Research Papers

• Cloning of MdNAC9 and Functional of Its Regulation on Flavonol Synthesis
• SUN Qingguo，JIANG Shenghui，FANG Hongcheng，ZHANG Tianliang，WANG Nan，and CHEN Xuesen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2073-2081. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-1070
• Abstract ( 385 ) HTML ( 788 ) PDF (3449KB) ( 788 ) 　　　
• In order to explore the mechanism of flavonol synthesis in red flesh apple，we analyzed the pathway-related genes using mature red flesh apples，and cloned a transcription factor gene MdNAC9. The correlation between MdNAC9 and flavonol accumulation was explored by Real-Time PCR，yeast one-hybrid and luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that the expression of MdNAC9 was positively correlated with MdFLS，a key gene in flavonol synthesis，in fruit and over-expressed callus （OENAC9）. Yeast one-hybrid showed that MdNAC9 could specifically bind to MdFLS promoter. Luciferase reporter assay proved that MdNAC9 could promote the expression of MdFLS. MdNAC9 may promote flavonol accumulation by activating MdFLS.
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• Bioinformatics Identification and Expression Analysis of Trihelix Transcription Factor Family in Apple
• WANG Ping，LU Shixiong，LIANG Guoping，MA Zonghuan，LI Wenfang，MAO Juan，and CHEN Baihong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2082-2098. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0046
• Abstract ( 232 ) HTML ( 606 ) PDF (2603KB) ( 606 ) 　　　
• In this paper，the members of Trihelix were identified in the whole genome of apple by bioinformatics method，gene structure，chromosome location，and physical and chemical properties，conservative motifs，evolutionary relationships of Trihelix transcription factor were analyzed. At the same time，based on microarray expression data and qRT-PCR analysis，the differential expression of apple Trihelix in different tissues and stresses was identified. A total of 39 Trihelix transcription factors were identified，with protein sizes ranging from 227 to 917 aa，their molecular weights ranging from 25.751 to 101.294 kD，and their isoelectric points ranging from 4.78 to 9.80. According to the evolutionary relationship，it was divided into five subfamilies，namely GT-1，GT-2，GTγ，SIP1 and SH4. The genetic structure of some subfamily members are similar. Based on the MEME program，the conserved motifs of the apple Trihelix transcription factor family were highly consistent with the results of cluster analysis. The cis-acting element analysis of the 1 kb upstream to the promoter showed that the response of MdTrihelix1，MdTrihelix19 on CGTCA-motif，MdTrihelix6，MdTrihelix13 on ABRE-motif，MdTrihelix2，MdTrihelix7，MdTrihelix14 and MdTrihelix16 on GT1-motif were higher. Gene chip expression found that Trihelix 38，Trihelix 14，Trihelix 9 and Trihelix 11 were hardly expressed in flowers，fruits，leaves，stems，roots，seeds and seedlings，and the remaining 35 genes were expressed at a certain level in various tissues. Among those genes whose expression is up-regulatd in flowers and fruits，except for Trihelix36 belonging to the GT-1 subfamily，the others belong to the members of GT-2 and SIP1 subfamily. Through qRT-PCR analysis，33 MdTrihelix genes showed diversity in response to stress.
