Review

• Advances of Calcium-sensing Receptor（CAS）in the Regulation of Plant Photosynthesis and Environment Stress Response
• GU Jiamao，LI Yangyang，WANG Feng，QI Mingfang，LI Tianlai，and LIU Yufeng*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1633-1644. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0266
• Abstract ( 299 ) HTML ( 963 ) PDF (789KB) ( 963 ) 　　　
• Plants are inevitably affected by a series of adverse environments during their growth. It is necessary for them to quickly perceive and adapt to the environment. Ca2+ is an extremely important second messenger in organisms and plays a significant regulatory role in plant growth，development and response to stress. The calcium-sensing receptor（CAS）is a specific protein located on the thylakoid membrane，which regulates the intracellular Ca2+ response by sensing the change of extracellular Ca2+ concentration，thereby affecting a series of downstream signal activities and making plants respond to the external environment. In this paper，we summarized the discovery process，structure，location of CAS in plants，as well as its influence on stomata opening and closing，participation in photosynthesis，and its important role in regulating stress response，so as to provide references for further studies on the biological functions of CAS in regulating stress response in plants.
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• Advances in Phenolic Substances and Their Effects on Browning in Woody Plant Tissue Culture
• GAO Jie*，ZHANG Ping*，XUE Jingqi，XUE Yuqian，WANG Shunli**，and ZHANG Xiuxin**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1645-1654. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0698
• Abstract ( 328 ) HTML ( 620 ) PDF (756KB) ( 620 ) 　　　
• Phenolic compounds are the secondary metabolites in plants，which play important roles in antioxidation，anti-bacterial，stress resistance，etc. However，phenolic compounds are also the substrates of explant browning in tissue culture. Plant browning is a recalcitrant problem for plant tissue culture，and it severely affects woody plant. Phenol oxidation catalyzed by oxidases is the directly caused browning. In this paper，we summarized phenolic compounds synthesis and classification，metabolic enzymes，methods of identification，and how the phenolic compounds affect woody plant tissue culture at first. And then the methods of decreased or depressed plant browning were suggested. This paper could provide theoretical guidance for the woody plant tissue culture.
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• Plant UDP-glycosyltransferases in Flavonoids Biosynthesis
• XIE Linfeng，REN Chuanhong，ZHANG Bo，XU Changjie，and LI Xian*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1655-1669. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0237
• Abstract ( 379 ) HTML ( 775 ) PDF (831KB) ( 775 ) 　　　
• Flavonoids are important polyphenols for human diet and ornamental horticulture. Flavonoids attract attention for their wide range of biological activities and important biological functions. Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases（UGT） catalyze the final step of flavonoid biosynthesis to form various glycoside derivatives. Recently，with the development of plant genomics，many flavonoid biosynthesis related UGTs were analyzed and identified. Here，research progress on plant UGTs involved in flavonoids glycosylation modification was summarized from biochemical and molecular biological points of view. Important evidence illustrating enzymatic activities of flavonoid biosynthesis related-UGTs，functional characterization，as well as bioengineering of flavonoids with key UGTs were listed，which may provide theoretical foundation for regulation on flavonoid biosynthesis in the future.
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• Effect of Daily Light Integral on Plant Growth and Development
• CUI Jiawei1，LEI Bingfu1，and LIU Houcheng2,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1670-1680. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0527
• Abstract ( 358 ) HTML ( 476 ) PDF (755KB) ( 476 ) 　　　
• Daily light integral（DLI）is the total amount of photosynthetic light delivered to plants each day. In this paper，the effects of DLI on the seed germination，vegetative growth and reproductive growth of plants were discussed，thus providing reference and guidance for setting up proper DLI in plant production. Increasing DLI under low light conditions could promote the growth and development of plants. The germination rate of photoblastic seed was positively correlated with DLI. Appropriately increasing DLI could enhance the growth of root and shoot，increase plant biomass. During reproductive growth stage，increasing DLI could be conducive to flower bud differentiation and increase both fruit yield and quality.
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• Advances in the Effects of Hydrothermal Factors on Fruit Quality and Their Implications for Fruit Cultivation
• WANG Yuzhu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1681-1690. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0251
• Abstract ( 184 ) HTML ( 408 ) PDF (720KB) ( 408 ) 　　　
• In this paper，the main research progress of water and heat factors affecting fruit quality in recent years was summarized. By comparing the water and heat environmental factors in fruit producing areas at home and abroad，the key factors that limit the improvement of fruit quality in some areas of China were analyzed. Based on the results，a new idea of changing the cultivation measures to improve fruit quality was put forward.
