Research Papers

• Identification of S-genotypes of 20 Apple Cultivars
• DING Tiyu1,*，WU Mengmeng1,*，ZHANG Ruiping1,**，YAN Zhenli1,**，YAN Yaru2，CHEN Dixin2，ZHANG Hengtao1，and GAO Qiming1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2277-2290. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0158
• Abstract ( 307 ) HTML ( 783 ) PDF (2191KB) ( 783 ) 　　　
• To identify 20 apple germplasms’ S-genotypes by PCR and sequencing，the universal primers and 19 pairs of specific primers of apple S-alleles were designed for‘Fuji’，‘Huarui’，‘Huashuo’，‘Huaxing’and so on，based on the highly conserved amino acid sequences FTQQYQ and anti-1/MIWPNV and the polymorphic sequences of S-alleles. To verify the accuracy of identified S-genotypes，reciprocal crosses-pollination experiments were carried out using‘Huarui’and ‘Huashuo’with‘Meiba’，‘Jinxiuhong’and‘Huaguan’，respectively. PCR results showed that when using the universal primers，two specific S-allele bands were amplified only from‘Fuji’，‘Huarui’，‘Huashuo’，‘Huaxing’，‘Meiba’and‘Hongcuibao’，whose S-genotypes were S1S9，S9S24，S5S9 and S5S24. When 19 pairs of specific primers were used for amplification，two specific bands were obtained from 14 cultivars，whose S-genotypes were S10S19，S2S3，S2S5，S3S10，S2S9，S5S24，S9S10，S3S10 and S5S9. Therefore，the S-genotypes for 20 apple cultivars were：S1S9 for‘Fuji’，S9S24 for‘Huarui’and ‘Huashuo’S5S9 for‘Huaxing’，‘Meiba’and‘Hongzhenzhu’，S5S24 for‘Hongcuibao’，‘Huayu’and‘99-1-29’，S10S19 for ‘Huashuai’，S2S3 for‘Jinyu’，S2S5 for‘Zaohong’，‘Huamei’and‘Gala’，S3S10 for‘Seokwang’，S2S9 for ‘Jinxiuhong’，‘Miyu’and‘Huaguan’，S9S10 for ‘Lüjia’，S3S10 for‘Shinano Red’，respectively. The pollination experiment showed that the fruiting rate of reciprocal crosses-pollination between‘Huarui’and ‘Huashuo’ germplasm was lower than 15.52% in 2015 and 2016. The fruit ratio of reciprocal crosses-pollination between‘Huarui’and‘Huashuo’with‘Meiba’，‘Jinxiuhong’，‘Huaguan’，‘Fuji’were higher than 46.30% in 2015 and 2016. Therefore，in this experiment，the same combination of S-genotypes had a low fruit setting percentage but a higher fruit setting percentage with different S-genotypes，indicating that the results of pollination supported the results of S-genotype identification.
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• Pedigree Analysis of Pear Varieties（Lines）Bred in China
• ZHANG Shaoling1,*，QIAN Ming1，YIN Hao1，LI Xiugen2，WU Jun1，QI Kaijie1，and WU Xiao1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2291-2307. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0401
• Abstract ( 298 ) HTML ( 772 ) PDF (883KB) ( 772 ) 　　　
• To comprehensively understand the Chinese pear breeding achievements，we have systematically collected and analyzed the Chinese pear varieties（including lines）bred independently during 1949—2018，and drawn the pedigree trees of varieties，which were bred using partial main varieties as parents. Till now，a total of 327 pear varieties bred in China have been reported，mostly are hybrid varieties（207，63.30%），others are bud sports（70，20.41%），seedling selection varieties（41，12.54%） and mutation varieties（9，2.75%），respectively. According to the varied characteristics，varieties with scab resistance were the most（134，40.98%），the number of varieties with cold resistance and storability were 91（27.83%）and 84（25.69%），respectively. According the reported fruit maturity of 265 varieties，which can be separated into 3 classes，including early，medium and late maturity，their percentage was 25.28%，43.77% and 30.95%，respectively. Three hundred and one varieties with known parents have been analyzed，the results revealed that these varieties were bred by 137 direct parental varieties，including 49 Chinese landraces，44 abroad varieties and 44 derived varieties，and the‘Pingguoli’derived varieties were the most（66），followed by‘Nijisseiki’（57），‘Yali’（43），‘Chili’（36），‘Dangshansuli’（21）and‘Kuerlexiangli’（14）. As a result，the hybrid varieties originated from parents with different geographical or botanical characteristics usually exist with much higher heterosis.
