Research Papers

• Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structure of Malus baccata and Malus prunifolia from China as Revealed by Fluorescent SSR Markers
• GAO Yuan，WANG Kun*，WANG Dajiang，LIU Lijun，LI Lianwen，and PIAO Jicheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1225-1237. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0631；http：//www. ahs. ac. cn
• Abstract ( 199 ) HTML ( 655 ) PDF (1996KB) ( 655 ) 　　　
• This study used fluorescent SSR molecular marker to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 17 populations of Malus baccata and Malus prunifolia from nine provinces. The results showed that 416 polymorphic alleles were amplified by 19 SSR primers，the percentage of polymorphic bands was 100%. The genetic diversity of overall 17 populations was high（Ne = 9.284，He = 0.862，I = 2.432），while at population level the genetic diversity of Malus prunifolia（He = 0.870，I = 2.412，Ne = 9.019）was higher than that of Malus baccata（He = 0.848，I = 2.350，Ne = 8.652）. The analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA）revealed the genetic differentiation mainly within populations（95%）.The genetic differentiation coefficient（Fst）among populations was 0.278，and gene flow（Nm）was 5.031. These results indicated that Malus baccata and Malus prunifolia were all hybrid groups by outcrossing，and there might have been genetic communication among groups at some time in the past，but at the same time they had resisted genetic differentiation among groups due to gene drift. Neighbour-Joining clustering and Structure grouping were used to classify populations，and the genetic distance between every two populations and group affiliation were not completely related to geographical location.
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• Effects of Two Endophytic Antagonistic Bacteria on Growth of Pot Experiment Malus hupehensis Seedlings and the Soil Enzymes Activity Under Continuous Cropping Conditions
• LIU Liying1,*，XU Chao1,*，LIU Kexin1，CHI Xiaoli1，ZHU Hao1，ZHANG Xiao1，JIN Xiao1，LIU Weiwei1，SUN Zhongtao1,**，and MAO Zhiquan2,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1238-1248. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0688
• Abstract ( 178 ) HTML ( 572 ) PDF (1176KB) ( 572 ) 　　　
• In order to develop a microbial agent that can prevent and cure continuous cropping obstacles in apple，six common pathogens were tested，and the roots of healthy apple in continuous cropping orchard were used as materials to screen the antagonistic endophytes. Two strains SRB-1 andSRB-11 with significant antagonism were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mojavensis，respectively. The pot experiment was carried out to verify the effect of SRB-1 and SRB-11 on the continuous cropping obstacle of apple. The results of pot experiment showed that the application of bacterium fertilizer in soil significantly promoted the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings under continuous cropping conditions and had a good effect on the soil. Compared with control treatment，the application of bacterium fertilizer significantly increased plant height，basal diameter，fresh weight and dry weight，increased the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT）and peroxidase（POD）in the roots of Malus hupehensis by 65%，51% and 230%，respectively. Meanwhile，the activities of invertase，urease，phosphatase and catalase in soil were significantly increased by 132%，57%，82% and 146%，respectively. The above results indicate that the microbial agents prepared by the endogenous antagonistic SRB-1 and SRB-11 screened in this study have a certain preventive effect on apple continuous cropping disorders.
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• Molecular Detection and Identification of Subgroup 16SrV-B Phytoplasma Associated with Chinese Cherry Phyllody Disease in China
• GAO Rui1,2，YANG Shuke2，WANG Jie1,*，LU Xingbo2，SUN Yugang1，TIAN Yanping3，and WANG Weixing4
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1249-1256. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0765
• Abstract ( 207 ) HTML ( 426 ) PDF (1504KB) ( 426 ) 　　　
• To confirm phytoplasma infection，samples of Chinese cherry（Prunus pseudocerasus L.）plants showing phyllody symptom were collected from an orchard in Chongqing，China. By using transmission electron microscope technology，structures resembling phytoplasmal cells，about 200–500 nm，were observed in the phloem sieve elements of symptomatic but not in healthy plant tissues. Total DNAs were extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants for PCR amplification. Specific fragments of 1.4 kb and 1.2 kb in length were amplified from diseased cherry tissue，but not from healthy plant，using universal primers for phytoplasmal 16S rRNA gene and rp gene，respectively. The phytoplasma associated with the disease was designated as Chinese cherry phyllody phytoplasma Chongqing isolate（ChP-CQ）. Sequence analysis indicated that the 16S rRNA gene and rp gene of ChP-CQ shared the highest similarities of 100% and 99.8%，respectively，to those of cherry virescence phytoplasma Sichuan isolate（MF848961）. iPhyClassifier analysis for 16S rRNA gene showed that ChP-CQ has the same restriction enzyme pattern with reference strains of 16SrV-B. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and rp genes further revealed that ChP-CQ belonged to 16SrV-B subgroup. In conclusion，the phytoplasma associated with Chinese cherry phyllody disease in Chongqing，China was classified as a member of the subgroup B of the elm yellows group（16SrV）.
