Research Papers

• Cloning and Functional Characterization of Chalcone Synthase Genes（CmCHS）from Clivia miniata
• LIU Yue, LI Yueqing, MENG Xiangyu, HUANG Jing, TANG Hao, LI Yuanheng, GAO Xiang, ZHAO Chunli
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1847-1858. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0090
• Abstract ( 867 ) HTML ( 1053 ) PDF (4349KB) ( 1053 ) 　　　

• In order to investigate the structure and function of Chalcone Synthase from Clivia miniata,members of CHS gene family were screened and identified based on the previously constructed transcriptome database. The results showed that four CmCHSs（CmCHS1,CmCHS2,CmCHS3 and CmCHS4）genes were cloned in C. miniata. The open reading frames of the four CmCHSs were 1 173,1 170,1 173 and 1 173 bp and encoding 390,389,390,390 respectively. Amino acid sequence that CmCHSs had typical the conserved domains. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the four CmCHS genes clustered with the bona-fide CHSs from other plants and belonged to type Ⅲ polyketide synthase（PKS）super family. The results of subcellular localization showed that they were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Gene expressionanalysis showed CmCHS1 and CmCHS2 were highly expressed at the late stage of flower development process,and the transcripts of CmCHS1,CmCHS2 and CmCHS3 were confirmed to the extensively detected in pigmented leaves and red fruit peels. In contrast,the expression level of CmCHS4 gene was relatively low. In order to firmly verified the roles of CmCHSs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins,prokaryotic expression vectors,pET-32-CmCHS,were constructed and recombinant proteins were prepared and purified,which were subjected to in vitro enzyme activity analysis. Results showed that the four CmCHS recombinant proteins could catalyze coumarinyl-CoA and malonyl-Coenzyme A into naringenin chalcone. This study explored the bioinformatics analysis,gene expression analysis,and functional analysis of CmCHS genes,and laid a theoretical foundation for the genetic transformation and flower color improvement of C. miniata.

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• A Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene AaMYB6 Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Anthurium andraeanum
• LI Chonghui, YANG Guangsui, ZHANG Zhiqun, YIN Junmei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1859-1872. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0476
• Abstract ( 633 ) HTML ( 605 ) PDF (3457KB) ( 605 ) 　　　

• A new R2R3-MYB gene AaMYB6 with GenBank accession number MZ171064 was isolated from the spadix of Anthurium andraeanum‘Pink Champion’based on the information from previous transcriptome data for identification of transcription factor genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. The function of AaMYB6 was analyzed through the assays such as amino acid sequence alignment,phylogenetic tree analysis,subcellular localization,overexpression in tobacco,qRT-PCR,yeast two-hybrid assay（Y2H）,and bimolecular fluorescence complementation（BiFC）. The results suggested that AaMYB6 showed homology with previously identified AaMYB1 from anthurium and belong to C1 subgroup R2R3-MYBs,represented by Zea may C1,that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in monocots. AaMYB6 was proved to be nucleus-localized protein. Overexpression of AaMYB6 in tobacco markedly activated the expression of the enzyme genes NtF3′H,NtDFR,NtANS,NtUFGT,specifically involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in filaments and promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. AaMYB6 was mainly expressed in the spadix of‘Rapido’. And the expression of AaMYB6 was closely linked to anthocyanin accumulation in the spadix of various cultivars. The interaction between AaMYB6 and the AabHLH1 protein,which was identified previously to regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in anthurium,was confirmed by Y2H and BiFC assays. The results indicated that AaMYB6 play a role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in anthurium.