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• Review on the Molecular Pathogenic Mechanism of Phytoplasma
• LI Jidong1,*，CHEN Peng1,*，NI Jing1，GU Liyuan1，WANG Huiyu1,2，ZHENG Xianbo1，and FENG Jiancan1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1691-1700. DOI:doi：10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0280
• Abstract ( 108 ) HTML ( 343 ) PDF (741KB) ( 343 ) 　　　
• Phytoplasmas are pathogenic microorganism belonging to the class Mollicutes. The phytoplasmas parasitize the phloem tissues of infected plant hosts and are transmitted by insect vectors. To date，the complete genome sequence of six phytoplasmas，and draft genome of nineteen phytoplasmas have been published. The phytoplasmas genomes are featured with low G + C content（19.3%–28.6%），lack of genes for numerous biosynthetic pathways，such as amino acid synthesis，fatty acid synthesis，the tricarboxylic acid cycle，oxidative phosphorylation，and pentose phosphate pathway. A large portion of phytoplasmas genome encodes potential mobile units，consisting of repeats that resemble composite transposable elements. Phytoplasmas have functional Sec（Signal sequences）-dependent pathway，secrete effector proteins into the cytoplasm of phloem sieve cells of the host plants. The most studied phytoplasma virulence effectors are SAP11，Tengu and Phyllogen. SAP11 and Tengu induce stem proliferation，dwarf，while Phyllogen induces the development of leaf-like flowers. The developmental symptoms of the host plant promoted the insect vectors colonization and reproduction，thus contribute to the phytoplasma transmission. The SAP11 interacts with TCP transcription factors to destabilize their functions. The SAP11 also antagonistically regulates the jasmine acid and auxin signaling pathway，leading to the proliferation of axillary meristems. Phyllogen interacts and degrades A and E class MADS-box transcription factors，which were involved in flower development. In the future，we will be able to sequence more and more phytoplasma genome by mega-genomic methods，and analyze the host selection mechanism. The combination of phenomics，metabonomics，proteomics，and transcriptomics techniques can be applied on the screening and identification of the phytoplasma virulence effectors，for a more comprehensive understanding of the phytoplasma pathogenic mechanism to provide valuable information for phytoplasma disease control.
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• Polyploid Rootstock of Fruit Tree：Research Status and Prospects
• DANG Jiangbo1，LIANG Guolu1，LI Cai2，WU Di1，GUO Qigao1,*，LIANG Senlin1，and WANG Peng1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1701-1710. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0702
• Abstract ( 265 ) HTML ( 568 ) PDF (755KB) ( 568 ) 　　　
• Polyploid rootstocks have some specific and excellent traits such as dwarf，drought tolerance，salt tolerance and iron-deficiency tolerance. As being used as rootstock，polyploid could induce plants dwarf and enhance tolerance of trees to abiotic stress，such as drought，iron-deficiency，salt，heavy metal and chill. In citrus，cherry and apple，some polyploid rootstocks have been applied in production. Nonetheless，low fertility and genetic instability limit reproduction of polyploid rootstock. Although vegetative propagation，apomixes and sexual reproduction have been employed，polyploid rootstocks all have their own disadvantages，need improvements. Formation mechanisms of some specific traits of polyploid rootstocks have been researched，and these traits were concerned with their anatomical structure，expression of some stress resistance-related genes and metabolites. Abscisic acid（ABA）may take part in plant dwarfing regulation and plays an important role in drought tolerance of polyploid rootstock. In an overall view，application and researches of polyploid rootstock are both at the starting stage. In the subsequent processes，more new polyploid rootstocks should be bred，popularization and application should be speeded up，researches on reproduction methods and specific traits formation mechanisms should be reinforced.
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• Advances in Seedless Gene Researches and Seedless Breeding in Grapevine
• LI Shasha and WANG Yuejin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1711-1726. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0035
• Abstract ( 240 ) HTML ( 570 ) PDF (870KB) ( 570 ) 　　　
• Seedlessness is one of the most important quality traits in grapevine production and breeding of novel seedless grapevine cultivars is one of the main goals in breeding programs worldwide. The present review provides comprehensive information on recent advances in the type and the development of seedless grapevines，and discusses mechanisms behind the formation of seedless grapevines in aspects of molecular biology，endogenous hormone levels and genetics. Recent developments in technologies including genomics and gene editing provide alternative strategies for further breeding of seedless grapevines.