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• Effects of Peach PpSnRK1 Protein Kinase on Root Growth
• ZHANG Shuhui1，WANG Guifang2，LUO Jingjing1，CHEN Xiaolu1，XIAO Yuansong1，and PENG Futian1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2099-2108. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0049
• Abstract ( 258 ) HTML ( 514 ) PDF (1641KB) ( 514 ) 　　　
• To investigate the effect of peach PpSnRK1 protein kinase on plant root growth，the seedling of peach[Prunus persica（L.）Batsch] was used as test material，the activity of SnRK1 in plants was regulated by exogenous application of salicylic acid and trehalose，and the effects on root structure and activity were observed. From the leaves of peach to the target gene of PpSnRKα（Ppa004347m），the PpSnRK1α-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants was obtained through Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation，the T3 lines was obtained through screening to observe the influence on the root structure，and auxin synthesis and transporter gene expression of the plant. The results showed that the SnRK1 enzyme activity and PpSnRK1α gene expression in peach seedling roots were up-regulated when the SnRK1 promoter salicylic acid was applied instantaneously or for a long time，and the root growth and root activity were positively regulated. However，the application of SnRK1 inhibitor trehalose inhibited the root growth and root activity. When salicylic acid and trehalose 1︰1（V︰V）was applied together，SnRK1 enzyme activity and PpSnRK1α gene expression were between the two treatments，and the inhibition of trehalose on root growth was partially alleviated. By observing the root of the PpSnRK1α-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants 4-1，4-2，4-3 homozygous lines，it can be seen that SnRK1 can increase the length and density of the roots，especially the number of lateral roots. By RT-qPCR technical analysis，the PpSnRK1α-overexpressed Arabidopsis three homozygous strain root，whether Auxin synthesis related genes（AtTAA1，AtYUC2，AtYUC6），and Auxin transport related genes（AtPIN1，AtPIN2，AtPIN3）expression quantity compared with wild type were significantly higher，and the root phenotype of exogenous applied 0.1 mg ? L-1 IAA wild type strain and three PpSnRK1α-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants is similar，root density，length，and lateral root number increased. This indicated that SnRK1’s effect on plant root system configuration was closely related to the auxin signaling pathway，which could positively regulate the synthesis and transport of auxin，and then positively regulate root growth，especially lateral root growth.
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• Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Grape Germplasms Using SLAF-seq Technology
• LI Beibei1,*，ZHANG Heng1,2,*，JIANG Jianfu1，ZHANG Ying1，FAN Xiucai1，FANG Jinggui2,**，and LIU Chonghuai1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2109-2118. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-1089
• Abstract ( 215 ) HTML ( 522 ) PDF (1929KB) ( 522 ) 　　　
• In this study，304 Vitis accessions were used as experimental materials for sequencing by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing（SLAF-seq）. In total，466 618 high quality SLAF tags were obtained，including 392 374 polymorphic SLAF tags. A total of 481 192 single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs）were obtained by sequence analysis. The phylogenetic relationship and population structure of 304 Vitis accessions were analyzed based on the SNP dataset，which suggests that SLAF-seq can be used to develop a large number of SNPs for population genetic analysis，efficiently and cheaply. The clustering results showed that V. vinifera，Euro-America hybrid and wild species were distinguished from each other，among which sister lines and varieties with parent-child relationship were clustered together，respectively. In addition，the Chinese grape landraces have a close relationship with the ancient Eurasian grape varieties，and the ancient grape varieties with with unknown origin and genetic background are closer to the wild species than the improved varieties. These results provide references for further study of the origin andevolution of grapes，and provide empirical data for the establishment of SNP fingerprint database.
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• Effect of GA3 and 6-BA on the Development of Walnut Shell
• ZHAO Shugang1，LIU Kai2，WEN Jing2，WANG Hongxia3,*，ZHANG Zhihua3,*，and HUA Lei4
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2119-2128. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0092
• Abstract ( 270 ) HTML ( 409 ) PDF (1605KB) ( 409 ) 　　　
• The dehiscent nut and incomplete hulls of thin-shelled walnut（Juglans regia）seriously influenced the quality of nuts and kernels. In order to explore the relationship between the development of nut shell and phytohormones，and to provide a theoretical basis for regulating the nut shell development. In this study，‘Zanmei’（thick-shell cultivar）and‘Liaohe 2’（thin-shell cultivar）walnut as material，the development of thin-shell and thick-shell nut shell was studied by Wiesner raction. IAA，GA，ZR and ABA contents were determined during the process of shell differentiation.‘Qingxiang’（moderate thickness shell cultivar）walnut as material，the characteristic，structure and components of mature nutshell were evaluated after treated by 6-BA，GA3 and paclobutrazol（PAC，a specific inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis）at different concentrations during shell development. The results showed that the shell development of‘Zanmei’and‘Liaohe 2’began at 45 days and 51 days after anthesis（DAF）respectively and the nut shell initially formed at 60 DAF，and then lignin within the shell deposited gradually. In pericarp，the GA，IAA and ZR content of decreased，and ABA content decreased firstly and then increased during the period of shell differentiation. 50 mg ? L-1 GA3 increased the thickness of the stone cell layer and fiber-cell layer，thickened the shell，enhanced suture force grade，and 100 mg ? L-1 PAC decreased the contents of lignin and polyphenol with the thinner of sclereid layer，sclerenchymatous cell layer and fiber-cell layer. 100 mg ? L-1 6-BA treatment decreased the longitudinal diameter，transverse diameter and side diameter of nuts significantly，but there was no change in the structure of the shell tissue. Conclusion：Shell development of‘Zanmei’was earlier than that of‘Liaohe 2’. For‘Qingxiang’，50 mg ? L-1 GA3 increased the thickness of sclereid layer，and 100 mg ? L-1 PAC inhibits the thickening of nut shell，indicating that GA is involved in the regulation of nut shell development. The nut became smaller after treated by 100 mg ? L-1 6-BA，but there was no change in the structure of shell tissue.
