Research Papers

• Effect of Different Light Qualities on the Photosynthetic Properties and Ultrastructure of Chloroplast in Senescing Grape Leaves
• WANG Haibo，WANG Shuai，WANG Xiaodi，SHI Xiangbin，WANG Zhiqiang，and LIU Fengzhi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 205-214. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0405
• Abstract ( 388 ) HTML ( 953 ) PDF (2753KB) ( 953 ) 　　　

• The experiment was carried out in 2013 at the fruit garden of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Liaoning，which was equipped with a core grape technology demonstration garden.‘Italy’grape cultivars were grafted on Beta as test materials. And their row spacing was 0.7 m，line spacing was 2 m. The lean dragon trunk matches the V shape leaf curtain，and used the integrated management of water and fertilizer，other management was the same as the routine. Since the beginning of August 1st to the defoliation day before dark for half an hour to fill 24：00，use red light and blue light to deal with the grape cultivars，with no-fill-light grapes as contrast，studying morphological characteristics，chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，Fv/Fm value，soluble proteins content and chloroplast ultrastructure of grape leaves in aging process，to provide theoretical basis for the research and development of leaf anti-aging technology. The research result showed that compared with the control group，red light treatment increased the chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，Fv/Fm value and soluble proteins content of leaf，the chloroplast grana were arranged in order，the disintegration of chloroplast ultrastructure was obviously slowed down，leaf senescence was delayed significantly. Blue light treatment significantly reduced the leaf chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，soluble proteins content and Fv/Fm value，the ultrastructure of chloroplasts was destroyed，and the aging process of grapes was accelerated. But in the later stage of leaf senescence，the chlorophyll content of leaf，the net photosynthetic rate，soluble proteins content and Fv/Fm value of the blue light treatment was higher than that of the control. Moreover，the grana lamellae of leaf chloroplasts are arranged in order，leaf senescence was delayed in some degree. The content of soluble proteins in leaf of blue light treatment was significantly higher than that of red light treatment and control group. Summing up the above，the red light as supplement light had the best effect，the leaf senescence process was delayed effectively，and the physiological function of leaves was prolonged.

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• Identification of Potassium Transport Function and Analysis of Interaction Proteins for CsKT1 in Citrus sinensis
• WU Juanjuan1，YUAN Ping1，LI Weidong1，LI Xianxin1,2，and KONG Youhan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 215-226. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0625
• Abstract ( 234 ) HTML ( 704 ) PDF (2383KB) ( 704 ) 　　　

• Potassium transporters play important roles in the transmembrane transport of potassium ions. In this study，it was found that CsKT1 had the characteristics of Shaker potassium channel，and displayed the highest homologous to AKT1 in Shaker family members of Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments showed that the K+-uptake deficient yeast containing CsKT1 can grow under the conditions with K+ concentration of 10，1 and 0.1 mmol · L-1. qRT-PCR assays showed that the expression of CsKT1 in root was higher than that in shoot，and the transcription level was not changed after 24 h low potassium treatment（0.1 mmol · L-1）in Citrus sinensis plants. CsKT1 exhibited plasma membrane localization specifically. The yeast two hybrid experiments showed that the C-terminal cytosolic region of CsKT1 protein not only interacted with AtCIPK23，but also interacted with CsCIPK7 protein，which displayed the highest homology with AtCIPK23. CsCIPK7 could also interact with AtCBL1. There were 8 members in citrus CBL family，in which CsCBL1 displayed the highest similarity with AtCBL1/AtCBL9. These results suggested that CsKT1 function as an AKT1-like potassium transporter.