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• Bioinformatics Identification and Expression Analysis of Grape Trihelix Transcription Factor Family
• LU Shixiong，WANG Ping，HE Honghong，LIANG Guoping，MA Zonghuan，QIAO Yali，WU Yuxia，CHEN Baihong*，and MAO Juan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1257-1269. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0885
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 642 ) PDF (1680KB) ( 642 ) 　　　
• The characteristics and functions of grape Trihelix transcription factor family genes were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatics，providing a theoretical basis for the mining and utilization of grape stress resistant gene. In this study，Vitis vinifera was used as the material. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the physicochemical properties，chromosomal localization，secondary structure prediction，subcellular localization，gene structure analysis，motif explores and gene chip expression of grape Trihelix transcription factor family. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of this family under 400 mmol ? L-1 NaCl，100 mmol ? L-1 ABA and 10% PEG stress. The results showed that there were 27 members of the transcription factor family in the grape genome，and distributed on 11 chromosomes，including 10 members concentrated on chromosomes 14 and 17. The amino acid size is mainly between 175–880 aa，most is hydrophobic. The subcellular localization analysis indicated that this gene family mainly existed in the nucleus. Domain analysis displayed that the conserved domain structure of the same subfamily was highly similar. Gene chip expression results clearly illuminated that VvTrihelix6 played up-regulated trend after 24 h PEG treatment compared with the control under abiotic stress，and a down-regulated trend after 4 h and 24 h PEG treatment contrast with the control. Also，after ABA treatment for 3 d，the VvTrihelix6 was down-regulated in fruits，but the change was not obvious after 10 d. The transcription factor VvTrihelix19 showed a down regulation trend after 24 h treatment with PEG，salt and cold compare with control，and showed significant down-regulation at 3 d and 10 d under ABA treatment. qRT-PCR showed that all genes in the Trihelix transcription factor family responded to stress. However，the response degree of members of the gene family was different under different stress conditions. The expression of transcription factor VvTrihelix6 in 400 mmol ? L-1 NaCl and 100 mmol ? L-1 ABA treatment was significantly higher than the control group，15 times and 8 times of the control，respectively. VvTrihelix19 was significantly up-regulated after 10% PEG stress treatment.