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• Genetic Variation of Leaf Phenotypic Traits in F1 Progeny of Interspecific Cross Between Castanea mollissima and C. henryi
• JIANG Xibing1，ZHANG Pingsheng1，YANG Long2，WU Qiang2，WU Conglian2，WU Xiaoyun2，GONG Bangchu1,*，and LAI Junsheng2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2129-2142. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-1029
• Abstract ( 350 ) HTML ( 398 ) PDF (996KB) ( 398 ) 　　　
• The genetic variation of 18 traits of leaf phenotype and photosynthetic physiology in F1 progeny（including 183 individuals）of interspecific cross between Castanea mollissima and C. henryi was studied by using the statistical methods of discrete character description，Pearson correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The results indicated：the variation coefficients of 18 traits for leaf phenotype and photosynthetic physiology in F1 generation ranged from 6.51% to 32.92%. The variation coefficients of 11 traits，such as petiole length and stomatal conductance，were all above 20%，which indicated that there were extensive genetic variations in F1 population. The values of leaf phenotypic traits and photosynthetic physiological characters of 183 individuals in F1 generations were mostly distributed between that of their parents，and showed a good trend of continuous normal or skewed distribution. The mid-parent heterosis rate of 18 traits ranged from–33.97% to 19.64%. Seven traits such as leaf length showed positive mid-parent heterosis，while the other 11 traits showed negative mid-parent heterosis. Further，two and six traits showed positive and negative over-parent heterosis respectively，while the other 10 traits did not show over-parent heterosis. For 153 pairs of correlations produced by 18 traits，there were 85 and 8 pairs of correlations reached extremely significant level（P < 0.01）and significant level（P < 0.05），respectively. The 183 offsprings and their parents were divided into three groups at genetic distance 2.33. At genetic distance 1.2，the second and third groups were divided into two subgroups respectively. The clustering results reflected the characteristics of each group，and the hybrid offspring could be selected more accurately according to the results of classification and target traits. The results provide important theoretical basis for early selection and breeding of chestnut hybrids.
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• CmsCRC is Involved in Regulated Fingers Stretch in Fingered Citron and Activated Under Lower Temperature
• CHEN Zeyu1，WANG Yujing1，XU Qiyue1，HAN Xiaoxia2，HU Qiumei3，YANG Li1，CHEN Wenrong1，LIAO Fanglei1,*，and GUO Weidong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2143-2154. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0076
• Abstract ( 211 ) HTML ( 395 ) PDF (2467KB) ( 395 ) 　　　
• Fingered citron（Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle），a variant of citron（C. medica L.），has a close genetic relation with citron while huge difference in fruit shape. The fingers of ‘Qingpi’，a fingered citron，commonly stretch out，but rolled up to form a fist when cultured under 20 ℃ during flower formation. Paraffin sections revealed that the inner carpel of the fist-like citron partially fused before anthesis. qRT-PCR technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of CRC in fingered citron，fist-like fingered citron，and the citron during the entire stages of flower development. The result shows that the expression pattern of CRC in fingered citron was significantly lower the other two. In addition，the expression pattern of fist-like fingered citron was quite close to that of the citron. It implied that the fruit shape difference is associated with the CRC gene expression patterns. The full length of CRC gene was identified from fingered citron and citron. Compared with citron，the promoter of CRC in fingered citron lacked two TATA-Box elements. Both CRC promoters in fingered citron and citron were transiently transformed into N. benthamiana leaves. It shows that the activity of CRC promoter from the fingered citron was lower than that from the citron under room temperature. When cultured under low temperature（4 ℃），CRC promoters activities were enhanced either for the fingered citron or the citron. However，the promoter activity in the fingered citron was much more stronger than that in the citron. It indicates that the promoter of fingered citron is more sensitive to low temperature than that of citron. Therefore，CmsCRC maybe involved in regulating the fingers stretch in fingered citron and activated by lower temperature.