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• Effect of Oxytetracycline on the Expression of Starch and Related Genes in HLB-affected Valencia
• YAO Tingshan1,2，ZHOU Yan1，Diann Achor3，and ZHOU Changyong1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 227-236. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0548
• Abstract ( 261 ) HTML ( 662 ) PDF (3412KB) ( 662 ) 　　　

• Citrus greening or Huanglongbing（HLB）is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus and causes significant economic losses worldwide. HLB can cause phloem necrosis and blockage in citrus，resulting in poor transport of photosynthetic assimilates and large accumulation of starch. In this study，0.1 g · tree-1 and 0.2 g · tree -1 oxytetracycline（OTC）were injected into the 4 year old Valencia （Citrus sinensis）infected with HLB. The qPCR detection showed that the abundance of Las（Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus）in leaves was reduced effectively in 90 d. There was no difference of the OTC treatment effect between 0.1 g · tree-1 and 0.2 g · tree-1 OTC. I2/KI coloration and LM observation showed that the content of starch in the treated group of 0.2 g · tree-1 decreased from 18.58 μg · mm-2 to 5.24 μg · mm-2 after injection. But 0.1 g · tree-1 treatment had no significant effect on reducing starch content. The results of high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）showed that OTC gradually degraded in the plant over time. Expression analysis showed that AGPase，GPT2，β-amylase and GBSS expressed in leaves decreased after 0.2 g · tree-1 OTC injection. Among them，AGPase has the highest decreased expression. This is consistent with the results of starch content in leaves 30 and 90 days after OTC injection.

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• Fruit Character Diversity Analysis and Numerical Classification of Local Pear Germplasm Resources in Fujian
• ZENG Shaomin，CHEN Xiaoming，and HUANG Xinzhong*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 237-251. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0373
• Abstract ( 242 ) HTML ( 691 ) PDF (843KB) ( 691 ) 　　　

• Twenty-six fruit characters were collected and determined from 50 local pear germplasm resources in Fujian Province. Distribution frequency，coefficient of variation，and Shannon-Weaver index were analyzed. Q cluster，R cluster and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the germplasm resources and characters. The results showed that the diversity of local pear fruit description characters was abundant. Conspicuous fruit dot，many fruit russeting，rough skin，crisp flesh，sour-sweet flavor，absent astringency，small fruit core and maturity in September had more proportion than other corresponding descriptors，accounting for 92%，52%，54%，50%，50%，70%，54% and 80%，respectively. The average variation coefficient of content of vitamin C and titratable acid，ratio of SS and TA，and ratio of TSS and TA was 67.60%，48.26%，42.22% and 41.14%，respectively，which was higher than that of other numerical characters. The fruit peel color and shape was found to have the richest diversity among 13 description characters，with 1.660 and 1.605 of Shannon-Weaver index. And the indexes of 13 numerical characters range from 1.698 to 2.074，which was higher than that of 13 description characters with 0.324 to 1.660 of Shannon-Weaver index，indicating that the numerical characters had richer diversity than description characters. Q cluster analysis showed that all the tested germplasm resources were divided into five groups at the Euclidean distance of 14.71，and there were differences of fruit characters among difference groups without regional trend. R cluster analysis showed that 26 characters closely related were significantly clustered into five groups at coefficient of 1.236. Twenty-six characters were mainly composed of 10 independent principal components with the cumulative contribution rate of 86.545%，which showed dispersion of contribution rate and multi-directional variation of local pear fruit characters. Positively increasing the first principal component factor will be favorable for improving the fruit interior quality，while positively increasing the second and fourth principal component factor will be favorable for improving the fruit exterior quality，and negatively increasing the third principal component factor will be beneficial to increase fruit size.

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• The Analysis of ERFs Related to Fruit Ripening in Papaya
• CHEN Yongping1，GAO Feng2，SHEN Yanhong3，ZHAO Wanwan4，CHEN Guixin1,*，and WANG Ping4,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 252-264. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0396
• Abstract ( 217 ) HTML ( 655 ) PDF (2893KB) ( 655 ) 　　　

• Through the comparative analysis of phylogenetic relationships，basic physical and chemical properties，conservative motifs，the promoter cis-elements of CpERFs and combining with papaya RNA-seq data，which conclude different treatments [ethylene and ethylene inhibitor 1-methyl propylene（1-MCP）treatments] and different ripening stages in pulp，this research selected 22 CpERFs members for expression analysis. Through RNA-seq 18 members of ERF family were found，which suggests that these genes may play important role in response to fruit ripening in papaya.