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• Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetics of Pear（Pyrus L.）Germplasm Resources from South China Revealed by Chloroplast DNA
• QI Dan1,*，CHANG Yaojun1,*，CAO Yufen1,**，HU Hongju2，TIAN Luming1，DONG Xingguang1，ZHANG Ying1，HUO Hongliang1，XU Jiayu1，ZHANG Xiaoshuang1，and LIU Chao1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2308-2320. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0176
• Abstract ( 292 ) HTML ( 625 ) PDF (1034KB) ( 625 ) 　　　
• In this study we investigated 5 chloroplast DNA non-coding regions trnL-trnF-1，trnL-trnF-2，trnS-psbC，accD-psaI，rps16-trnQ and one gene rbcL of pear（Pyrus L.）accessions originated from southern area of Qinling Mountain–Huaihe River line to detect the evolutionary relationship and genetic diversity. The aligned length of combined fragment of 188 pear accessions was 5 612 bp（InDels included）. A total of 13 haplotypes，4 singleton variable sites，16 parsimony informative sites and 14 InDels were recognized after sequencing analysis，and the haplotype diversity（Hd）and nucleotide diversity （Pi）were 0.7178 and 0.35 × 10-3，respectively. Among the chloroplast DNA regions studied，the highest Hd value 0.7177 was detected in the accD-psaI intergenic spacer and the lowest one 0.0317 was found in rbcL gene region. Twelve haplotypes were identified in 162 pear accessions originated from southern area of Qinling–Huaihe line and their haplotype diversity（Hd）and nucleotide diversity（Pi）were 0.713 and 0.29 × 10-3，respectively. In geography distribution of pears，the highest Hd value（0.889）was detected in 10 accessions from Hunan Province and the lowest one（0）was found in 8 accessions from Guizhou Province. Eight haplotypes were identified in 138 Chinese Sand Pear accessions，of which 3 common cpDNA haplotypes H2，H4 and H5 were shared by 130 Chinese Sand Pear and 37 Chinese White Pear ones and 5 rare cpDNA haplotypes H6，H10，H11，H12 and H13 were detected in 8 Sand Pear local accessions‘Qingpizhong’，‘Tianxiaoli’，‘Xihua Hongli’，‘Huiyang Hongli’，‘Shexiangli’，‘Tanghuqing’，‘Hongfen’and‘Hengxian Jinpaoli’. The Median-joining Network showed H6 and H11 were the ancestral cpDNA haplotypes，whereas H1，H4 and H5 were the advanced ones. A close genetic relationship between P. pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri from southern area of Qinling–Huaihe line and high genetic diversity of the local cultivated sand pears from Hunan Province could be inferred based on chloroplast DNA variation information.
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• The Response of Light System Activity in Grapevine Leaves During Ozone Stress and Recovery Periods
• XING Hao1,2，HAO Guimei1，BIAN Feng’e1，CHEN Zhengwen1，WANG Hui1，ZHAI Heng1，SUN Yongjiang1,*，and DU Yuanpeng1,*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2321-2330. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0220
• Abstract ( 166 ) HTML ( 555 ) PDF (1471KB) ( 555 ) 　　　
• To study the response of light system activity in grapevine leaves during ozone（O3）stress and recovery period，one-year old Vitis vinifera L.‘Cabernet Sauvignon’was used as material to be treated with ozone and low light（90 nL · L-1 + 10 μmol · m-2 · s-1），ozone and light（90 nL · L-1 + 800 μmol · m-2 · s-1），ozone and strong light（90 nL · L-1 + 1 600 μmol · m-2 · s-1）. Normal light（10 nL · L-1 O3 + 800 μmol · m-2 · s-1）was as the control. The gas exchange parameters of grape leaves at 1，5，9 and 13 h after treatment were determined，and the photosystem activities of PSⅠand PSⅡ in grape leaves were measured using Dual-PAM100 fluorometer. The results showed that，the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of grape leaves were reduced under ozone stress，and the Y(Ⅰ) and Y(Ⅱ) values of grape leaves were reduced at the same time. Under the same ozone concentration，the damage of grape leaves increased with the increase of light intensity. The net photosynthetic rate，Y(Ⅰ) and Y(Ⅱ) values of dark ozone and light-resistant ozone could be increased at 13 hours after recovery，but the damage of leaves under ozone and strong light became more serious at 13 hours after recovery，and could not be recovered.