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• Resistance Mechanism to Boscalid and Molecular Mutation-detection Based on SdhB Gene of Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry
• LIU Xin*，ZENG Rong*，XU Lihui，GAO Shigang，and DAI Fuming**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2155-2163. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0042
• Abstract ( 162 ) HTML ( 392 ) PDF (1386KB) ( 392 ) 　　　
• Boscalid is widely used in control of strawberry gray mold disease. However，it is at a high risk of resistance development for Botrytis cinerea to boscalid. The resistance was mainly caused by mutations of SdhB gene. The method of AS-PCR（Allele-specific PCR）is always used to detect point mutations in DNA. In order to evaluate the resistance mechanism to boscalid of Botrytis cinerea from strawberry in Shanghai，resistance strains in 126 isolates of 2018 were SdhB-sequenced. The results showed 4 types of mutations associated to boscalid resistance in Shanghai，P225F，N230I，H272R and H272Y. Among then，H272R and P225F were the dominant type. Therefore，for rapid detection，the tri-primer including 2 specific primers was designed and selected based on AS-PCR principle，and the PCR system was optimized to develop the method，by which the 4 types of mutations could be distinguished from the wild sensitive type in one PCR reaction.
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• Cloning and Functional Analysis of BoMLPKn1’s Orthologs Gene AtAPK1b in Arabidopsis
• SHI Songmei1,3,*，GAO Qiguo1,*，ZUO Tonghong2，PU Quanming4，LIU Yudong1，Liu Guixi1，ZHU Liquan2,**，and HE Xinhua3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2164-2175. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0147
• Abstract ( 458 ) HTML ( 576 ) PDF (3275KB) ( 576 ) 　　　
• When cloning the BoMLPK gene from the Brassica oleracea，we obtained the reported MLPKf1/2 and a novel transcript（named BoMLPKn1）. The cDNA of BoMLPKf1/2 and BoMLPKn1 was 1 215，1 233 and 1 257 bp，encoding peptides with 404，410 and 418 amino acids，respectively. Compared to the BoMLPKf1/2，the BoMLPKn1 contained two fragment insertions：one was a 12 bp insertion located between 1 102 and 1 104 bp，and the other was a 30 bp insertion located between 1 152 and 1 182 bp. BoMLPKf1/2 gene was located on chromosome 3 and BoMLPKn1 gene on chromosome 4 of B. oleracea. The amino acid sequence alignment showed BoMLPKf1 and BoMLPKn1 had a similar structure，and both of them contained a typical plant myristoylation consensus sequence at their N terminus，while BoMLPKf2 had a hydrophobic region in the N-terminal. All transcripts contained a conservative Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. RT-PCR analysis displayed BoMLPKf2 had sharply increased expression within the initial 15 min after self-pollination. The expression levels of BoMLPKf1 and BoMLPKn1 showed no remarkable change after self-pollination. The subcellular localization analysis found that BoMLPKn1 localized to the plasma membrane. Then，the AtAPK1b gene，which is the BoMLPKn1 homologous gene in the Arabidopsis thaliana，was knocked out by using CRISPR-Cas 9 editing technology. Compared with the wild type，the mutants could blossom and bear fruit normally. The results showed that MLPKn1 gene is functionally conserved in Cruciferae and it did not participate in self-incompatibility in contrast to MLPKf1/2.