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• The Impact of Tepal Structure and Pigment Composition on the Flower Colour of Lily
• WANG Qing, LÜ Tong, LÜ Yingmin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1873-1884. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0519
• Abstract ( 1078 ) HTML ( 767 ) PDF (10452KB) ( 767 ) 　　　

• Twenty-seven lily cultivars of seven colour group were used to analyze the lily tepal structure,the pigments exist in upper and lower epidermis of lily tepals. The upper and lower epidermal cells are irregular rectangular in most of the lily cultivars while some epidermal cells present closely regular polygon that contain anthocyanin. At the same time,tepal spots contained anthocyanins. Sixty-one lily cultivars and two wild species of seven colour group were used to analyze the tepal pigment composition,twenty-three kinds of flavonoid compounds,one kind of anthocyanin （ cyaniding-3-O- rutinoside ） and ten carotenoids （ 9Z-violaxanthin,antheraxanthin,9Z-antheraxanthin,mutatoxanthin,capsanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,β-cryptoxanthin,β-carotene,and 9Z-β-carotene ） were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS from lily tepal. The lily tepal all contained flavonoids. White tepal mainly contained flavonoids and some cultivars had a tiny amount of carotenoids. Red tepal contained anthocyanins,carotenoids and flavonoids while carotenoids and anthocyanins were the main pigment,flavonoids served as co-pigment. Purple-red and pink tepal contained anthocyanins and flavonoids while yellow and orange tepal mainly contained carotenoids.

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• Analysis of the Development of Flower Color Based on Hybridization Breeding Process in Lilium OT Hybrids
• YU Pengcheng, TAN Pingyu, GAO Li, JIA Guixia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1885-1894. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0578
• Abstract ( 802 ) HTML ( 273 ) PDF (1281KB) ( 273 ) 　　　

• Among the lily hybrids,the Lilium（Oriental × Trumpet）OT hybrids has the abundant variations in flower color and pigmentation patterning,which has become the main direction of lily breeding in the world. The flower color and breeding information of OT varieties cultivated and registered in the world（1958—2018）were sorted out and classified,the history of hybrid breeding of OT hybrids was analyzed,and the contribution value of important parents involved in the origin of OT hybrids was calculated. The breeding process of OT hybrids with various color systems and flower color types was systematically researched. The results showed that there were eight color systems and five kinds of pigmentation patterning in OT hybrids. The different color systems mainly originated from L. henryi,L. speciosum,L. rubellum and L. auratum with the total contribution value of 10.3035,6.7955,4.1250 and 2.5255. The mosaic phenomenon of flower color patterning,the interaction of pigment synthesis pathway and the evolution pattern of chromosome variation in the process of hybridization breeding are the reasons for the formation of abundant flower color.

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• Cloning and Functional Analysis of NtMYB8 in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis
• WU Lixuan, ZHOU Ping, FAN Yuxin, WANG Guiqing, ZENG Lihui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1895-1906. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0599
• Abstract ( 467 ) HTML ( 300 ) PDF (1797KB) ( 300 ) 　　　

• A MYB transcription factor gene,named NtMYB8,was obtained from Chinese narcissus （Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis）. GenBank accession number:MF5222090. Multiple protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that NtMYB8 contained R2 and R3 conserved domains,belonging to the R2R3-MYB family,and was closely related to proanthocyanidin activators. The expression level of NtMYB8 in the corona was the highest. In the transient transformation of common tobacco,the leaves injected with NtMYB8 had slight red spots. However,the petal color of NtMYB8- transgenic tobacco did not change significantly,and further analysis by qPCR showed that NtMYB8 promoted the expression levels of most tobacco structural genes in the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that NtMYB8 can interact with NtbHLH1,the bHLH protein of Chinese narcissus and significantly promote the Chinese narcissus FLS promoter activity by dual luciferase transient expression test. These results suggest that NtMYB8 is an activator of the flavonoid metabolism pathway in Chinese narcissus and may promoter the flavonol biosynthesis in corona.