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• Proteome Analysis of Response of Vaccinium uligiuosum Seedlings to Low-temperature and Short Photoperiod
• WU Fengzhang* and WANG Hexin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 265-279. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0318
• Abstract ( 205 ) HTML ( 575 ) PDF (1369KB) ( 575 ) 　　　

• The three-year-old seedlings of Vaccinium uligiuosum L. were selected as testing materials. The seedlings were exposed to the control（23 ℃，daylength 14 h），low-temperature and short day（4 ℃，daylength 10 h） and low-temperature and long day（4 ℃，daylength 14 h）under controlled environment chamber for 21 d respectively. The changes in the protein expression of shoot tissues after treatment were recorded. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics techniques were used in this study. The results showed that of 5 972 proteins and 600 differential expression proteins identified by a mass spectrometric analysis，140 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 114 were significantly down-regulated in low temperature and short-day vs control；255 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 122 were significantly down-regulated in low temperature and long-day vs control；39 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 187 were significantly down-regulated in low temperature and short-day vs low temperature and long-day. They included proteins were mainly involved in（1）RNA metabolism；（2）protein posttranslational modification；（3）carbohydrate metabolic；（4）energy production and conversion；（5）lipid metabolism；（6）secondary metabolites biosynthesis；（7）antioxidant and stress defense；（8）photosynthesis；（9）inorganic ion transport and metabolism. The differential expression proteins related to freezing tolerance were mainly induced by low temperature. In addition，expression of a few proteins is affected by both low temperature and photoperiod，and low temperature and short photoperiod are more favorable to freezing resistance acquisition. Cold acclimation increased significantly abundance of protein involved in RNA metabolism，protein posttranslational modification，antioxidant and defense responses，secondary metabolites biosynthesis，and lipid metabolism，revealed these metabolic pathways and related proteins may play an important role in freezing resistance mechanism in Vaccinium uligiuosum L.

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• Volatile Compounds in Tomato Fruits Under Different Light Qualities Revealed by Proteomic Analyses
• DONG Fei1，WANG Chuanzeng2，SUN Xiudong1， ZHANG Qing3，DONG Yuhui1，WANG Lixia1，and LIU Shiqi1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 280-294. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0602
• Abstract ( 273 ) HTML ( 720 ) PDF (868KB) ( 720 ) 　　　

• We used tomato（Solanumly copersicum L.）‘Micro-Tom’as the test material，after 30 days of seed germination. The seedlings were transferred to the artificial climate chamber and exposed to the following light conditions：red/blue combined light（1︰1），red/blue combined light（3︰1），red/blue combined light（5︰1），red/blue combined light（7︰1），and white light as the control. Fruits were harvested at the mature green，breaker，and ripe stages，then we determined the fruit volatile compounds content and proteomic. The results showed that in breaker and ripe stages of tomato fruits，hexanal，trans-2-hexenal，β-ionone，geranylacetone，6-methyl-5- hepten-2-one，2-phenylethanolx，callus lignan，which have positive effects on tomato flavor were the highest in the red/blue combined light（3︰1）treatment. The content of methyl salicylate，which has a negative effect on tomato flavor was low，and no methyl salicylate was detected at the ripe stage. To further elucidate the effects of light quality on volatile compounds content of tomato fruit，total protein was extracted from the control and red/blue combined light（3︰1）. A subsequent proteomic analysis revealed that twelve proteins related to volatile compounds were differentially abundant between the control and red/blue combined light（3︰1）during ripening. Among the twelve differentially abundant proteins related to volatile compounds，eight were up-regulated and four were down-regulated. The differential abundances of the twelve proteins were validated by determining the expression levels of the corresponding genes by qRT-PCR. The expression levels of eleven of the genes were consistent with the abundances of the corresponding proteins. There was a lack of consistency in the gene expression levels and protein abundances for phenylpyruvate tautomerase（MIF）.