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• Advances in Terpenoid Identification and Triterpene Acid Biosynthesis in Loquat
• SU Wenbing1，YUAN Yuan2，BAI Yunlu1，LIU Yuexue3，LONG Ting1，and LIN Shunquan1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1727-1738. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0886
• Abstract ( 163 ) HTML ( 414 ) PDF (1497KB) ( 414 ) 　　　
• Terpenoids，especially triterpene acids in loquat has efficacy on anti-inflammatory，anti-oxidation，tumor cell proliferation-resistance for abundant pharmacological constituents. In the last decades，increasing attention about terpenoids was given in the food industry and medicine production. Accordingly，study about the triterpene acid biosynthesis and its relative bioactive components utilization in loquat gains more and more concerns. In this manuscript，we presented the advances of triterpene acids and sesquiterpenoids identification in loquat and bioactive activity assessment. The latest identified key enzyme or rate-limiting enzyme genes regulating terpene biosynthesis were also introduced. This manuscript aimed to make a brief summary of loquat terpenoid，which will be helpful for the related researches such as the utilization of bio-engineering in loquat to produce target terpenoid components.
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• Advances in Genetic Linkage Map Construction and QTL Mapping Associated Main Traits of Citrus
• HAN Guohui1,*，LUO Youjin1，XIANG Suqiong2，YANG Haijian1，LI Xunlan1，and CHENG Changfeng1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1739-1751. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0662
• Abstract ( 194 ) HTML ( 461 ) PDF (781KB) ( 461 ) 　　　
• This review summarizes construction of genetic linkage map and QTL mapping of genes related to important traits such as resistance to diseases and insects，abiotic stress resistance，embryo development and fruit quality of citrus，as well as discussing the future trends and prospects.
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• The Research Progress of Transcription Factors Regulating Glucosinolates Biosynthesis in Cruciferous Vegetables
• WANG Junwei，HUANG Ke，HUANG Yingjuan，MAO Shuxiang，BAI Aimei，LIU Mingyue，and WU Qiuyun*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1752-1764. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0462
• Abstract ( 174 ) HTML ( 471 ) PDF (837KB) ( 471 ) 　　　
• Glucosinolates are important secondary metabolites in cruciferous plants，and their derivatives and degradation productions play a special function in plant defense reaction，formation of special flavor and cancer resistance. The glucosinolate biosynthesis is complex，including side chain elongation of amino acids，formation of the core glucosinolate structure and secondary modi?cations of the amino acid side chain，involving BCATs，MAMs，CYP79s，CYP83s，AOPs and other gene families. With gradual revelation of metabolic mechanism of glucosinolate，the transcriptional regulation model has become a hot topic in metabolic mechanism research. In this paper，three important transcription factors involved in glucosinolate metabolism were summarized，among which MYB transcription factors（MYB28，MYB29，MYB76，MYB34，MYB51，and MYB122）played major regulatory roles in glucosinolates biosynthesis. And MYB28 and MYB34 are the major genes on regulating aliphatic and indole glucosinolates biosynthesis，respectively. bHLH transcription factors （MYC2，MYC3 and MYC4） have regulating function on glucosinolate biosynthesis by conjunction with MYB transcription factors. WRKY transcription factors（WRKY18 and WRKY40）synergize with CYP81F2 to negatively regulate the biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates. In addition，the responsion of transcription factors to exogenous abiotic or biotic stimulation，and the regulation mechanism on glucosinolate biosynthesis are briefly introduced in this paper. The research on transcription factors can further enrich regulatory mechanism of glucosinolate biosynthesis and provide new idea and method for molecular breeding，high-quality cultivation，biological control of cruciferous vegetable crops with high glucosinolate content.
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• Research Progress of TuMV Resistance Breeding for Brassica oleracea
• Lü Honghao，XING Miaomiao，YANG Limei，ZHUANG Mu，ZHANG Yangyong，WANG Yong，and FANG Zhiyuan*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1765-1778. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0231
• Abstract ( 150 ) HTML ( 303 ) PDF (797KB) ( 303 ) 　　　
• Turnip mosaic virus（TuMV）is the main virus threatening the production of Brassica oleracea，while cultivation and application of resistance varieties is the main way of disease management. Herein，we summarize the research progress of TuMV resistance breeding for Brassica oleracea，in terms of resistance evaluation method，resistance resources identification，inheritance analysis，mining and application of the resistance genes，as well as cultivation of resistant varieties. Also，the achievements，existing problems，and suggestions for future work are presented.
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• Progress in Molecular Research on Purple Formation of Eggplant
• ZHANG Ying，ZHAO Yueqi，CHEN Yuhui，LIAN Yong，and LIU Fuzhong *
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1779-1796. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0639
• Abstract ( 198 ) HTML ( 479 ) PDF (866KB) ( 479 ) 　　　

• This paper presents a view on the types and functions of anthocyanin in eggplant，association locus of purple formation and anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant tissues，and the structural and regulatory genes of eggplant anthocyanin synthesis. This parper provides a reference for analyzing the molecular mechanism of purple formation in eggplant.