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• Phenotype Classification Based on Flower Color,Pigment Distribution and Epidermal Cell Shape of Dendrobium Hybrids
• YIN Hantai, YIN Junmei, LIAO Yi, LU Shunjiao, LI Chonghui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1907-1920. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0406
• Abstract ( 432 ) HTML ( 414 ) PDF (3737KB) ( 414 ) 　　　

• The color of petal and labellum of 107 Dendrobium hybrid cultivars were measured with a spectrophotometer for cluster analysis. The anatomical structure of petal and labellum obtained by tissue sections was observed to investigate the pigment distribution pattern, the difference of epidermal cell shape and their correlation with flower color phenotype. The results showed that,all cultivars were clustered to eight groups based on the cluster analysis of color description by the CIELab color system. The groups were white,pink,yellow green,purple red,light purple,purple,deep purple,and multicolor. The flower color of Dendrobium hybrids are not diverse,and mainly belong to purple tones. The color of labellum was darker and richer than that of petal. Observation of petals of 72 representative species showed that there were 13 anthocyanin distribution patterns. The wider the anthocyanin distribution was,the lightness of the flower color would decrease and the color would darken. Interestingly,the anthocyanoplasts（ACP）which can enhance the color intensity had been found in one cultivar. Carotenoids were widely distributed in various tissues of petal. There were five types of epidermal cells in the flowers（flat cells,domed epidermal cells,elongated dome cells,papillate cells,epidermal hair cells）. Usually,the upper epidermal cells were more conical than lower epidermis. The degree of cone in upper epidermal cells was greater in labellum than that in petal. The a^* value and the chroma C value were positively correlated with the height-to-width ratio of petal epidermal cells in cultivars rich in anthocyanins. The a^* value and the L^* value were positively correlated while the chroma C value was negatively correlated with the height-to-width ratio of petal epidermal cells in cultivars without anthocyanins. Furthermore, the conicity of flower epidermal cells containing carotenoid was significantly less than that of the group without carotenoids.

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• Genetic Analysis and Development of Associated SSR Markers of the Flower Color in F₁ Population of Hedychium coronarium‘COR01’× H. ‘Jin’
• ZHOU Yiwei, XU Guoyu, WANG Qin, YAN Fulong, YU Yunyi, YU Rangcai, FAN Yanping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1921-1933. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0624
• Abstract ( 392 ) HTML ( 339 ) PDF (2836KB) ( 339 ) 　　　

• In this study,114 F₁ hybrids derived from the cross between Hedychium coronarium‘COR01’and H.‘Jin’were used as materials. Four important flower color-related traits including the dominant color of labellum,labellum heart,filament,and anther were observed and analysed. Meanwhile,bulked segregant analysis（BSA）was used to develop color-related molecular markers. The results showed that the flower color of 114 F₁ hybrids was widely separated,and the Shannon-Wiener index of the main color of labellum petal,labellum heart,filament,and anther ranged from 0.57 to 1.58. Colorimeter analysis indicated that the L^*,a^* and b^*values of the dominant color of labellum and labellum heart were continuously distributed. Cluster analysis revealed that 114 F₁ hybrids could be divided into white group and orange group. BSA-SSR analysis confirmed that the HcgSSR676 marker screened out from 191 primers pairs was closely related to flower color traits. The marker was significantly associated with the white/orange group,yellowness value of labellum dominant color（b^*₁）,brightness value（L^*₂）,redness value（a^*₂）,and yellowness value（b^*₂）of labellum heart dominant color,whose regression determination coefficient（R²）ranged from 7.92 to 23.19.

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• Changes of Carotenoid Components and Expression of the Related Genes During Petal Coloring of Paeonia delavayi
• ZOU Hongzhu, ZHOU Lin, HAN Lulu, LÜ Jihang, WANG Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1934-1944. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0613
• Abstract ( 381 ) HTML ( 399 ) PDF (1536KB) ( 399 ) 　　　