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• Effects of MeJA on Adventitious Root Development of Grape Plants
• ZHANG Peian1，ZUO Qianqian1，DONG Tianyu1，GE Mengqing1，JIA Haifeng1,*，FAN Xiucai2,*，and FANG Jinggui1
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2331-2346. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0106
• Abstract ( 301 ) HTML ( 752 ) PDF (1747KB) ( 752 ) 　　　
• Jasmonic acid is not only involved in plant stress resistance，but also can regulate fruit growth and development. However，little research has been done on the regulation of grape root development. In this study，we used three concentrations of MeJA to treat grapevine tissue culture，and analyzed the physiological and gene expression levels. The results showed that MeJA could inhibit adventitious roots development and elongation，increased abscisic acid（ABA）content in leaf，root，stem tissues，but decreased the contents of gibberelin（GA），auxin （IAA）and cytokinin（ZR），and also affected the metabolism of chlorophyll in leaves that led to leaf chlorosis. Moreover，jasmonic acid could induce the expression of jasmonic acid synthesis genes to further increase the content of endogenous jasmonic acid，and induce the expression of ABA synthesis genes and signal pathway. However，it could inhibit the expression of auxin，gibberellin，cytokinin，and brassinolide synthesis genes，especially，the expression of the adventitious root development and elongation-related genes VvXET，VvEXPB2，VvEXPA7 and VvWUS was inhibited，thereby inhibiting the growth of new roots，leading to slow plant development. Therefore，MeJA can affect the synthesis metabolism of other hormones to regulate their endogenous content in plants，leading to imbalance of endogenous hormones which affect plant development. MeJA plays a negative regulatory role in plant adventitious root development.
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• Clone and Expression Analysis of the Citrus Phloem Protein 2 Gene CsPP2B15 Responding to Huanglongbing Infection in Citrus
• WEN Qingli，XIE Zhu，WU Liu，HE Yongrui，CHEN Shanchun*，and ZOU Xiuping*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2347-2357. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0377
• Abstract ( 249 ) HTML ( 706 ) PDF (2461KB) ( 706 ) 　　　
• Excessive deposition of callose in sieve pores induced by pathogen is one of main factors causing the phloem plugging. The Phloem Protein（PP）plays an important role in the callose deposition. To explore functions of citrus PP2s in response to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（CLas），which was associated with citrus Huanglongbing（HLB），the encoding sequence and promoter of the CsPP2B15 were cloned. Expression characteristics of CsPP2B15 in the susceptible cultivar Jincheng orange（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）and the resistant cultivar sour pomelo（C. grandis Osbeck）were investigated by qPCR. The results showed that the expression of CsPP2B15 in the young leaf tissues of Jincheng orange was significantly induced by CLas infecton，while it was repressed in sour pomelo. Moreover，the expression level of CsPP2B15 in the mesophyll was higher than that in the midrib. Generally，young leaf and flush was the early infection sites of CLas pathogen. Thus，our results suggest that CsPP2B15 play a role in the early stages of CLas infection. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed CsPP2B15 promoter has many domains responding to stress and hormone induction. Furthermore，the plant expression vectors containing GUS reporter gene driven by CsPP2B15 promoter were constructed，and introduced into the Poncirus trifoliata（L.）Raf. by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical GUS and quantitative activity analysis showed that CsPP2B15 promoter displayed strong and strict vascular-specific expression pattern in citrus.