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• A Review of Research on Capsaicinoids Biosynthesis Regulation and Physiological Function
• ZHANG Jing，XIE Jianming*，YU Jihua，FENG Zhi，and LI Jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1797-1812. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0712
• Abstract ( 184 ) HTML ( 420 ) PDF (1835KB) ( 420 ) 　　　
• This paper reviewed the research progress and current situation on capsaicinoids biosynthesis，influencing factors，detection strategies and physiological functions of capsaicin. Moreover，this paper discussed existing problems and research development directions on Capsaicinoids.
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• Progress of Resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Pepper
• YU Hailong，ZHANG Zhenghai，CAO Yacong，ZHANG Baoxi*，and WANG Lihao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1813-1824. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0489
• Abstract ( 239 ) HTML ( 505 ) PDF (734KB) ( 505 ) 　　　
• In recent years，Cucumber mosaic virus（CMV）has become more and more serious in pepper production. For this reason，we summarize the CMV genome structure，strains，vectors，control methods of CMV，CMV-resistant resource，CMV-resistant gene mapping and CMV-resistant linkage markers in pepper，which will accelerate CMV-resistant breeding of pepper and lay a foundation for analyses on the molecular mechanism of CMV-resistance.
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• Genetic Control and Metabolite Composition of Fruit Quality in Capsicum
• ZHANG Zhenghai，CAO Yacong，Yu Hailong，WANG Lihao*，and ZHANG Baoxi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1825-1841. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0636
• Abstract ( 242 ) HTML ( 660 ) PDF (874KB) ( 660 ) 　　　
• Pepper fruit contains capsaicinoids，carotenoids，vitamins，flavonoids and volatile organic compounds，which are responsible for the fruit color，nutritional and flavor quality. This paper reviews the genetic regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis，genetic control of fruit color and carotenoid synthesis，QTL analysis of flavonoids and interspecific introgression for flavors.
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• The Process，Mechanism and Influential Factors of Wound Healing of Potato Tubers
• JIANG Hong，WANG Yi，and BI Yang*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1842-1852. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0358
• Abstract ( 228 ) HTML ( 407 ) PDF (1331KB) ( 407 ) 　　　
• The healing process of potato tubers consists of the formation of‘closing layers’and ‘wound periderm’，the former refers to the suberization of parenchyma cells neighboring wound site，and the later refers to the suberized phellem cells beneath the closing layers. As the primary barrier of suberization，‘closing layers’inhibit the pathogen infection，however，a persistent protective structure against pathogens on wounded tubers mainly depends on‘wound periderm’. Various metabolic pathways are involved in the healing of tubers，and among them，reactive oxygen species，phenylpropanoid and fatty acid metabolism play essential roles in the formation of healing tissues. The potato cultivars and tuber maturity are main factors affecting wound healing. Additionally，temperature，relative humidity，light radiation，O2 and CO2 concentration，wounding severity，and chemicals affect the wound healing of tubers.
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New Cultivars

• A New Apricot Cultivar‘Jingluohong’
• YANG Li，SUN Haoyuan，ZHANG Junhuan，JIANG Fengchao，ZHANG Meiling，and WANG Yuzhu*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1853-1854. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0511
• Abstract ( 166 ) HTML ( 269 ) PDF (1025KB) ( 269 ) 　　　
• ‘Jingluohong’is a new apricot cultivar bred from the cross‘Luotuohuang’בHonghebao’. The fruit is oval-shaped with the ground color of yellow and some flush in the surface. The average fruit weight is 65.0 g，and the maximum is 78.4 g. The flesh is soft with medium amount of juice and fiber. The soluble solids，titratable acidity and total sugar content account for 13.7%，0.94% and 11.29%，respectively. The vitamin C content is 92.2 mg ? kg-1. The flavour is sweet with strong aroma. It is freestone with sweet kernel and early maturing. The fruit development period is about 59 d.
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• A New Sweet Cherry Cultivar‘Miquan’
• PAN Fengrong*，ZHENG Wei，LI Yutao，XIA Guofang，XIAO Min，ZHAO Baixia，ZHAO Hui，and LIU Hongxia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1855-1856. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0546
• Abstract ( 400 ) HTML ( 252 ) PDF (882KB) ( 252 ) 　　　
• ‘Miquan’，a new mid-ripening cultivar of sweet cherry，its average fruit weight is 9.1 g，and the biggest one is 11.8 g. The skin of the fruit is yellow-pink. The fruit has substantial juice and sour-sweet taste with 24.8% soluble solids content，93.13% edible rate and good quality. It matures in middle June in Dalian area. The fruit development period is 50–55 days. The production at ten years old is 18 000 kg ? hm-2.