• The yellow flower group in Paeonia delavayi is an important breeding resource. In order to clarify the changes of carotenoid components and content during petal coloring,carotenoids in the petals from four stages of flower development were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively,and the key structural genes of PdPSY,PdZDS,PdLCYB,PdCHY,PdNXS,PdCRISTO,PdCHYB in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and of PdCCD in degradation pathway were analyzed by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. In this study,14 carotenoids were identified in the petals of Paeonia delavayi for the first time,and they were α-carotene,antheraxanthin,lycopene,zeaxanthin,violaxanthin,γ-carotene, neoxanthin,β-carotene,lutein,β-cryptoxanthin,apocarotenal,(E/Z)-phytoene,ε-carotene and α-cryptoxanthin. Among them,lutein and (E/Z)-phytoene had the highest content. With the development of flowers,the accumulation of (E/Z)-phytoene,lycopene and γ-carotene increased continuously,while the accumulation of α-carotene,β-carotene,α-cryptoxanthin,lutein,violaxanthin and neoxanthin decreased continuously. The results of Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of PdPSY,PdCRISTO,PdZDS,PdLCYB and PdCCD presented an upward trend,the expression of PdCHYE,PdCHYB and PdNXS showed a downward trend,among which the expression of PdCHYB and PdNXS decreased significantly at slightly pigmented soft bud stage,and the expression of PdCHYE decreased gradually during petal coloring,which was basically consistent with the change of pigment content.

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• Cloning and Functional Analysis of CpTT8 Related to Anthocyanin Synthesis in Wintersweet（Chimonanthus praecox）
• ZHANG Qian, YANG Nan, SANG Haiyu, ZHAO Rong, SONG Xiaoxi, CHEN Longqing, XIANG Lin, ZHAO Kaige
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1945-1955. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0581
• Abstract ( 416 ) HTML ( 464 ) PDF (4110KB) ( 464 ) 　　　

• The full-length coding sequence of a bHLH transcription factor,named CpTT8,was cloned from Chimonanthus praecox‘H29’. Studies related to this transcription factor were carried out,including bioinformatics characteristics,spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis,gene function test,protein interactions,and protein-DNA interaction. Sequence analysis showed that the ORF of CpTT8 consists of 2 130 bp encoding 709 amino acids,and CpTT8 contains a bHLH domain. CpTT8 shows the highest sequence similarity to PpbHLH3 from peach and MdbHLH3 from apple. The results of quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression level of CpTT8 was highest in flower bud at the early stage of floral development. It was also expressed in roots,stems,leaves,and fruits,with the highest level in fruits. Overexpression of CpTT8 in Arabidopsis Col-0 and tt8 facilitated the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins,indicating that CpTT8 is a critical positive regulatory transcription factor in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Yeast two-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase analysis illustrated that CpTT8 needs to interact with MYB transcription factors to activate its downstream structural gene ANS.

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• Flavonoids Composition and Content in Petals of Lagerstroemia and Heimia Species and Cultivars
• LIN Qifang, LIU Tingting, LIU Jieru, CAI Ming, CHENG Tangren, WANG Jia, ZHANG Qixiang, PAN Huitang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1956-1968. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0408
• Abstract ( 505 ) HTML ( 390 ) PDF (4209KB) ( 390 ) 　　　

• In order to clarify the pigment composition of Lagerstroemia and Heimia,and to explore the feasibility of obtaining Lagerstroemia cultivar with yellow petals by distant hybridization,petal colors of eight Lagerstroemia species and cultivars and two Heimia species were used in this research. The Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart（R.H.S.C.C.）was used for the measurement of the phenotype parameters. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was used for profiling the flavonoids in petals of ten samples. The results showed that the petal color of Lagerstroemia can be divided into three color groups,including red,violet and white,and a total of 158 flavonoids were detected. The petal color of two Heimia species was yellow,and a total of 138 flavonoids were detected. Compared with Heimia,there were 32 metabolites with low content in the petals of Lagerstroemia. Among them,the relative content of apigenin-4-O-rhamnoside,apigenin-O- glucoside-O-rhamnoside,luteolin,luteolin-7-O-rutinoside,kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside,kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside,kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-7- O-glucoside in the petals of Heimia were much higher than that of Lagerstroemia,which were speculated to be the mainly metabolites in the yellow petals of Heimia. In Lagerstroemia,the main flavonoids metabolites of the violet and red group are anthocyanins,and the flavones and flavonolss in the white petals were mainly luteolin and quercetin. The difference in petal color was caused by the difference of intermediate products or final products accumulation in the flavonoid metabolism pathway between Lagerstroemia and Heimia.