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• Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of UV-B Photoreceptor Gene SmUVR8 in Solanum melongena
• ZHANG Junhao，HE Yongjun，ZHOU Lu，LIU Yang，and CHEN Huoying*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 295-306. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0776
• Abstract ( 216 ) HTML ( 499 ) PDF (2735KB) ( 499 ) 　　　

• Ultraviolet-B（UV-B）receptor gene UVR8 was cloned from eggplant（Solanum melongena L.）using homology-based cloning method，named SmUVR8. Sequence alignment shows SmUVR8 is similar to UVR8 in other Solanaceae plant and Arabidopsis thaliana，indicating SmUVR8 may have the function of AtUVR8. To further study the function of the SmUVR8，SmUVR8 was transformated in the Arabidopsis uvr8 mutant. The result showed SmUVR8 restored the phenotype of hypocotyl elongation，the flowering time and anthocyanin accumulation of Arabidopsis uvr8 mutant，which indicated eggplant SmUVR8 gene have the similar function to the Arabidopsis AtUVR8 gene. Real-time fluorescent quantitation and yeast two hybrid result reveals UV-B signal can influence photomorphogenesis of eggplant by the interaction of SmUVR8 and SmCOP1 activating SmHY5 and SmCHS .

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• Genetic Analysis of Dominant Locus Involved in Resistance to Turnip mosaic virus by QTL-seq in Chinese Cabbage
• LI Guoliang，ZHANG Shujiang，QIAN Wei，LI Fei，ZHANG Shifan，ZHANG Hui，FANG Zhiyuan，and SUN Rifei *
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 307-316. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0517
• Abstract ( 251 ) HTML ( 580 ) PDF (820KB) ( 580 ) 　　　

• In order to excavate the diversity of TuMV resistant genes and make the genetic improvement strategy and measures for the prevention and control in Chinese cabbage，QTL analysis of the dominant locus was conducted in the study，which would be helpful to cultivate the broad-spectrum resistance of Chinese cabbage varieties. The F2 population was constructed from the parents‘89B’（resistant）and‘Qiangshi’（susceptible），which were the highly inbred Chinese cabbage lines. The F2 population individuals were inoculated by TuMV C4 isolate，and the segregation from F2 did not fit the expected segregation for a Mendelian model 3︰1（χ2 = 4.8 > χ0.052 = 3.84），so quantitative trait locus controlled the character，not a single gene. Choosing 40 highly resistant/susceptible individuals from F2 population，respectively，to mix the pools，and the two parents and two pools were re-sequenced. By calculation analysis of △(SNP-index) between parent and pools，two main regions were obtained（A07 chromosome：13.9–14.4 Mb and A08 chromosome：16.4–17.4 Mb）. There were 68 genes in the above two regions，and 6 out of 68 were associated with resistance in plants（Bra028499，Bra028500，Bra016311，Bra016312，Bra016313 and Bra016314）. In addition，Bra028499 and Bra028500 coded the disease-resistant proteins，and Bra016311，Bra016312，Bra016313 and Bra016314 coded TMV-resistant proteins. Bra028499，Bra028500，Bra016311 and Bra016314 contained the TIR-NBS-LRR domains. About 80% of the resistance genes cloned in plants belonged to the NBS gene families，indicating that these genes may be associated with Chinese cabbage resistance to TuMV.

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• Phenotype Characterization and Genetic Analysis of a Floral Mutant aps in Petunia
• ZHOU Qin1，LU Rui1，ZHANG Shuting1，BAO Manzhu1，and LIU Guofeng1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 317-329. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0441
• Abstract ( 289 ) HTML ( 701 ) PDF (3133KB) ( 701 ) 　　　