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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Anthocyanin Synthesis Related Genes VcTTG1 of Blueberry
• SONG Yang，LIU Hongdi，WANG Haibo，ZHANG Hongjun*，and LIU Fengzhi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1270-1278. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0768
• Abstract ( 240 ) HTML ( 530 ) PDF (1646KB) ( 530 ) 　　　
• The objective of this study is to isolate a blueberry（Vaccinium corymbosum）cultivar ‘Duke’VcTTG1 gene encoding WD40 protein by PCR technology from transcriptome data and study its expression，to identify its function in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study laid the foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of VcTTG1 affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in blueberry. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame（ORF）of VcTTG1（GenBank accession No. MH717246） is 1 044 bp，putatively encoded 348 amino acids. Protein structure analysis showed that VcTTG1 contained conserved WD40 domain. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the blueberry VcTTG1 exhibited the highestsequence similarity to Vitis vinifera VvWDR1. Expression analysis showed that VcTTG1 was expressed in roots，stems，young leaves，flowers and fruits. However，the expression levels varied，with the highest expression level in fruits and the relatively low transcript levels in stems. The content of anthocyanin in fruits was increased with the up-regulation of relative expression of VcTTG1. The VcTTG1 protein could interact with Arabidopsis bHLH protein AtTT8 and favorably contributes to anthocyanin accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis. It is speculated that VcTTG1 plays a regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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• Injuries and the Responses on Antioxidation of Adult Mango Trees Under the Treatments of Enhanced UV-B Radiation
• ZHOU Kaibing*，LI Shijun，YUAN Mengling，and YUE Kun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1279-1289. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0448
• Abstract ( 131 ) HTML ( 407 ) PDF (821KB) ( 407 ) 　　　
• In order to research the effects of the enhanced UV-B radiation on the injuries and the antioxidation responses of adult mango trees，the adult‘Jinhuang’mango trees in the field were treated with the enhanced UV-B radiation from 24 to 120 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 in gradient of 24 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1，and those in the natural sunlight were used as the control. The yield of single tree，the qualities of fruits and the tendencies of the physiological and biochemical indicators related to the injuries and the antioxidation of leaves were detected during the period of the experimental treatments. With the increases of the intensities of the enhanced UV-B radiation over 48 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1，the yield of single tree，the size of fruit and the flavor and nutrient qualities decreased more and more. With the increase of the intensities of the enhanced UV-B radiation，the content of chlorophyll and the level of Pn decreased more and more，and the content of MDA and the relative conductivity increased more and more. The activities of SOD of the control were lower than those of the treatments below 72 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 and higher than those of the treatments over 96 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1. The activities of POD of the control were lower than those of the treatments below 72 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 and higher than those of the treatment 120 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 all the time and the treatment 96 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 during the late period. The activities of CAT of the control were lower than those of all the treatments all the time. All the treatments decreased the content of vitamin C and increased the contents of the components such as reduced GSH，flavonoid and polyphenol. In sum，the enhanced UV-B radiation over 48 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 injured the trees，reduced the yield and made the fruits qualities getting worse with dosage effects，and the damage in trees appeared accumulation effects. The treatments below 72 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 intensified the activities of antioxidative enzymes，and increased the substances accumulations of antioxidant and absorption of UV-B radiation，and consumed more vitamin C，which reinforced free radicals scavenging abilities and dissipation of enhanced UV-B radiation as far as possible，then minimized UV-B radiation damage. The treatments over 96 kJ ? m-2 ? d-1 inhibited the activities of SOD and POD and reduced the substances accumulations of antioxidant and absorption of UV-B radiation during the experiment，which resulted in cumulating more free radicals and strengthening the stress of the enhanced UV-B radiation，then led to more serious injury to plants.
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• Studies on the Resistance Induction of Hanseniaspora uvarum to Postharvest Gray Mold in Strawberry
• DOU Guoxia1，JIANG Chunhao2，GUO Hongna1，LIU Jia1，HE Qinyu1，and XIAO Hongmei1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1290-1302. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0308
• Abstract ( 210 ) HTML ( 471 ) PDF (1659KB) ( 471 ) 　　　
• In this experiment，‘Hongyan’strawberry fruits were used as the experimental materials to explore the biocontrol efficacy and mechanism of inducing strawberry resistance by inoculation with Hanseniaspora uvarum，Botrytis cinerea，H. uvarum challenged with B. cinerea. The results showed that H. uvarum can compete for nutrition and space in the wound by large reproduction，having good biocontrol effect on the gary mold of strawberry，and the lesion diameter of strawberry decreased significantly in H. uvarum treatment. Results of gene expression abundance indicated that the WRKY1，NPR1，PAL，PR1，PR5，GLU were up-regulated within 12 h to 24 h of H. uvarum + B. cinerea treatment，which are the marker genes of SA signaling pathway，and the up-regulation was higher than that of H. uvarum or B. cinerea treatment alone. But the PDF1 and JAR1 genes of JA signaling pathway were not accumulated in each treatment. H. uvarum challenged with B. cinerea treatment can increase the SOD，APX，PAL and CAT enzyme activity in a short time，which are involved in plant defense. The H. uvarum treatment also can delay the deterioration of fruit and maintain high quality during the cold storage period.