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• The Comparative Studies on Phytochemicals of Leaf Coloration of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum
• CHEN Qianru, CAI Wenqi, ZHANG Xia, ZHANG Damao, LI Weidong, XU Lu, YU Xiaoying, LI Yanlin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1969-1982. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0815
• Abstract ( 471 ) HTML ( 304 ) PDF (3061KB) ( 304 ) 　　　

• Three different superior individuals of Loropetalum plants were used as research materials in this study. The phytochemical mechanism of leaf coloration of L. chinense var. rubrum was investigated with RHSCC colorimetric card colorimetry,spectrophotometer detection method,leaf anatomical structure characteristic,the measurement of pigments content,UPLC-MS/MS technology plus with MetWare metabolism self-built plant-specific DataBase（MWDB）and public metabolite information platform. The results indicated that the leaf color was significant difference among the three different superior individuals. The anthocyanins was distributed in palisade tissue,spongy tissue,accessory cells and lower epidermis of L. chinense var. rubrum. The high ratio of total anthocyanins and chlorophyll content in the leaves was responsible for the red colored leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum. And then a total of 185 flavonoids were identified by UPLC-MS/MS,including 15 anthocyanins,7 isoflavones,104 flavones,20 flavanones and 39 flavonols. And 22 polyphenol acids including of 19 phenolic acids and three proanthocyanidins were also identified together. The 13 anthocyanins,which are belonging to glycosides of peonidin,delphinidin,cyanidin,malvidin and petunidin are the main phytochemicals of leaf pigments in L. chinense var. rubrum. The significant differences in the contents of non-anthocyanins polyphenols such as flavones,flavonols,flavanones,isoflavones,phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins in the leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum,are the auxiliary pigments of leaf coloration difference. It is also the important secondary metabolites for the color difference among dissimilar cultivars（lines）of L. chinense var. rubrum.

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Review

• Molecular Mechanism of Light-induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Horticultural Crops
• HONG Yan, WU Yuwei, SONG Xiang, LI Mengling, DAI Silan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 1983-2000. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0497
• Abstract ( 675 ) HTML ( 696 ) PDF (2000KB) ( 696 ) 　　　

• Conducted a systematic review on the anthocyanin biosynthesis in horticultural crops regulated by various light factors,e.g. intensity,quality,and photoperiod,based on the literatures in the last three decades. Key transcription factors,their functional mechanism,and the entire molecular regulatory network related to this biological process were summarized.

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• Advances in the Mutualistic and Antagonistic Interactions Between Flower Colors and the Pollinators of Ornamental Plants
• ZENG Tuo, LI Jiawen, ZHOU Li, LI Jinjin, SHI Anqi, FU Hansen, LUO Jing, ZHENG Riru, WANG Yuanyuan, WANG Caiyun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2001-2017. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0523
• Abstract ( 633 ) HTML ( 817 ) PDF (8791KB) ( 817 ) 　　　

• The variety of ornamental flower colors are due to the diversity of reproductive systems that co-evolved with pollinators,and tightly connected to the evolution of the pollination systems. For human production or aesthetic,plants domestication,cultivation,hand-pollination,and the abuse of chemical insecticides have led to insect pollinators habitat loss and food chain disruption,and the population of insect pollinators decline in agricultural areas,urban green areas and gardens. Therefore,people have begun to pay more attentions to the mechanisms of the adaptation between flower colors and pollinators. In this review,insect perception with flower color,flower epidermal structure and color pattern,flower color polymorphism and regionality driven by insect pollinators,flower color changer and its pollinator attract,imitation and deception of flowers were reviewed. Finally,we briefly summarized the research on the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions of flower color and the insect pollinators,and put the suggestions on how to scientific attract pollinators base on flower color on the construction of wildflower strips and urban garden,improve the breeding efficiency of ornamental plants and cultivating more colorful flowers.