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• Genome-wide Identification and Expression of Dof Family in Melon（Cucumis melo）
• ZHANG Huanxin，LI Guoquan，YANG Huidong，CAO Na，and ZHU Fanghong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2176-2187. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0115
• Abstract ( 197 ) HTML ( 492 ) PDF (2777KB) ( 492 ) 　　　
• In this study，we systematically investigated the members of Dof family in melon（Cucumis melo L.）based on the whole-genome sequences and elucidated their phylogenetic relationships. Responses to PEG6000，salt and chilling stresses were detected by real-time PCR method. The results showed that a total of 34 CmDof genes were identified in melon. These CmDof genes were distributed on all chromosomes except the 1st，5th and 7th. Two pairs of tandem duplicated genes were identified，and 11 pairs of segmental duplication genes were observed. The number of exons ranged from 1 to 3，and isoelectric points ranged from 4.95 to 9.59. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CmDof proteins were divided into nine phylogenetic subgroups. The expression patterns of CmDof genes in different tissues showed spatiotemporal expression specificity. Additionally，most CmDof genes could respond to PEG6000，salt and chilling stresses. CmDof3/CmDof5/CmDof10/CmDof17，CmDof3/CmDof5/CmDof10 and CmDof3/CmDof5/CmDof32 were responsive to PEG6000，salt and chilling stresses，respectively.
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• Chloroplast Ultrastructure，Metabolite Contents and Gene Expression Involved in the Pathway of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis of Rosa beggeriana ‘Aurea’
• YAN Fei1，YANG Shuhua1,*，WEI Jingjing2，LONG Yu3，JIA Ruidong1，ZHAO Xin1，and GE Hong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2188-2200. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0032
• Abstract ( 178 ) HTML ( 410 ) PDF (4412KB) ( 410 ) 　　　
• Rosa beggeriana‘Aurea’is a yellow-leaf mutant of R. beggeriana which is obtained by 60Co-γ irradiation treatment. The chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigment content were analyzed in R. beggeriana‘Aurea’and R. beggeriana. The results showed that fewer grana lamellae，with sparsely and irregularly stacking，were observed in the chloroplasts of R. beggeriana‘Aurea’，indicating the chloroplast development of R. beggeriana‘Aurea’was impaired. The content of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b and carotenoid in leaves of R. beggeriana‘Aurea’was significantly lower，while the chlorophyll a/b ratio was significantly increased in R. beggeriana‘Aurea’，indicating R. beggeriana ‘Aurea’was a chlorophyll b-deficient mutant. The quantification of intermediates and the gene expression of key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway revealed that the content of uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ，coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ，protoporphyrin Ⅸ and Mg-protoporphyrin Ⅸ，as well as the gene expression level of RbHEMC，RbHEME1/RbHEME and RbCHLI，was significantly lower in leaves of R. beggeriana‘Aurea’，indicating the chlorophyll biosynthesis of R. beggeriana ‘Aurea’may be hinderd at the process of synthesizing uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ from porphobilinogen. The coding region of 4 down-regulated genes were cloned and showed the exactly same DNA sequences between the mutant and wild type，which suggested that the blockage in the chlorophyll biosynthesis of R. beggeriana ‘Aurea’was not due to the mutation in the coding region of genes mentioned above，reflecting that the regulation mechanism of leaf color variation remains further exploration.
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• Identification of SNP Alleles and Candidate Genes for Cold Tolerance of Cut Chrysanthemum
• FAN Honghong，XU Tingting，SU Jiangshuo，SUN Wei，CHONG Xinran，GUAN Zhiyong，FANG Weimin，CHEN Fadi，and ZHANG Fei*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2201-2212. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0450
• Abstract ( 288 ) HTML ( 439 ) PDF (1375KB) ( 439 ) 　　　
• In this study，the low semi-lethal temperature（LT50）was investigated for leaves at rhizome stage（RS），budding stage（RS），and flowering stage（FS），and ray florets at flowering stage（RFS）of 58 cut chrysanthemum accessions，and elite alleles and candidate genes relevant to cold tolerance were examined using genome-wide association analysis. The results showed that，the cold tolerance varied widely for leaves at different stages and ray florets at the flowering stage in the investigated cut chrysanthemums，with coefficients of variation larger than 25%. Statistical analysis by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction effects（AMMI）model revealed that several accessions showed stronger cold tolerance and expressed stably across different stages. The genome-wide association analysis based on 36 737 high-quality SNPs and mixed linear model（MLM）identified a total of 24 SNPs that are significantly associated with cold tolerance，each five for RS and FS，11 for BS，and three for RFS. Among which，five SNPs showing a phenotypic effect <–4 ℃ should be elite alleles for cold tolerance. Blasting the SLAF tags harboring the cold tolerance-associated SNPs with the transcriptomes of chrysanthemum，CL2042.Contig4_All and Unigene40993_All might function in tolerance to cold stress.
