) HTML ( 1410 ) PDF (442KB) ( 1410 ) 　　　
• The paper made a research of ornamental plants resources of Salvia L. in west Sichuan Province，among which 12 species were studied for plant introduction. The results indicated that there are 32 kinds of Salvia in west Sichuan Province，including 3 varieties and 2 forms；Some of them have gorgeous color and beautiful plant type；S. castanea，S. przewalskii and S. yunnanensis can grow normally through open field cultivation in Ya’an City.
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Technologies and Methods

• In Vitro Inoculation Technique for the Identification of Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Tomato
• FENG Lan-Xiang, ZONG Yuan-Yuan, BAI Miao, GONG Hui-Zhi, YANG Yu-Hong, XIE Bing-Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2515-2522.
• Abstract ( 1145 ) HTML ( 1890 ) PDF (450KB) ( 1890 ) 　　　
• An in vitro-inoculation test was conducted for developing a new technique to identify tomato resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCV）. The tomato seeds of the TYLCV-susceptible‘Moneymaker’，‘Zhongshu 6’and‘Lichun’，and the resistant line AVRDC CLN 2123 A were cultured in the media of test tubes. The tomato microshoots（2.0–2.5 cm in length）of each cultivar were excised after 21–25 days cultivated，and their basal parts were dipped in solutions（OD₆₀₀ of 0.5）containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 transformed with the infectious clone for the TYLCV-[CN：SH2]for 1 min. The inoculated in vitro microshoots were monitored for development of TYLCD（Tomato yellow leaf curl disease）symptoms for 8 weeks post-inoculation. The symptoms of TYLCD started to appear on susceptible in vitro-inoculated tomato plants two weeks after inoculation.Four weeks later，the susceptible plants displayed severe symptoms of stunting，upward leaf curling and yellowing. Eight weeks later，the susceptible plants showed extremely serious TYLCD symptoms and resulted in the browning，necrosisor death. But all of the microshoots of resistant tomato line‘AVRDC CLN 2123 A’remained symptomless and continued the growth normally.Agarose gel showed PCR products（356 bp）amplified from DNA extracts of the plants of the susceptible cultivars except the resistant plants of line‘AVRDC CLN 2123 A’. These results indicated the high possibility to identify the resistance against TYLCV in tomato varieties or germplasms in vitro using tomato microshoots.
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New Cultivars

• A New Strawberry Cultivar‘Jingyu’
• XIANG Fa-Yun, ZENG Xiang-Guo, FENG Xiao-Ming, ZHANG Peng, WU Run-Ling, GU Yu-Cheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2523-2524.
• Abstract ( 1207 ) HTML ( 1391 ) PDF (153KB) ( 1391 ) 　　　
• ‘Jingyu’is a new early-maturing strawberry cultivar，which is selected from the crossing of‘Sweet Charlie’בJingyao’. It ripens in early December in plastic house in Hubei，China. The fruit shape is length-coniform or wedge and its surface is bright red. The average weight of its first and second grade fruit is 21.5 g. The fruit is well-uniformity and regular. The fragrant flesh is smooth and soft. Its soluble solids content is 11.8%，vitamin C content is 450.7 mg · g^-1，total sugar content is 8.46%，total acid content is 0.44%，and the fruit firmness is 0.348 kg · cm^-2. It has strong resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew. The average yield is over 30 000 kg · hm^-2.
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• A New Pear Dwarfing Rootstock Cultivar ‘Zhongai 3’
• JIANG Shu-Ling, 欧Chun-Qing , WANG Fei, MA Li, LI Lian-Wen, CHENG Fei-Fei, JIA Jing-Xian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2525-2526.
• Abstract ( 930 ) HTML ( 1074 ) PDF (174KB) ( 1074 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhongai 3’，a new pear dwarfing rootstock variety，was selected from the seedling progeny of‘Jinxiang’. The tree is dwarf and compact，with about height 54% of the vigorous‘Zaosu’pear tree. As the scion，its propagation coefficient is high. As dwarf stock，it had a good compatibility with rootstocks and cultivars，which could enhance the grafted tree dwarfing，early fruiting，good harvest and quality.‘Zhongai 3’was resistant to pear branch ring rot and rot disease，and the disease index was 15 and 27 respectively. It is suitable for using as dwarf interstock in areas of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.，Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai，Pyrus communis L. and part of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.