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• Research Progress on the Color Development of Blue Flowers of Monocots
• LOU Qian, LIU Bing, HU Bichun, HOU Ting, LIU Yali
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2018-2030. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0572
• Abstract ( 427 ) HTML ( 404 ) PDF (4411KB) ( 404 ) 　　　

• The monocotyledon(sensu APGⅢ),with more han 65 000 species in 78 families. Blue flowers occur in only 74 genera in 10 families and most of them are derived groups with a higher degree of evolution. This review overviewed the mechanisms of blue flower color development by anthocyanins. Next,we summarized the research progress of pigmentation in blue flowers of Asparagaceae,Iridaceae,Amaryllidaceae,Tecophilaeaceae,Commelinaceae,Pontederiaceae and Liliaceae. Then the blue structural color observed in a few monocots were mentioned. In addition,the main strategies and problems of blue flower breeding of monocot were discussed.

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• Advance in Research on Regulation of Flower Pigmentation in Gerbera hybrida
• ZHONG Chunmei, WANG Xiaojing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2031-2043. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0477
• Abstract ( 548 ) HTML ( 432 ) PDF (1421KB) ( 432 ) 　　　

• Owing to its diverse flower color and complex floral organs,Gerbera hybrida is an ideal species for studying floral pigmentation. Here we reviewed the research progress on the flower pigmentation regulation of G. hybrida from four different aspects including the variety and pigmentation inheritance,composition and distribution of flower pigments,structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis,and the other regulatory factors of flower pigmentation. Our review will provide the reference for the flower pigmentation study and the molecular breeding of G. hybrida.

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• Research Progress on Flower Color of Rose
• WEN Jiaxin, WANG Chaolin, FENG Hui, LI Shanshan, WANG Liangsheng, WU Ronghua, ZHAO Shiwei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2044-2056. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0641
• Abstract ( 668 ) HTML ( 522 ) PDF (2518KB) ( 522 ) 　　　

• This paper reviewed the pigment composition,key enzymes and transcription factors involved in flavonoid biosynthesis,flower color genetic characteristics,as well as flower color breeding,and discussed the existing problems and development prospects in the research of flower color of rose. The objective of this work was to provide a reference for flower color breeding of rose.

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• Research Advances of Genes Responsible for Flower Colors in Orchidaceae
• ZHENG Qingdong, WANG Yi, OU Yue, KE Yujie, YAO Yahe, WANG Mengjie, CHEN Jiayi, AI Ye
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2057-2072. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0444
• Abstract ( 496 ) HTML ( 390 ) PDF (929KB) ( 390 ) 　　　

• Herein,the research progress of flower pigment types,anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways related genes in orchids were reviewed,and future research directions were prospected. We aimed to provide important references to shed light on the molecular mechanism of flower colors formation and the breeding of colorful flower varieties of orchids.

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• Advances in Flower Color Research of Lilium
• BI Mengmeng, CAO Yuwei, SONG Meng, TANG Yuchao, HE Guoren, YANG Yue, YANG Panpan, XU Leifeng, MING Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2073-2086. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0532
• Abstract ( 460 ) HTML ( 508 ) PDF (4267KB) ( 508 ) 　　　

• Flower color,mainly formed by anthocyanins and carotenoids,is a vital ornamental characteristics of lily. The differences of the types and contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids and their distribution in different areas in petals result in colorful lily varieties. In this paper,the recent advances of lily color researches were systemically summarized,focusing on the types of lily color,the syntheses and transportations of anthocyanins and carotenoids as well as the molecular regulation mechanisms of coloration. The exploration fields and trends were conceived with the aim to provide references for the mechanism of lily color following researches.

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• Research Progress on Flower Color of Waterlily（Nymphaea）
• WU Qian, ZHANG Huijin, WANG Xiaohan, ZHAO Wen, ZHOU Xian, WANG Liangsheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2087-2099. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0460
• Abstract ( 689 ) HTML ( 394 ) PDF (1284KB) ( 394 ) 　　　

• This paper reviewed the national and international research progress on Nymphaea flower color diversity,pigment composition,relationship between pigment composition and flower color,flavonoids biosynthesis pathway,flower color genetic characteristics,flower color breeding,and discussed the existing problems and prospects in the research of flower color of Nymphaea.