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• Preliminary Studies on the Function of AaSIP2 Gene in the Tangerine Pathotype of Alternaria alternata
• TANG Feiyan，KONG Xiangwen，Lü Weiwei，and TANG Kezhi*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2358-2370. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0316
• Abstract ( 179 ) HTML ( 556 ) PDF (3304KB) ( 556 ) 　　　
• The sucrose non-fermenting 1（SNF1）protein kinase complex is a highly conserved heterotrimeric protein，including a catalytic subunit α and two regulatory subunits（β，γ），which plays an important role in fungal development and virulence. Our previous study revealed that catalytic subunit α of the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata plays a crucial part in the utilization of alternative carbon sources and virulence. In order to determine the functions of other subunits of the SNF1 complex in the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata，we studied the protein sequence of the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata strain Z7 and identified one β subunit（AaSIP2）. The biological functions of AaSIP2 were characterized using gene knock-out and complementation strategy. The results showed that the mutants had less conidia and slower spore germination，more sensitive to sugar and partial salt stress compared with the wild type and complementary strain. The vegetative growth of the ΔAaSip2 mutants were reduced in MM medium with different single carbon sources. Additionally，virulence assays revealed that ΔAaSip2 induced significantly reduced necrotic lesions on detached citrus leaves. In conclution，we reveal that AaSIP2 is required for utilization of carbon source，conidiation，spore germination，stress response and virulence in A. alternata.
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• Cloning and Expression Regulation of the AdCCS1 from Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa
• CHEN Yiting，FENG Xin*，LAI Ruilian，GAO Minxia，CHEN Wenguang，and WU Rujian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2371-2382. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0433
• Abstract ( 222 ) HTML ( 610 ) PDF (1728KB) ( 610 ) 　　　
• Copper/zinc superoxide dismutases（Cu/Zn SOD），acting as an essential antioxidant enzyme，play important roles in plant growth and development，stress response and fruit senescence，while their activities depended on the copper chaperone for Cu/Zn SOD（CCS）to delivering copper to them. Therefore，CCS is also involved in the plant growth and development and stress response. In this study，a 1 066 bp gene of copper chaperone for Cu/Zn SOD（AdCCS1）was isolated from Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa‘Miliang 1’by using reverse transcription（RT-PCR），and its accession number was KY471361. The AdCCS1 gene had an open reading frame of 984 bp and encoded 327 amino acids，which contained three typical domains（N-terminal domain，central domain and C-terminal domain）and two conserved metal binding sites（MXCXXC and CXC）. Gene structure analysis showed that AdCCS1 gene consisted of six extrons and five introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AdCCS1 was clustered in the dicotyledonous branch with close relation to tea CsCCS. In addition，a variety of cis-acting elements associated with light response，stress response and hormone response were present in the 5′ terminal regulatory region of the AdCCS1 gene. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that AdCCS1 was expressed strongly in kiwifruit leaves，followed by ripe fruits，flowers，young fruits and stems，but weakly in roots. The expression level of AdCCS1 in kiwifruits stored at 4 ℃ was lower than that of the same time stored at 25 ℃，which suggested that low temperature inhibit the expression of AdCCS1. The expression of AdCCS1 in fruits was down-regulated after being treated with abscisic acid and gibberellin，while their expression patterns were different.
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• Protein Interactions of Flowering Inhibitors AGL18 and HDA9 with Integrator Factors in Brassica oleracea var. italica
• WANG Yu*，JIANG Wei*，YAN Kai，ZHOU Wenwen，WANG Zhimin，WEI Dayong**，and TANG Qinglin**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2383-2394. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0335
• Abstract ( 180 ) HTML ( 675 ) PDF (2295KB) ( 675 ) 　　　
• To elucidate the protein interaction mechanisms of flowering inhibition factors AGL18 and HDA9 with flowering integrators AGL24 and SOC1，AGL18 and HDA9 genes were cloned from Brassica oleracea var. italica. Sequence analysis showed that they were both similar to Brassica oleracea var. oleracea and Brassica rapa. AGL18 was a MIKC-type protein with 258 amino acids，while HDA9 belonged to HDAC family，encoding 426 amino acids. Furthermore，yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down assays were conducted to test the protein interactions and the results were as follows：AGL18 could not interact with HDA9，suggesting that there was no direct synergy between AGL18 and HDA9. And flowering inhibition factor AGL18 did not interact with flowering promoting factor AGL19，inferring that they inhibited or promoted flowering in a mutually independent way. HDA9 could not interact with AGL24 and SOC1，while AGL18 interacted with AGL24 not SOC1. Additionally，AGL24 interacted with SOC1. The results indicated that AGL18 could indirectly interact with SOC1 through AGL24.