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• The Study on Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Aluminum Tolerance Induced By Exogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Creeping Bentgrass
• ZENG Weihang and LI Zhou*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2213-2223. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0065
• Abstract ( 159 ) HTML ( 339 ) PDF (804KB) ( 339 ) 　　　
• Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid（GABA）on chlorophyll content，relative water content，osmotic adjustment，reactive oxygen accumulation，protein carbonyl content，cell membrane stability，antioxidant defense，and differential expression of stress-related genes in leaves of creeping bentgrass （Agrostis stolonifera）‘Pencross’seedlings exposed to aluminum（AlCl3）stress were studied. Exogenous application of 0.5 mmol ? L -1 GABA could significantly increase chlorophyll content and relative water content and induce accumulation of soluble protein，soluble sugar，and free proline leading to the decrease in cell osmotic potential and increase in osmotic adjustment in leaves of creeping bentgrass under aluminum stress. Exogenous GABA also could significantly improve activities of key antioxidant enzymes CAT，POD，and SOD as well as their genes expression levels associated with the significantly lower reactive oxygen accumulation，electrolyte leakage，malondialdehyde content，and protein carbonyl content in leaves under aluminum stress，hence the application of GABA effectively alleviated the oxidative damage caused by aluminum stress. Exogenous GABA also promoted the creeping creeping growth under normal condition. In addition，exogenous GABA significantly induced the expression of the dehydrins-encoded gene DHN3 under aluminum stress. These results showed that GABA significantly increased aluminum tolerance of creeping bentgrass associated with the accumulation of organic osmolytes and enhancement of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense，thereby effectively alleviating oxidative damage under aluminum stress. GABA-induced dehydrins-encoded gene DHN3 expression may be also involved in GABA- regulated aluminum tolerance in creeping bentgrass.
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Research Notes

• Effects of Allium fistulosum，Brassica juncea and Triticum aestivum Rotation on Soil Environment of Old Apple Orchard
• WANG Haiyan1，SHENG Yuefan1，LI Qianjin2，WANG Mei1，PAN Fengbing1，CHEN Xuesen1，SHEN Xiang1，YIN Chengmiao1,*，and MAO Zhiquan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2224-2238. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0048
• Abstract ( 181 ) HTML ( 439 ) PDF (891KB) ( 439 ) 　　　
• The experimental base was arranged in 25-year-old orchards of Dashaling，Fengmaozhai and Wantou Villages of Yantai City，Shandong Province. Allium fistulosum，Brassica juncea and Triticum aestivum was rotated in a year. Then the continuous planting soil and the soil after rotation in each region were transported back to pot experiment. The effects of different soil treatments on seedling growth and soil environment of Malus hupehensis Rehd.（apple rootstock）were studied under pot experiment conditions，and the alternately continuous planting soil treated with methyl bromide fumigation was used as a high standard control. The results showed that after alternately continuous planting of three kinds of plants，the biomass of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings increased significantly，and the fresh and dry weight of the lower part crop was increased by 1–2 times；the respiration rate of the root system was increased by more than 1 time and the bacteria was increased by 148.47%，198.57% and 165.44% in three apple orchards respectively. The fungi was reduced by 45%，which increased the bacterial/fungus ratio by a factor of 4；in addition，the soil of the seedlings enzyme activity increased；phenolic acids decreased to varying degrees，with the greatest reduction in phlorizin，which decreased by 86.67%，46.12%，and 86.31%，respectively. In addition，the copy number of F. oxysporum was also reduced by 76.34%，49.22%，and 70.89% respectively.