• A floral mutant was obtained during the construction of a mutant library with Petunia hybrida W138 strain，which was mainly characterized by abnormal development of sepals and petals，and named as aps（abnormal petals and sepals）. Compared with normal W138 plant（Wt），the most obvious phenotype of aps is its split corolla，usually with three lobes；simultaneously，two of five sepals in aps mutant are petaloid. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）analysis indicated that the shape of epidermis cells in the petaloid sepals of aps plants was the same as that in petals of Wt plants. The genetic analysis by selfing，crossing，and backcrossing between aps and its normal sister plants or W115 suggested that the trait of aps is controlled by a single recessive gene. qPCR was used to analyze the expression of floral development related genes in four whorls of organs between aps and Wt flowers. The results showed that three B-class genes（FBP1，PMADS1 and PMADS2）and some E-class genes（FBP2，FBP4 and FBP5）was activated in petaloid sepals of aps mutants，however，the expression of all A-class genes including FBP26，FBP29，PEG，AP2A，AP2B and AP2C，as well as the E-class genes FBP9 and FBP23，are down-regulated in this whorl. In aps petals，except for FBP29 that is not expressed in petals，all other A-class genes are up-regulated，as are the B-class genes，FBP1 and PMADS2，and the E-class genes FBP2，FBP5，FBP23 and PMADS12. The expression of C- and D-class genes are not altered in sepals and petals of the mutants，but both C-class genes are downregulated in stamens and styles of aps plants，like the D-class gene FBP7 in ovaries. The characterization of aps mutant provides a good chance for studying the molecular regulation of floral organ development and for exploring the relationship of floral genes in petunia.