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• Identification and Expression Analysis of NAC Transcription Factor Gene Family Under Low Temperature in Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii
• ZHAO Yanqing1，DU Jianchang2，WANG Panqiao1，QIN Xiaodong1，and CHEN Jinfeng1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1303-1319. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0717
• Abstract ( 210 ) HTML ( 553 ) PDF (4700KB) ( 553 ) 　　　
• The hardwickii（Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii）is recognized as the wild ancestor of cultivated cucumber，and plays an important role in cucumber genetics and cultivar improvement. In this study，a total of 77 NAC transcription factors were identified with methods of bioinformatics based on sequencing hardwickii genome. The NAC transcription factors were highly conserved. The length of sequences varied and ranged from 151 to 653 amino acids，and unevenly distributed in seven chromosomes. The theoretical isoelectric point（pI）ranged from 4.54 to 9.10. Most of NAC transcription factors were located in the cell nucleus and plasma membrane. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NAC proteins could be classified into six subfamilies，of which the third subfamily exhibited structural diversity. Evolutionary analysis indicated that segmental and tandem duplication events had occurred under the purifying selection pressure，while no recent whole-genome duplication（WGD）events were found in NAC transcription factors. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that most of genes were highly expressed in root，followed by the female flowers and leaves. In addition，12 up-regulated NAC genes and 3 down-regulated NAC genes were identified under low temperature treatment via RT-PCR. Among which，HdNAC32 and HdANC47，a pair of segmental duplication genes，showed opposite expression patterns. Thus the conclusion was drawn out that NAC transcription factors play a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of cold tolerance in hardwickii under cold stress.
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• Pathogenicity Differentiation and ISSR Genetic Variation Analysis of Verticillium dahliae Isolates from Eggplant in Northeast China
• BEN Haiyan1,3，QU Hongyun1，GAO Wei3，ZHANG Junmin1，ZHANG Xueyan1，LI Baoju2,*，and CHAI Ali2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1320-1332. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0932
• Abstract ( 158 ) HTML ( 439 ) PDF (1356KB) ( 439 ) 　　　
• This study revealed the genetic variation of eggplant Verticilium dahlia in Northeast China by studying the characteristics，pathogenicity and ISSR（Inter-simple sequence repeat）genetic variation of 80 representative eggplant V. dahliae strains collected from 49 major eggplant-growing counties in four northeastern provinces. The results showed that 80 tested strains were divided into 4 different culture types （A to D）according to cultural characteristics on PDA medium. Among them，sclerotia type isolates were the most（56.25% of the tested strains）and mycelium type isolates were the least（7.5% of the tested strains）. The pathogenicity test showed that 80 isolates had obvious pathogenicity differentiation and could be classified into three pathogenic types，i.e. strong（Ⅰ），moderate（Ⅱ）and weak（Ⅲ），which occupied for 26.25%，31.25% and 42.50% of the total tested strains，respectively. According to the results of PCR，the deciduous isolates which accounted for 31.25% were mainly moderate and strong pathogenic strains；the non-deciduous strains which accounted for 68.75% were mostly weak pathogenic strains. ISSR analysis indicated that the genetic variation of 80 isolates was small and related to geographic region.
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• Identification and Expression Analysis of StmiR166b and Its Target Genes in Potato
• WU Liangliang1,2，ZHANG Ning1,*，ZHU Xi1，MA Rui1，TANG Xun1，YANG Jiangwei1，and SI Huaijun1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1333-1343. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0938
• Abstract ( 181 ) HTML ( 409 ) PDF (2957KB) ( 409 ) 　　　
• In order to elucidate the biological function of StmiR166b of potato（Solanum tuberosum L.），plantlets in vitro of potato cultivar‘Gannongshu 2’were used as dornors，the differential expression of StmiR166b and its target genes StHB14 and StHB15 were determined in different tissues by real-time quantitative PCR. Furthmore，the pre-structure of StmiR166b-StmiR166b* muture sequence was cloned using pRS300 plasmid as a template and over-lapping PCR technology. The artificial expression vector was constructed and further the transgenic potato plants were obtained via Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated method. The results showed that StmiR166b and its target genes StHB14 and StHB15 were expressed in roots，stems and leaves，which were down-regulated expression in the transgenic lines L1 and L3. The growth of the transgenic lines was inhibited，and their plant height and root length were shorter cmopared with the untransgenic plants under normal growth conditions.