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• Effect of Nitrogen Supply Levels on Growth and Expression of Glutamine，Glutamate and Asparagine Synthase Genes of‘M9T337’Apple Rootstock
• HOU Xin，XU Xinxiang，JIA Zhihang，YU Tianwu，GE Shunfeng*，and JIANG Yuanmao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2239-2248. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-1010
• Abstract ( 145 ) HTML ( 388 ) PDF (753KB) ( 388 ) 　　　
• The gene expression characteristics of glutamine synthetase（GS），glutamate synthetase （GOGAT），asparagine synthetase（AS）of‘M9T337’apple seedlings at different nitrogen levels（0.5，5 and 25 mmol ? L-1）were analyzed in hydroponic conditions. The results showed that，under low nitrogen stress treatment，the increase of GS gene expression in the underground part was significantly higher than that of GOGAT and AS，and the basic trend was up-regulated first and down-regulated later，and the expression levels of three genes in the overground part basically tended to be stable，and the expression of GOGAT in the root system basically tended to be not expressed after 1 d of low nitrogen treatment. With the increase of nitrogen level，the expression of GS and GOGAT genes in roots was up-regulated and then down-regulated，the expression of GS and GOGAT genes in leaves increased，and there was no significant difference in the change of AS. Under high nitrogen treatment，the gene expression of GS and GOGAT was inhibited，and the expression of GOGAT is extremely low in the root system，but the expression level in the overground part was significantly higher than that in the underground part. So，the AS and GS are involved in the response of apple root system to low nitrogen stress，and appropriate nitrogen level can induce the nitrogen metabolism key enzymes play a role in nitrogen metabolism circulation；however，high nitrogen level can inhibit the gene expression of nitrogen metabolism key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism，which had a negative effect on nitrogen metabolism in plants.
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• Observation on Cytosolic Lipid Droplets in Young，Mature and Senescent Tomato Leaves
• ZHANG Chaoyue，YANG Yanhong，XUE Yuxin，WU Min，LI Haigang，XIN Jie，WANG Shouqing*，and LIU Lin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2249-2256. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0116
• Abstract ( 189 ) HTML ( 382 ) PDF (4850KB) ( 382 ) 　　　
• Tomato leaves at different developmental stages were observed comparatively by means of transmission electron microscope，to understand whether the tomato produces lipid droplets（LDs）in leaves，whether the ability is related to leaf developmental stages and cell types，and where these LDs undergo degradation. The observation demonstrated that there were no cytosolic LDs in young and mature leaves，while LDs were prominent in senescent leaves. Obviously，LDs were a typical characteristic of senescent leaves. LDs were present in the three main cell types，including epidermal cells，vascular parenchyma cells，and mesophyll cells，but were absent in other cell types such as sieve elements. LDs showed a close physical contact with vacuoles and underwent vacuolar degradation. LDs also came in contact with small vesicles and underwent degradation from the contact surface.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of GASA Family Genes in Petals of Gerbera hybrida
• LIU Xiaofei1,2，WANG Xiaojing1，and PENG Jianzong1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2257-2264. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0136
• Abstract ( 220 ) HTML ( 414 ) PDF (1205KB) ( 414 ) 　　　
• In this study，full-length of GEG2，GEG3 and GEG4 cDNA sequences were cloned from petals of Gerbera hybrida culture‘Shenzhen 5’by using RACE，which were named GEG2，GEG3，and GEG4，respectively（GenBank accession numbers are KC620442，KC620443 and KC620444）. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of five GhGASA were analyzed. The main results are as follows：（1） none of the five genes expressed in floral organs specifically；（2） GEG2，GEG4 and PRGL were only expressed in the early petals，whereas GEG was significantly accumulated in the late petals，and GEG3 showed a monotonous expression pattern during the developmental process of petals.（3）The expression of GEG3 and PRGL was up-regulated by GA3 and down-regulated by ABA. The responses of GEG，GEG2 and GEG4 to different plant hormones were significantly different，suggesting that five GhGASA genes might participate in multiple hormone regulation processes.