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Research Notes

• Expression Analysis of Callose Synthase Gene Family in Citrus
• PENG Yun，FAN Haifang，LEI Tiangang，HE Yongrui，CHEN Shanchun*，and YAO Lixiao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 330-336. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0479
• Abstract ( 322 ) HTML ( 949 ) PDF (1025KB) ( 949 ) 　　　
• Callose deposition is a common plant defense response to invasive pathogens and involved in plant innate immunity. In order to explore the expression of callose synthase（CalS）in citrus and the response to Huanglongbing（HLB），12 members of callose synthase genes（CsCalSs）were screened from the sweet orange（Citrus sinensis）genome and analyzed with bioinformatic tools. The coding amino acid sequences of these CsCalS genes showed high homology with callose synthase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results produced by real time PCR revealed that the expression of CsCalS5 and CsCalS12 in citrus leaves were higher than that of other callose synthase genes. On the other hand，CsCalS5，CsCalS7 and CsCalS8 were all up-regulated in HLB-affected‘Shatangju’（C. reticulata）and‘Chandler’pummelo（C. grandis）comparing with the healthy control，indicated they may be involved in the response of citrus to the HLB pathogen.
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• CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Editing of Multiple Sites in the Citrus CsLOB1 Promoter
• ZOU Xiuping1，FAN Di2，PENG Aihong1，HE Yongrui1，XU Lanzhen1，LEI Tiangang1，YAO Lixiao1，LI Qiang1，LUO Keming2,*，and CHEN Shanchun1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 337-344. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0383
• Abstract ( 271 ) HTML ( 751 ) PDF (1384KB) ( 751 ) 　　　
• To obtain mutants with large fragment deletions in the CsLOB1 promoter，in this study，we edited multiple sites of the CsLOB1 promoter using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two plant expression vectors，pCas9CsLOB1:2sites and pCas9CsLOB1:3sites，which were designed for the simultaneous targeting of two and three sites in the CsLOB1 promoter，respectively，were constructed to edit the EBEPthA4 region. Sequencing data revealed that the editing efficiency in pCas9CsLOB1:2sites and pCas9CsLOB1:3sites transgenic lines was 64.7% and 80.0%，respectively，and fragment deletions between two sgRNA target sites occurred in the transgenic citrus plants. Further analyses indicated the mutation efficiency differed among the sgRNAs. The differences were likely due to variability in the binding ability of sgRNAs to the targeted CsLOB1- sequence. These results showed that mutants with the deletion of large DNA fragment can be obtained through editing multiple sites within the CsLOB1 promoter.
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• Establishment and Application of YL-1 High-efficiency Genetic Transformation System in Cabbage（Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata）
• CUI Huilin1,2，LI Zhiyuan2，FANG Zhiyuan2，YANG Limei2，ZHUANG Mu2，Lü Honghao2，LIU Yumei2，SONG Jianghua1,*，and ZHANG Yangyong2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 345-355. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0330
• Abstract ( 273 ) HTML ( 585 ) PDF (1330KB) ( 585 ) 　　　
• In order to select the cabbage genotypes with high-efficiency transformation，cotyledons with petiole and hypocotyl of four inbred lines were used to compare the regeneration frequency. The results showed that YL-1 was the optimal transformation donor and its regeneration frequency was significantly higher than the other three materials. The regeneration frequency of YL-1 cotyledons with petiole and hypocotyl had no significant difference and both of them could be used for genetic transformation. The transformation factors including light intensity，concentration of herbicide Basta and Agrobacterium concentration of infection were further optimized. The results showed that the optimum culture condition for YL-1 adventitious bud regeneration was light intensity 4 000 lx + Basta 8 mg · L-1. When the explants were inoculated by Agrobacterium with OD600 = 0.3 and 8 min，the regeneration frequency of herbicide-resistant buds was the highest. Eventually，a total of 47 herbicide-resistant transformants were obtained and 12 of them were PCR-positive，with the transformation frequency up to 2.18%，which indicated that bar gene had been transformed into YL-1. Gene expression analysis of two PCR-positive transformants were performed by transcriptome sequencing，and bar gene was transcribed in both of them. The establishment of high-efficiency genetic transformation system for YL-1 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens would provide a basis for gene function identification，the editing and improvement of important agronomic traits in the future.
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• Microscopic Observation of the Morphological Development of Basidia and Basidiospores in Agaricus bisporus
• ZHAO Jianxia1,2，FENG Weilin2，JIN Qunli2，SHEN Yingyue2，SONG Tingting2，and CAI Weiming2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 356-364. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0605
• Abstract ( 192 ) HTML ( 744 ) PDF (3323KB) ( 744 ) 　　　
• Optical microscopy，confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the micromorphological characteristics of basidia and basidiospores at different stages of development in Agaricus bisporus. The basidia grows closely together and the proportion of different types of basidia in the gill at different developmental stages is not sustained. In the early stage of development，wich is the top of the basidium was covered with membrane（Apical Membrance of Basidium，AMB）. In basidium development，the two nuclei fused in the middle of the basidium，and the nuclear phase of the basidium changed during its development. The formation of mononuclear cells migrated back to the top of the basidium and meiosis took place. Finally，four nuclei were formed at the top of the basidium. Sometimes，the second meiosis was different and the phenomenon of three nuclei appeared in the head of the basidia due to the non-synchrony of the secondary mitosis. After meiosis，an average of four nuclei migrated to the sporozoites. Basidiospores wall have two layers. The basidiospores contain lipid droplets of uneven sizes.
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• Screening，Cloning and Expression Patterns Analysis of PsGRASs Associated with Dormancy Release in Tree Peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）