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• Effects of Water Stress on the Epicuticular Wax and Physiological Characteristics of Hosta‘Halcyon’Leaves
• QU Yuying1，QU Bo2，CUI Na2，SHAO Meini2，GUAN Ping2，JIN Kai1，and XU Yufeng2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1344-1350. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0860
• Abstract ( 270 ) HTML ( 541 ) PDF (758KB) ( 541 ) 　　　
• In order to study the effects of soil water on the epicuticular wax and the growth of shade plant leaves，the blue leaf variety of Hosta‘Halcyon’was grown in pots with 4 kinds of soil water treatments，which were normal water supply，light water stress treatment，medium water stress treatment and severe water stress treatment. The changes of epicuticular wax and physiological characteristics of Hosta‘Halcyon’leaves were studied under different water stress，and the relationships between them were analyzed. The results showed that the epicuticular wax increased with the increase of drought，and the photosynthetic rate，transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of the medium stress treatment were at low level within a certain drought range，which indicated that the Hosta‘Halcyon’improved water use efficiency and enhanced drought resistance by reducing stomatal opening，transpiration rate and leaf water loss under water stress. With the further intensity of water stress，photosynthesis rate，water use efficiency and leaf chlorophyll content decreased significantly，indicating that chlorophyll synthesis was inhibited，and the increase of leaf epicuticular wax decreased leaf surface permeability，thus reducing water dispersion loss in order to reduce the adverse effects of drought on plant growth. In addition，the study showed that the wax directly affected the color of the leaves. The medium stress group had the highest wax content and higher chlorophyll content，so the blue-green leaf was significantly deeper than the severe stress group，and the ornamental value was higher.
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• Genetic Variation and QTL Mapping for Aphid Resistance in an F1 Population of Chrysanthemum
• FU Xiao，SU Jiangshuo，LI Yuanyuan，ZHANG Fei，FANG Weimin，CHEN Sumei，CHEN Fadi，and GUAN Zhiyong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1351-1358. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-1031
• Abstract ( 145 ) HTML ( 494 ) PDF (842KB) ( 494 ) 　　　
• The performance of aphid resistance，quantified by aphid damage index，was evaluated for the 113 randomly selected F1 lines derived from‘Nannong Xuefeng’בMonalisa’at seedling stages under greenhouse condition，and the genetic variation and QTL responsible for aphid resistance were examined in the present study. The result showed that aphid damage index ranged between 0.20–0.92 and distributed normally with a coefficient of variation of 36.73%，indicative of the quantitative nature；in addition，transgressive segregation was observed in both directions，which basically accords with the trend of bimodality. Major gene plus polygene inheritance model analysis figured out the inheritance of aphid resistance fitted B-2 model that was governed by two major genes showing additive-dominant effects，and the heritability of the major genes was calculated at 0.91. QTL analysis based on the composite interval mapping method detected four aphid-resistance-associated QTLs，namely ArX3，ArX4，ArX30 and ArM9，harboring on the linkage group X3，X4 and X30 of‘Nannong Xuefeng’map and M9 of‘Monolisa’map， with a LOD value of 2.40–3.52. The additive effect of the four QTLs varied in a range of–0.16–0.18，and the individually explained phenotypic variation ranged from 5.90% to 9.38%，therefore the identified QTL should be minor genes.