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New Cultivars

• A New Plum Cultivar‘Guoli’
• ZHANG Yuping，LIU Weisheng*，LIU Ning，SUN Meng，XU Ming，ZHANG Qiuping，LIU Shuo，MA Xiaoxue，and ZHANG Yujun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2265-2266. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0737
• Abstract ( 292 ) HTML ( 362 ) PDF (1089KB) ( 362 ) 　　　
• ‘Guoli’is a new medium maturing plum cultivar，bred from the cross of‘Longyuan Qiuli’בBlack Amber’，with an oblate fruit shape，fuchsia skin，and crisp，juicy，frangent，orange yellow flesh. The average weight，solube solids，soluble sugar and vitamin C content and frimness of the singe fruit are 50.3 g，14.7%，10.75%，24.8 μg ? g-1，4.6 kg ? cm-2 respectiverly. The cultivar‘Guoli’can be cultivated in Haicheng of Liaoning Province and other plum producing areas in the south of Haicheng with 25 t ? hm-2 yield during the full fruit stage.
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• A New Loofah Cultivar‘Xiasheng 5’
• ZHU Dening1，LI Lianfang1,*，SUN Huaizhi2，LIN Jianrong1，GUO Shuang1，and CAO Cuiwen1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2267-2268. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0696
• Abstract ( 384 ) HTML ( 366 ) PDF (1373KB) ( 366 ) 　　　
• ‘Xiasheng 5’is a hybrid of angular sponge gourd loofah with short stick fruit and veined skin. It has strong growth vigor and branching. In addition，it’s 36.3–39.0 cm in length and 5.0–5.2 cm in width with short stick fruit. The flesh is crisp and sweet with average weight of 352.0–422.0 g. This is a medium maturing cultivar with high quality and it has high yield in early stage. The average yield per plant is 1.2–1.7 kg and the total yield is 27 108.0 kg ? hm-2.
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• A New Rose Cultivar‘Lanzhou Rose 2’
• NIU Yuan，WANG Yude，ZHUANG Jian，DAI Lilan，and XU Qiong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2269-2270. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0703
• Abstract ( 382 ) HTML ( 517 ) PDF (1900KB) ( 517 ) 　　　
• ‘Lanzhou Rose 2’is a new rose cultivar which is derived from the cross between Rosa rugosa‘Kushui’as the female parent and Rosa rugosa‘Zizhi’as male parent. It has bright colors，strong aroma，high petalization degree and strong growth vigor. It can be used as jam，tea and ornamental rose cultivar which are widely promoted in the northwest，central plains and other areas.
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• A New Dendrobium Cultivar‘GFRI Hongying’
• GONG Jianying，LI Hua，GUI Xueping，MENG Fang，WANG Xiaoyu，and WANG Huaxin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2271-2272. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0715
• Abstract ( 297 ) HTML ( 437 ) PDF (1073KB) ( 437 ) 　　　
• ‘GFRI Hongying’is a new cultivar of Dendrobium developed by crossing female D. ‘Star White’and male D.‘Salaya Pink’． The plant has medium but slightly small size，fuchia petal and sepal，and dark fuchsia lip along with large amount of flowers and long florescence. In addition，it has strong adaptability and is easy to manage and conserve and convenient for indoor placement. Thus it′s suitable for cultivation in greenhouse of South China.
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• A New Sophora japonica Cultivar‘Yanhong 3’
• PANG Caihong1，LI Shuangyun1，FU Yinyin1，LIU Shengfang1，YANG Yong2，ZANG Zhenrong1，and XIA Yang1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(11): 2273-2274. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0724
• Abstract ( 361 ) HTML ( 456 ) PDF (1506KB) ( 456 ) 　　　
• The new cultivar，‘Yanhong 3’，is found in the investigation and collection process of the ancient Sophora japonica tree resources in Shandong Province. The trunk is straight. The annual branches are green in summer with dense white fluff and the lenticels are dense and protuberant. The color of the petal and carina is dark pink sparkle. The growth rate is fast，and it is mildly resistant to saline. It has a wide range of adaptation.
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