• WU Hong，LIU Chunying，FU Xiangmei，GAI Shupeng，and ZHANG Yuxi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 365-374. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0207
• Abstract ( 217 ) HTML ( 631 ) PDF (1374KB) ( 631 ) 　　　
• By screening and cloning the PsGRASs gene of peony and analyzing its expression pattern，the author preliminarily analyzed whether it participated in the dormancy release of peony，in order to provide candidate genes for anti-seasonal flower urge of peony. Based on the seed sequence of the GRAS gene family（Pfam No. PF03514），local blast was run to search GRAS gene family members in 454 sequencing transcriptomic database using the Hidden Markov Model（HMM）model and BioEdit software.As a result，two ESTs with GRAS domain were found. The full-length cDNAs were obtained by RACE. The full cDNA sequence of PsGRAS1 was 2 308 bp，the open reading frame（ORF）was 1 848 bp，encoding 615 amino acids；the PsGRAS2 was 2 034 bp，and the ORF was 1 560 bp，encoding 518 amino acids. The homology of the two PsGRAS proteins was 19.87%. The results of phylogenetic tree showed that PsGRAS1 protein and GA1，RGLs of DELLA subfamily in Arabidopsis were clustered into a large branch，PsGRAS2 protein is in a branch with Arabidopsis HAMs（AtSCL6/15/22/26/27），indicating that two GRAS members are from two different branches of the GRAS family. The tissue expression results showed that PsGRAS1 and PsGRAS2 were expressed in different tissues at the early stage of peony flowering. The expression level of PsGRAS1 was the highest in leaves and the lowest in stamens，but that of PsGRAS2 in bracts was the highest，and the lowest in the petals. PsGRAS1 genes showed a down-regulation pattern during the dormancy release，and had the lowest expression level after 28 d chilling treatment，while PsGRAS2 showed an up-regulation trend with the highest transcript level after 14 d chilling treatment and followed by a downward trend. After being treated with exogenous GA3 for 7 days，the PsGRAS1 gene showed a dramatically decreasing trend and the PsGRAS2 gene was significantly increased. These results indicated that both PsGRAS1 and PsGRAS2 were involved in the dormancy process with different functions.
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• Petal Volatile Components Among Different Varieties of Rosa rugosa
• YAO Chenyang1,2，GE Hong2，WU Hua3，JIA Ruidong2，ZHAO Xin2，Lü Yingmin1,*，and YANG Shuhua2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 375-384. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0196
• Abstract ( 320 ) HTML ( 724 ) PDF (772KB) ( 724 ) 　　　
• The petal volatile components and their contents among five varieties of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were assayed qualitatively and quantitatively by using Head Solid-phase Micro-extraction（HS–SPME）and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry（GC–MS）. The compositions and relative contents were analyzed. Forty-nine volatile compounds were detected，including alcohols，esters，aldehydes，terpenes，phenols，ketones，alkanes，acids and ethers. The main volatile components including phenylethyl alcohol，citronellol，nerol，geraniol and their acetate esters were contributed to the first and second principal components in the principal component analysis. The releasing amounts（RA）of the major aromatic components were significantly different among the varieties. There were significantly higher RA of citronellol，citronellal，and citronellol acetate in R. rugosa‘Fenghua’than the other 4 varieties. Moreover，the higher RA of geraniol，geranial，nerol，neral，cis-β-ocimene and β-pinene were observed in the R. rugosa f. alba and R. rugosa f. plena than the other varieties. Five Rosa rugosa were clustered into two groups by clustering analysis. Among the first group，there were R. rugosa‘Zizhi’and R. rugosa from Japan，while R. rugosa f. alba，R. rugosa f. plena and R. rugosa‘Fenghua’were clustered in the second group.
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• Cloning of CsAIL in Tea Plant and Its Expression Analysis During Winter Dormancy Transition
• ZHANG Weifu1，LIU Ying1,3，SUN Lengxue1，WANG Lu1，ZENG Jianming1，YANG Yajun1，WANG Xinchao1，WEI Chaoling2,*，and HAO Xinyuan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 385-396. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0319
• Abstract ( 202 ) HTML ( 614 ) PDF (1222KB) ( 614 ) 　　　
• In tea plant，on the basis of previous transcriptome study on the axillary buds at different dormancy states，a differentially expressed gene related to dormancy regulation was identified，cloned and sequenced. This gene was highly homologous to AINTEGUMEN-LIKE（AIL），and named as CsAIL. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the CsAIL gene contains an open reading frame（ORF）in 1 872 bp，encoding 623 amino acid residues. CsAIL is predicted as a secretory protein with a putative molecular mass of 69.2 kD and theoretical isoelectric point of 6.6. CsAIL contained two conserved AP2 domains and should be grouped into AP2 subfamily，a superfamily closely involved in plant growth and development. Subcellular localization showed that CsAIL protein possibly locates the other organelles except chloroplasts and mitochondria. Homology analysis indicated that 11 and 12 AIL homologous genes were identified at the level of‘Yunkang 10’and‘Shuchazao’tea plant genome，respectively. Analysis of phylogenetic tree and sequence conservatism showed that CsAIL had the closest evolutionary relationship with‘Yunkang 10’CSA001743.1 and‘Shuchazao’TEA027750.1，and had different branches with known Arabidopsis AIL protein，but had typical conserved domain and known important amino acid sites. Promoter sequence cloning and analysis showed that CsAIL gene may be co-regulated by physiological rhythm，light and multiple hormone signals. Comprehensive expression analyses indicated that CsAIL had high expression levels in tea apical buds，axillary buds and stems，but relative low in leaves and extremely in flowers. At the stage of paradormancy，the expression of CsAIL was gradually down-regulated. A pretty low transcript level was maintained during endodormancy period. On the contrary，rapid expression increase was detected during ecodormancy and bud flush. Furthermore，the expression patterns of CsCYCD3.2 and CsCYCD6.1，putative downstream targets of CsAIL，were highly consistent with CsAIL and a high coefficient of association was observed between them. These results suggest that CsAIL may be a pivotal gene in bud dormancy regulation by modulating CsCYCDs among the dormancy-growth cycles in tea plant.
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New Cultivars