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Research Notes

• EST-SSR Markers Developed from Dimocarpus longan and Their Application in Genetic Diversity Analysis of Five Genera of Sapindaceae
• HU Wenshun，CHEN Xiuping，and ZHENG Shaoquan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1359-1372. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0753
• Abstract ( 159 ) HTML ( 490 ) PDF (947KB) ( 490 ) 　　　
• Based on the transcriptome sequencing data of flesh of a new longan cultivar‘Xiangcui’，this study developed the novel EST-derived SSR markers to access their applicability on the 4 relative plants （Sapindus mukorossi，Rambutan，Litchi chinensis and Dimocarpus confinis）and then explored the genetic relationship among the 55 germplasms of 5 genera of Sapindaceae family. The results showed that a total of 6 683 SSR loci were mined from 13 934 unigenes with a frequence of 47.96% and mean distance of 4.48 kb. The most abundant type of repeat motif was single nucleotide（52.78%），followed by dinucleotide（26.25%）and trinucleotide（20.19%）. 4 670 pairs of SSR primers were designed and 185 pairs of primers with different repeat motifs were randomly selected for further verification. Of all，the effective PCR success rate shared 78.92%（146 pairs），polymorphism rate shared 34.25%（50 pairs），polymorphic band rate ranged from 50% to 100%. And the rate of longan polymorphic primers transferring to S. mukorossi Gaertn.，N. lappaceum Linn.，L. chinensis Sonn. and D. confinis H.S.Lo were 38.30%，38.30%，68.09% and 74.47%，respectively. Furthermore，with the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.561，UPGMA clustering analysis divided the 55 germplasms into 5 groups，including longan，longli，litchi，Sapindus，and Nephelium.
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• Study on Characteristics and Floral Bud Development of Flower Bud in‘Danhua’Pear
• WU Chunhao1,2，WANG Qiang2，LU Mingyan2，YAN Xingkai2，LIU Minghe1，and ZHANG Maojun2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1373-1378. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0828
• Abstract ( 251 ) HTML ( 387 ) PDF (3548KB) ( 387 ) 　　　
• The‘Danhua’pear is a bud mutation type with single flower and single fruit which was found in Daxiangshui pear（Pyrus ussriensis Maxim.）. In this research，to understand the development process of the flower bud with single flower of Danhua pear，the characteristics and differential process of floral bud were studied through field investigation and microstructure observation，and Daxiangshui pear was used as control. The results showed that the Danhua pear had two types of flower buds，incomplete mixed bud and simple flower bud，which is different from Daxiangshui pear and other pear cultivars. The single-flower inflorescence of Danhua pear formed at the early stage of flower bud differentiation. Danhua pear developed only one flower primordium during morphological differentiation of floral bud，while Daxiangshui pear developed multi-flower primordium at the same stage.
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• Effects of Matrine on Old Apple Orchard Soil Potted Malus hupehensis and Soil Microorganisms
• WANG Ke1，WANG Yanfang1，CHEN Xuesen1，GONG Weisong2，SHEN Xiang1，YIN Chengmiao1,*，and MAO Zhiquan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1379-1387. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0518
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 453 ) PDF (744KB) ( 453 ) 　　　
• Old apple orchard with soil potted Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings as test material，the effects of matrine on seedling growth and soil microbial population were studied. The results showed that in September，compared to the control group，adding 0.01% matrine to the soil can significantly improve plant height，ground diameter，dry weight，root surface area，root volume and root respiration rate of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings，and the activities of root SOD，POD and CAT were also significantly improved. After matrine treatment，the number of bacteria and fungi in soil decreased，the decline of fungi was greater than that of bacteria，and the ratio of bacteria to fungi increased. The bacteria and fungi treated with 0.01% matrine decreased by 58.5% and 68.3%，respectively，and the ratio of bacteria to fungi increased by 30.6%. The Shannon index and Margalef index of microbial diversity in soil treated with matrine were significantly reduced，and the gene copy numbers of Fusarium solani，Fusarium proliferatum，Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium oxysporum were reduced by 51.2%，43.3%，40.0% and 44.5%，respectively，compared with the control. In conclusion，0.01% matrine treatment promoted the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings，improved the soil environment，and effectively alleviated the replant disease of Malus hupehensis.
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• Effects of Red and Blue Lights on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Cucumber Plants
• MIAO Yanxiu1,2，CHEN Qingyun3,*，QU Mei3,*，GAO Lihong3，HOU Leiping1,2，and LI Bin1,2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1388-1398. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0641
• Abstract ( 298 ) HTML ( 584 ) PDF (882KB) ( 584 ) 　　　
• With LED light source，four light quality treatments（white light，red light，blue light，a combination of red and blue light）were carried out to investigate their effects on growth， photosynthetic characteristics，female number and yield in cucumber plants. The results showed that compared to white light，red light significantly inhibited cucumber growth，declined photosynthetic characteristics，decreased CO2 assimilation rate（Pn），electron transport rate in PSII（ETRII）and effective PSII quantum yield（ΦII），whereas increased quantum yield of light-induced（ΦNPQ） and non-light-induced（ΦNO）non-photochemical fluorescence quenching. Meanwhile，red light delayed flowering time of first female flower，decreased cucumber numbers and total yield in initial stage. A combination of red and blue light significantly decreased root shoot ratio，however increased total leaf area，female flower numbers in the first 20 nodes and total yield in initial stage. Blue light decreased plant height and leaf numbers and accelerated flowering time of first female flower. In conclusion，a combination of red and blue light enhanced total leaf area，increased female flowers and initial yield in cucumber plants.