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• A New Citrus paradisi Cultivar‘Cuihong’
• WU Wen-Ming, YANG Xing-Liang, XU Jian-Guo, ZHAO Si-Qing, KE Fu-Zhi, LI Yu-Sheng, BI Xu-Can
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2527-2528.
• Abstract ( 956 ) HTML ( 912 ) PDF (516KB) ( 912 ) 　　　
• ‘Cuihong’，a new cultivar of Huyou grapefruit（Citrus paradisi Macf.‘Changshan Huyou’），was bred from the hybrid progenies of Huyouand Hongpi sour orange. Through experiments of variety comparison with common Huyou grapefruit for many years in Quzhou，Zhejiang Province，‘Cuihong’fruit is characterized with deep orange flavedo，more smooth surface，and orange flesh，but similar phenophase and bearing habit. It is suitable to plant in citrus production area in Zhejiang Province and the region to south.
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• A New Early-fruiting and Cold Tolerant Walnut Cultivar‘Chuanzao 3’
• XIAO Qian-Wen, PU Guang-Lan, ZHOU Lan-Ying, HU Ting-Xing, LIAO Hong-Liu, YU Xiao-Gang, SHU Shi, LIAO Yun-Hong, WU Kai-Zhi, SHI Li-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2529-2530.
• Abstract ( 1069 ) HTML ( 849 ) PDF (180KB) ( 849 ) 　　　
• ‘Chuanzao 3’is a new walnut cultivar derived from the cross‘Yunxin 7926’בShuoxing’. The nut is large，with smooth surface. Average fruit weight reaches 15.0 g. The shell thickness is 0.84 cm，and kernel percentage is 61.0%. The total fat content is 56.73%，and total protein content is 26.4%. The production of its 4-year-old crown projection area is 380 g · m^-2. This early-maturing cultivar has high yield and strong fruiting ability. Meanwhile，it has good adaptability resistance to late spring cold events.
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• A New Cultivar of Juglans hopeiensis‘Huayi 1’
• HAO Yan-Bin, QI Jian-Xun, WU Chun-Lin, CHEN Yong-Hao, DONG Ning-Guang, WANG Wei-Xia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2531-2532.
• Abstract ( 998 ) HTML ( 1092 ) PDF (162KB) ( 1092 ) 　　　
• ‘Huayi 1’is a new cultivar of Juglans hopeiensis selected from wild seedling resources in Shanxi Province. The shape of nut is round and the bottom is flat or concave lightly. The average diameter of horizontal is 4.0 cm，and the max one can get to 4.5 cm. The average diameters of vertical and flank are 3.7 cm and 3.6 cm respectively. The nuts range in weight from 12.16 g to 21.78 g，and average 16.52 g. The thickness of shell is 3.3 mm. Kernel weight is 15.6% of nut weight. The suture line protrudes highly，and combines tightly. The color of shell is light，and the texture is very beautiful. The nuts，with excellent quality of art and exercise，are benefit to health by rolling in hands. It has average yield and high resistance to cold and disease.
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• A New Drying Chinese Jujube Cultivar‘Shanbei Changzao’
• GAO Wen-Hai, LI Xin-Gang, WANG Chang-Zhu, ZHANG Xue-Wu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2533-2534.
• Abstract ( 900 ) HTML ( 911 ) PDF (157KB) ( 911 ) 　　　
• ‘Shanbei Changzao’is a drying and processing jujube cultivar selected from natural variations of‘Muzao’. It is high quality for drying.Average fruit mass is 14.3 g and maximum fruit mass is 23.2 g，the percentage of dried fruit portion is 58.0%，the content of sugar is 72% and acid content of 1.3% in dried fruit. It has a strong adaptability and has certain resistance to cold and dry，fruit cracking，anthrax and Lucorum. Itis suitable to be cultivated both along the bank of Yellow River in northeast Shaanxi Province and northwest Shanxi Province.
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• Cabbage Self-compatible Line‘Zhonggan 87-534’
• FANG Zhi-Yuan, LIU Yu-Mei, YANG Li-Mei, WANG Xiao-Wu, ZHUANG Mu, ZHANG Yang-Yong, SUN Pei-Tian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2535-2536.