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• Advances in Flower Color Research on Lotus（Nelumbo）
• LIU Qingqing, ZHANG Dasheng, LIU Fengluan, CAI Dong, WANG Xiaohan, LIANG Lu, TIAN Daike, WANG Liangsheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2100-2112. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0602
• Abstract ( 550 ) HTML ( 733 ) PDF (2775KB) ( 733 ) 　　　

• Flower color is one of the most obvious ornamental character for lotus（Nelumbo Adans.）. The flavonoids are the dominant pigments in lotus petals. A series of key enzyme genes and transcription factors related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids regulate flower color. However,lotus is not rich in flower color and the innovation of which has been a bottleneck in lotus breeding. Elucidating the mechanism of flower color formation is of great significance for molecular color breeding. This paper will review and summarize researches on flower color breeding of lotus,the chemical and molecular mechanism for the formation of lotus flower color,which will serve as significant theoretical basis for breeding of lotus cultivars with novel and excellent flower color.

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New Cultivars

• A New Olive Cultivar‘Xiyou 1’
• TONG Zhaoguo, CHEN Yan, HUANG Yong, ZHENG Chuangang, WANG Anyi, YANG Jun, YANG Zeshen, QU Jipeng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2113-2114. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0399
• Abstract ( 414 ) HTML ( 207 ) PDF (1257KB) ( 207 ) 　　　

• ‘Xiyou 1’（Olea europaea L.）is a new cultivar selected from the seedlings of‘Frantoio’in Beihe Olive Garden in Xichang City,Sichuan Province. It has the characteristics of large fruit,with an average fruit weight of 6.63 g. It has high oil content,with an average fresh fruit oil content is 28.00%,and the dried fruit oil content is 42.80%. It has high quality olive oil,the relative content of oleic acid is 70.54%. In addition,the cuttage breeding for the hardwood of‘Xiyou 1’is easy,the seedling rate is more than 95%. Moreover,the cultivar has strong early fruit setting,2-3 years old transplanted tree can blossom and bear fruit,4-5 years old trees are in full productive period. The average fresh fruit yield per plant is 23.5 kg in the fifth year. Furthermore,‘Xiyou 1’has very strong adaptability and the phenomenon of alternate bearing is not obvious. It is mainly suitable for planting in Anning River Basin,Bailong River Basin and other regions with similar dry-hot valley climate.

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• Adaptable,High Yield and Disease Resistant Potato Cultivar‘Xiyu 3’
• LI Peihua, PENG Zhengsong, XIA Mingzhong, CAI Guangze, YUAN Ying, FANG Zhirong, QU Jipeng, QING Yuan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2115-2116. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2019-0949
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• ‘Xiyu 3’is a high yield and disease resistant potato cultivar selected form 891024 × DY4-30 parental hybrid. The growth period is 84 days;the plant height is 50 cm;the plant growth potential is strong;the main stem number is 4.1;the stem and leaf are green;the flower is white;the potato block is ellipsoid with yellow skin and light yellow flesh. The epidermis is smooth,and the bud eye depth is medium. It showed resistance to late blight,antiviral disease.

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• A New Sweet Potato Cultivar‘Ganshu 4’
• LAN Mengjiao, WU Wensheng, XIAO Manqiu, PAN Hao, HOU Longying, GE Ruihua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2021, 48(10): 2117-2126. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0301
• Abstract ( 422 ) HTML ( 119 ) PDF (1167KB) ( 119 ) 　　　

• ‘Ganshu 4’,a new sweet potato cultivar,was derived from female parent Gan10-25 through group hybridization．Its tuber is of spindle-shaped with light red skin and white flesh. The tuberization is concentrated and orderly. There are 4.2 tubers per plant．After cooking,the tuber is glutinous and sweet,with fine texture and fragrance,there are no coarse fiber in the tuber. The average dry matter content is 30.7%. The yield of fresh sweet potatoes is about 37 500 kg · hm^-2. It is good for table and starch processing. It is suitable to be planted in spring and summer in potato production areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

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