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• Study on the Regulation Mechanism of Endogenous Hormones in Delayed Flowering of Lonicera japonica
• LI Jianjun*，LIAN Xiaoya，and WANG Lan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1399-1408. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0827
• Abstract ( 233 ) HTML ( 441 ) PDF (1017KB) ( 441 ) 　　　
• To study the regulation mechanism of plant endogenous hormones（IAA，ZR，GA3，ABA）on the flowering period of Lonicera japonica Thunb.，the main plant of the Lonicera japonica Thunb. cultivar‘Damaohua’flower and the new cultivar‘Telei 1’was used as experimental materials. The changes of flower color，morphology and flowering period in each developmental stage of two cultivars were observed，and the dynamics of four endogenous hormones in different developmental stages were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the flowers of‘Telei 1’were larger than that of‘Damaohua’，and the two white period，great white period and falling period also lasted longer. During the whole flowering period，the contents of‘Telei 1’and ‘Damaohua’ZR and GA3 showed the trend of increasing and then decreasing，and the content of ABA showed a gradual increase trend. The content of IAA of‘Telei 1’firstly decreased，then increased，then falled and then rose again，the IAA content of the‘Damaohua’firstly decreased and then rose. In the great white period，the content of IAA and ZR in‘Telei 1’was 3.36 times and 1.61 times that of‘Damaohua’，and the content of ABA and GA3 was 0.28 times and 0.89 times that of‘Damaohua’. The ratios of IAA/ABA，ZR/ABA，IAA/GA3 and ZR/GA3 of‘Telei 1’were 11.96 times，5.67 times，3.80 times and 1.81 times of‘Damaohua’，and the ratios of ABA/GA3 and ZR/IAA were 0.32 times and 0.45 times that of‘Damaohua’. The main factors that affected the white period duration of‘Telei 1’were high IAA and low ABA content，as well as high ratio IAA/ABA， ZR/ABA，IAA/GA3 and low ratio ABA/GA3，ZR/IAA. In conclusion，with the use of exogenous hormones to control the flowering period，this study prolonged the harvest period of Lonicera japonica Thunb.，increased the yield and quality，and lay a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of flowering elongation.
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New Technologies and New Methods

• Establishment and Application of Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification on Citrus psorosis virus
• LI Min，ZHOU Tianyu，WU Jiaxing，ZHOU Yan，CAO Mengji*，and LI Zhongan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1409-1416. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0840
• Abstract ( 196 ) HTML ( 442 ) PDF (1006KB) ( 442 ) 　　　
• Four sets of specific primer pairs in the conserved region of the CP（coat protein）gene of Citrus psorosis virus（CPsV）were designed for One-step RT-LAMP detection system based on NCBI database. One feasible pair of primers was screened to be suitable for this system. Template RNA extracted from CPsV infected citrus leaves was used for One-step RT-LAMP，and isothermal conditions were optimized to be 60 ℃ for 60 minutes. The agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-LAMP products indicated that the established RT-LAMP system was specific and sensitive in detecting CPsV and 10-fold higher than RT-PCR method in sensitivity. Of 87 samples detected by this RT-LAMP system，five were found to be infected by CPsV，showing the detection result was consistent with RT-PCR method. Hence this RT-LAMP system is applicable for rapid and accurate detection and identification of CPsV.