• A New Cucumber Cultivar‘Yuefeng’
• LIANG Zhaojun，LIN Yu’e*，WANG Rui，HUANG Hexun，WU Tingquan，JIANG Biao，LIU Wenrui，and PENG Qingwu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 397-398. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0303
• Abstract ( 275 ) HTML ( 379 ) PDF (3603KB) ( 379 ) 　　　
• ‘Yuefeng’is an early ripening North China type cucumber cultivar bred by crossing‘Yuyou 4’（female parent）and‘Yuliang 3’（male parent）. The hybrid grows strongly and produces fruits mainly on the stem and side shoot with high female flowers festival rate. Fruits are long rod，straight and 38.0 cm in length，3.8 cm in width，1.2 cm in flesh thickness. Average fruit weight is about 390 g. Its skin is dark green with small white spines and its nubbles are dense and small. Fruits are crisp and sweet with good commodity.‘Yuefeng’is heat-resistant and resistant to diseases and stresses，suitable for growing in South China in spring and autumn.
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• A New Sweet Osmanthus Cultivar‘Canghuage’
• CHEN Bangqing，FU Juan*，MEI Hua，WANG Weiqiong，and YANG Dalian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 399-400. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0248
• Abstract ( 253 ) HTML ( 520 ) PDF (1183KB) ( 520 ) 　　　
• ‘Canghuage’is a new cultivar selected from the progeny of Osmanthus fragrans. This cultivar has broad oval-spheroid crown，straight trunk，brawny branch and luxuriant foliage. Blooming every year and each period lasts about half a month. Flowers appear under leaves. Number of flowers was a few and the fragrance is significant.‘Canghuage’is suitable to be cultivated near the Huaihe River Basin and its south of China.
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• A New Lagerstroemia indica Cultivar‘Zijin’
• YANG Rutong，WANG Peng，WANG Shuan，LI Linfang，Gao Lulu，and LI Ya*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 401-402. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0874
• Abstract ( 376 ) HTML ( 477 ) PDF (1162KB) ( 477 ) 　　　
• Lagerstroemia indica cultivar‘Zijin’was selected from the F1 offsprings between L. indica‘Fanhua Sijin’（♀）and L. indica‘Jinhuang’（♂）. The young leaves of‘Zijin’are purple red（63B）and mature leaves are brilliant yellow（5A）. Its flower color is bright purple（75A）with the same purple color of the claw. Its florescence was from July to September. The ripening time of fruits was from September to November.
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• A New Euscaphis konishii Hayata Cultivar‘Hongbaoshi’
• ZHANG Xiaohua1,2，CHEN Zeming1,2，LIANG Wenxian1,2，ZOU Xiaoxing1,2，and HU Yalin1，ZOU Shuangquan1,2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(2): 403-404. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0685
• Abstract ( 244 ) HTML ( 457 ) PDF (1560KB) ( 457 ) 　　　
• Euscaphis konishii Hayata‘Hongbaoshi’is a new cultivar selected from Jiangshi Nature Reserve，Shaowu City，Fujian Province. The ripening period of fruit is early，the pericarp is thick. The pericarp is red and flawless before fruit cracking，and becomes butterfly-wing shape after splitting into two petals. Its fruiting period is from July to February of the next year. The cultivar can be widely planted in the distribution range of Euscaphis konishii Hayata.
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