• Abstract ( 782 ) HTML ( 1022 ) PDF (234KB) ( 1022 ) 　　　
• Self-compatible line‘Zhonggan 87-534’is developed by systematic selection. The spreading area is about 32.5 cm × 31.7 cm in diameter. The number of outer leaves is about 12，green in color and obovate in shape. The head is round in shape，about 0.7 kg in weight. The head compactness degree is more than 0.5 with good texture. It is early-matured，about 50 days from transplanting to harvest，with strong tolerance to immature bolting in spring. Its self-compatible index during flowering is more than 10.
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• A New Chinese Cabbage Hybrid‘Zhenlü 55’
• WEN Feng-Ying, ZHANG Bin, LIU Xiao-Hui, LUO Zhi-Min, ZHAO Bing, WANG Chao-Nan, HUANG Zhi-Yin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2537-2538.
• Abstract ( 843 ) HTML ( 1059 ) PDF (131KB) ( 1059 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhenlü 55’is a new early-maturing Qingmaye Chinese cabbage hybrid developed by crossing self-incompatible lines‘J537’with‘Q667’. Its growth period is about 65 days. The plant is 42.5 cm in height，49.5 cm in width. Its leaf head is 39.2 cm in height，11.5 cm in diameter. The head shape index is 3.4. Its average head weight is about 2.0 kg. The plant type is vertical with dark green and light wrinkled outer leaves and light green petiole. Its leaf head is long cylinder-shaped with green outer leaves and yellow central leaves. It has good commodity quality.‘Zhenlü 55’has strong resistance to downy mildew，black rot and virus. It is suitable to be cultivated in autumn in north of China.
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• A New Flowering Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Youlü 702 Caixin’
• HUANG Hong-Di, ZHANG Hua, ZHENG Yan-Song, LI Guang-Guang, LIU Zi-Zhu, CAO Jian-Song, QIAO Yan-Chun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2539-2540.
• Abstract ( 876 ) HTML ( 983 ) PDF (151KB) ( 983 ) 　　　
• ‘Youlü 702 Caixin’which cultivated by hybrid breeding and systematic breeding is a new mediummaturiting cultivar of flowering Chinese cabbage. The plant is upright compact，hairchested，well-proportioned，glossy dark green colour，fleshy tight and grows vigorously. Main sprouts are 22.4 cm in height，1.7 cm in thick，with 40 g in single sprout weight. It takes 37–40 days from sowing to harvest and is tidiness. The ball-flower is big and standard.‘Youlü 702 Caixin’yields about 18 000 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable to grow in plain areas from late April to mid-November and from mid-March to early April in the second year.
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• ‘Longfan 10’—A New Tomato Hybrid Special for Protected Cultivation
• HU Zhi-Feng, SHAO Jing-Cheng, ZHANG Shao-Li
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2541-2542.
• Abstract ( 775 ) HTML ( 945 ) PDF (153KB) ( 945 ) 　　　
• ‘Longfan 10’is a middle-late maturing tomato hybrid special for protected culture in north of China. It is indeterminate growth type. The fruit is round and red. The average weight of single fruit is 149.2 g. The content of soluble solids is about 5.17%. Its total yield is about 107.1 t · hm^-2. It is resistant to TMV and leaf mold，tolerant to early blight.
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• A New Eggplant Hybrid‘Suqi 3’
• ZHUANG Yong, ZHOU Xiao-Hui, LIU Jun, WANG Shu-Bin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2543-2544.
• Abstract ( 984 ) HTML ( 1063 ) PDF (167KB) ( 1063 ) 　　　
• ‘Suqi 3’is a new early-maturing eggplant hybrid developed by crossing inbred lines EP7 and EP4. Its fruit is long cylindrical shape with 30 cm in length，5.0 cm in diameter，and 200 g in weight. The color of fruit peel is dark purple with well-distributed and good glossiness. The marketable yield amounts up to 60 000 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for growing in protected cultivation.
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• A New Cucumber Cultivar‘Zhongyu’
• WANG Mei, XUE Zhan-Jun, GAO Zhi-Kui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2545-2546.