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New Cultivars

• A New Coconut Cultivar‘Wenye 5’
• SUN Chengxu，FAN Haikuo，CAO Hongxing*，and ZHANG Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1417-1418. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0436
• Abstract ( 434 ) HTML ( 400 ) PDF (1156KB) ( 400 ) 　　　
• ‘Wenye 5’of a new coconut cultivar was bred from Vietnam’s dwarf variety through directive breeding. This cultivar is a dwarf type，with average plant height 12–15 m，brown red pericarp，round fruit，thin coconut shell and pulp，high sugar and protein content of coconut juice. It is suitable as fresh fruit with high edible rate. It comes into blossom and bears fruits 3–4 years after planting. The high yield stage was in 6 ages after planting with an average of 36 000–90 000 fruits per hectare.
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• A New Autumn Chinese Cabbage Hybrid‘Qiubai 75’
• ZHANG Lugang*，HUI Maixia，ZHANG Mingke，and NIE Shanshan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1419-1420. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0451
• Abstract ( 354 ) HTML ( 490 ) PDF (1131KB) ( 490 ) 　　　
• ‘Qiubai 75’is a new hybrid of autumn heading Chinese cabbage with high yield and disease resistance developed by crossing a self-bred line 09S601 with a temperature sensitive male sterile line 09S184. It can be harvested at about 75 days after sowing in Shaanxi province. Its plant is spreading，the outer leaves are large and green，the plant is 40.6 cm in height and 72.4 cm in width. Its leaf head is long obovate，in laurel-green color，with 30.4 cm in height，20.6 cm in diameter，3.08 kg in net weight. Its average net yield is about 111.0 t ? hm-2.
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• A New Early-maturing Spring Cabbage Hybrid‘Zhonggan 628’
• Lü Honghao，ZHUANG Mu*，YANG Limei，FANG Zhiyuan，ZHANG Yangyong，LIU Yumei，LI Zhansheng，and WANG Yong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1421-1422. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0455
• Abstract ( 276 ) HTML ( 450 ) PDF (960KB) ( 450 ) 　　　
• ‘Zhonggan 628’is an early-maturing spring cabbage hybrid derived from the cytoplasmic male sterile line CMSSG643-1-1 and the self-compatible inbred line 87-534-2-3. The head is round in shape and green in color，with the weight of around 1.0 kg. The head tastes crisp and tender，with high quality. It has broad adaptability，middle resistance to Fusarium wilt and high tolerance to premature bolting. It takes about 54 days from transplantation to harvest when planted in the open field in northern China as the spring cabbage. It is suitable for open-field cultivation in spring in Beijing，Hebei，Henan，Gansu，Shaanxi，Shandong，Zhejiang，etc.
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• A New Okra Cultivar‘Min Qiukui 4’
• LIAN Dongmei，LAI Zhengfeng，YAO Yunfa，LIN Bizhen，and HONG Jianji*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1423-1424. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0416
• Abstract ( 150 ) HTML ( 369 ) PDF (1288KB) ( 369 ) 　　　
• ‘Min Qiukui 4’is a new okra cultivar which is bred by systematic selection after crossing ‘Xianzhi’as female and‘GZ-155’as male. This cultivar has strong growth potential，130–150 cm in height，first flower on 5th node. The fruit is pink with 5 arrises，about 12 cm in length，2.2 cm in diameter and 20 g in weight. The fruit has no setae with crisp and tender taste.‘Min Qiukui 4’has good commercial appearance，high temperature tolerance，water logging tolerance and strong disease resistance. Its yield is 38 673.0 kg ? hm-2. It is suitable to be cultivated in greenhouses and open fields in all regions of China.
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• A New Cultivar of Robinia pseudoacacia‘Lüman Qingshan’
• HAN Congcong1，XUN Shouhua1,*，ZHANG Yuanshuai2，QIAO Yuling1，DONG Yuanfu2，ZHONG Weiguo1，LIU Zedong2，and LI Qinghua1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(7): 1425-1426. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0460
• Abstract ( 163 ) HTML ( 431 ) PDF (1477KB) ( 431 ) 　　　
• Robinia pseudoacacia new cultivar‘Lüman Qingshan’is a large broad-leaved tree with straight trunk，smooth dry skin，short spines，uniform branches and excellent quick growth. It is mainly used for timber forest，also for urban landscaping，mountain and hill afforestation and coastal protection forest.
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