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• A New Mid-early Maturing Potato Cultivar‘Chuanyu 18’
• LI Huapeng1，SHEN Xueshan2,*，WANG Ping3，WANG Ling1，PENG Xiaohe1，LIANG Xiao1，and QU Huijuan3
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1857-1858. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0434
• Abstract ( 319 ) HTML ( 347 ) PDF (1127KB) ( 347 ) 　　　
• ‘Chuanyu 18’is a new potato cultivar selected from crosses between true potato seeds（C92.140 × C93.154）. It is a mid-early maturing cultivar with 70 d growth period. The tuber shape is oval，tuber skin is smooth and the skin color is light yellow，tuber flesh color is white，with less and shallow bud eyes. The dry matter content of tuber is 24.3%，the starch content is 14.2%，the reducing sugar content is 0.14%，the crude protein content is 2.43%，the vitamin C content is 0.2642 mg ? g-1 and the average yield is 25.54 t ? hm-2. This cultivar is suitable for autumn sowing and winter sowing in Chengdu plain，or low mountain areas and low hilly regions surrounding Chengdu plain，also suitable for spring sowing in alpine and plateau areas such as Aba，Ganzi，etc.
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• A New Lilium Cultivar‘Nice Little Girl’
• YANG Liping1，FU Yongyao1,*，and LEI Meiyan2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1859-1860. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0512
• Abstract ( 230 ) HTML ( 371 ) PDF (859KB) ( 371 ) 　　　
• ‘Nice Little Girl’ is a new lily cultivar bred by doubling the Lilium callosum Sieb. et Zucc. The plants grow very well with strong resistance to lodging. The flowers are pink and soft with a little fresh and pleasant fragrance.
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• A New Malus Crabapple Cultivar‘Hongxia’
• SHI Fenghou，LIANG Yuying，and SHEN Yongbao*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1861-1862. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0529
• Abstract ( 211 ) HTML ( 389 ) PDF (3887KB) ( 389 ) 　　　
• Malus‘Hongxia’is a new crabapple cultivar which was selected from the progeny of Malus‘Callaway’. The cultivar has charming blossoms in spring and attractive fruits in other season. The cultivar blooms with red bud and white flower in spring，and the flowering period could reach 15 days. The cultivar has high fruit production，intensive fruit，peculiar fruit shape，bright fruit colors and long fruit period. The fruit with oval shape is like jade pendant，the fruit color turns bright red after autumn，the fruit ornamental period could reach 160 days. Its adaptability is strong，and the tree is rapid growth.
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• A New Crabapple Cultivar‘Datang Tingmei’
• SHA Guangli*，HUANG Yue，MA Rongqun，GE Hongjuan，ZHANG Ruifen，SUN Jilu，WANG Zhiyun， and GONG Xianghui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1863-1864. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0568
• Abstract ( 252 ) HTML ( 366 ) PDF (1337KB) ( 366 ) 　　　
• A new crabapple cultivar‘Datang Tingmei’，was selected from the descendants of‘Qingzhen 1’ב Maypole’. The tree type is columnar and straight. The amount of flowers is large and the petals are pink when blooming. The young leaves are red，then turn to green. The leaves are leathery，bright and shiny，and turn to reddish brown before defoliation. The fruit is small，oblate，purple and red with fruit powder，and later turned red and shiny. It blooms in the middle and late April of Qingdao and leaf falls in the middle and late November. It has strong adaptability and high comprehensive ornamental value，which can be applied in landscaping.
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• A New Cultivar of Zelkova schneideriana‘Xingfu’
• HU Xijun*，JIN Xiaoling，XING Wen，ZENG Yan，and LIU Xiaoling
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2019, 46(9): 1865-1866. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0054
• Abstract ( 186 ) HTML ( 278 ) PDF (1348KB) ( 278 ) 　　　
• ‘Xingfu’is a new cultivar of Zelkova schneideriana，belonging to tall tree.‘Xingfu’is a fall-color plant. It has gray bark，yellow-green to yellow leaves in autumn，and early discoloration period. ‘Xingfu’has strong drought and salt resistance，and can be planted in the hilly and plain areas of south Yangtze river. It is the preferred species for urban road trees，landscape planting and afforestation for dry barren area. The main breeding method was grafting and survival rate was up to 95%.
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