• Abstract ( 831 ) HTML ( 1107 ) PDF (155KB) ( 1107 ) 　　　
• The cucumber cultivar‘Zhongyu’is a new hybrid developed by the cross of‘07-24’and ‘07-13’. It shows a trailing trait，and bears in main vine.‘Zhongyu’is characterized by early maturation and strong parthenocarpic ability.The fruit shape is long and exhibits clavateform with 18–21 cm in length and 3.4–4.2 cm in diameter. The fruit skin shows light green color with brightness and litter white papilloma.‘Zhongyu’forms a compact flesh，conferring crisp and faint scent.. The average weight of a single fruit is about 140–180 g，and it yields 96 375–100 845 kg · hm^-2. During winter-spring or autumn-spring seasons，‘Zhongyu’can be practiced in solar greenhouse in North China，and shows better thermostability and high disease resistance.
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• A New Cultivar of Louisiana Iris‘Zixia’
• ZHU Xu-Dong, TIAN Song-Qing, ZHOU Yu-Zhen, JIN Li-Min, ZHU Xiao-Guo, CAI Zeng-Yu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2547-2548.
• Abstract ( 843 ) HTML ( 1205 ) PDF (171KB) ( 1205 ) 　　　
• ‘Zixia’is a new Louisiana iris cultivar derived from self-crossing‘King Louis’and has the features of evergreen，aquatic，more flowers and short plants. The plant height is about 55 cm and the crown is close to 40 cm. The flower color is heather violet（RAL4003）. The average number of flowers is 4.6 of single inflorescence. It has a higher propagation rate of 12.0，suitable for planting in the south of Huaihe Basin of China.
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• A New Cymbidium goeringii Cultivar ‘Fuwamei’
• SUN Chong-Bo, XIANG Lin, LI Bo-Jun, QIN De-Hui, LI Xiao-Bai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2549-2551.
• Abstract ( 1067 ) HTML ( 1059 ) PDF (174KB) ( 1059 ) 　　　
• ‘Fuwamei’is a new Cymbidium goeringii hybrid cultivar，which was selected from the cross‘Chunjian Dafugui’בSongmei’. The flower color is lightgreen. The sepal is lotus plum petal shape. The shape of petal is silkworm moth bag holding with white edge. The lip is Ruyi shape with vivid red spots. General，there are two flowers on the scape，which is higher than the leaves. It has a extreme adaptability，disease resistance and easy propagation. The new cultivar is an excellent pot-flower.
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• Rosa praelucens ‘Gesang Hong’ and ‘Gesang Fen’
• LI Shu-Fa, LI Shi-Feng, JIAN Hong-Ying, CAI Yan-Fei, JIE Wei-Jia, XIONG Can-Kun, MO Li-Kui, SONG Jie, XIONG Jin, TANG Kai-Xue
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2552-2554.
• Abstract ( 898 ) HTML ( 1084 ) PDF (231KB) ( 1084 ) 　　　
• Rosa praelucens‘Gesang Hong’and R. praelucens‘Gesang Fen’are selected and domesticated from the natural progenies of wild R. praelucens. The flower shape of‘Gesang Hong’is butterfly-type，different from the original flat-type of wild R. praelucens. The flower color of‘Gesang Fen’is pinkish white and different from the original pink flower of wild R. praelucens. The new cultivars both flowered from April to May and from June to July in Kunming and Shangrila，respectively. With larger and more flourishing flowers and longer flowering time，the two new cultivars are much more valuable as ornamental plants than their original type.
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• A New Rhododendron Cultivar‘Yanzhi Mi’
• SU Jia-Le, LIU Xiao-Qing, LI Chang, HE Li-Si, CHEN Lu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(12): 2555-2556.
• Abstract ( 1353 ) HTML ( 1121 ) PDF (161KB) ( 1121 ) 　　　
• ‘Yanzhi Mi’is a new cultivar selected from the bud mutation of Rhododendron obtusum ‘Dayuanyangjin’. It is characterized by middle plant type，vigour growth，high temperature and high humidity tolerance，double flower tubs with calyx petalody and 4–6 cm average diameter of its flower. Its flower color varied from rose-red color stripe in white flower of female parent‘Dayuanyangjin’to purely bright rose-red.
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