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• Hydrogen Sulfide Interacting with Abscisic Acid Counteracts Oxidative Damages Against Chilling Stress in Cucumber Seedlings
• LI Dandan，ZHANG Xiaowei，LIU Fengjiao，PAN Dongyun，and AI Xizhen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2395-2406. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0324
• Abstract ( 154 ) HTML ( 661 ) PDF (1496KB) ( 661 ) 　　　
• In order to verify the interaction between hydrogen sulfide（H2S）and abscisic acid（ABA）in improving chilling tolerance of plants，we evaluated the effect of H2S and ABA on the reactive oxygen （ROS）accumulation and antioxidant system of cucumber（Cucumis sativa L.）seedlings subjected to chilling stress，that were pretreated with 1.0 mmol · L-1 sodium hydrosulfide（NaHS，H2S donor），0.15 mmol · L-1 hypotaurine（HT，H2S scavenger），50 μmol · L-1 ABA，3 mmol · L-1 sodium tungstate（Na2WO4，ABA inhibitor），3 mmol · L-1 Na2WO4 + 1.0 mmol · L-1 NaHS，0.15 mmol · L-1 HT + 50 μmol · L-1 ABA or deionized water（H2O）and the H2O pretreatment at room temperature was used as the control. The results showed that the cold injury index of NaHS- and ABA-pretreated seedlings decreased significantly after 48 h of chilling stress. ABA led to an increase in the activity and relative mRNA expression of L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase（LCD/DCD），and consequently promoted the accumulation of endogenous H2S. Similarly，NaHS enhanced the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase（NCED）activity and relative mRNA expression，and improved the endogenous ABA. NaHS and ABA reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）and production rate of superoxide anion caused by chilling stress，whereas elevated the activities and relative mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），ascorbate peroxidase（APX）and glutathione reductase（GR），compared with the H2O-treated seedlings. Furthermore，NaHS and ABA led to an increase in the contents of ascorbic acid（AsA）and glutathione（GSH），as well as the ratio of reduced/oxidized ascorbic acid（AsA/DHA）and reduced/oxidized glutathione（GSH/GSSG）in stressed seedlings，thus resulting in the alleviation of oxidative damage. The H2S-induced positive effect on the antioxidant ability was weakened by addition of Na2WO4，a specific inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. Similarly，the regulating role of ABA in the ROS metabolism in cucumber seedlings was also reversed by HT，a specific scavenger of H2S. All of the above-mentioned results suggest that H2S and ABA could improve the chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings，and the two signal molecules have interaction and cross talk in the signal transduction.
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• Identification，Biological Characteristics and Sensitivity of the Causal Pathogen Inducing Leaf Dieback on Lily
• ZENG Huilan，LU Qineng，ZENG Pengyuan，and LI Rungen*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2407-2416. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0270
• Abstract ( 233 ) HTML ( 759 ) PDF (2928KB) ( 759 ) 　　　
• In order to prevent and control the harm effects of leaf dieback of Lilium brownii var. viridulum，diseased plant samples were collected. Isolation and purification of the pathogen were conducted to identify the pathogen. Combining morphological method with molecular identifications of rDNA-ITS，LSU，TUB and RPB genes，the isolated strain was identified as Epicoccum sorghinum. Biological responses of the pathogen to different carbon source，nitrogen source，pH and light treatments also were studied. As a result，the most suitable carbon source was lactose，the most suitable nitrogen source was beef extract，the optimum temperature for the mycelium growth was 25 ℃，and the mycelium death temperature was 48 ℃，the optimum pH value for the mycelium growth was 6，the suitable light condition for the mycelium growth was 24 h. At the aspect of sensitivity to six fungicides，the results revealed that the inhibitory effects had significant differences on the mycelium growth of the pathogen. 50% Carbendazim water dispersible granules（WDG）had stronger inhibitory effect than the others，the concentration for 50% of maximal effect（EC50）was 0.011 mg · L-1，40% pyrimethanil suspending agent had the minimum inhibitory effect，with EC50 value 2.168 mg · L-1.
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• Characterization and Subcellular Localization of V2 Protein Encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan virus Infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• CHEN Simin1,*，JI Yinghua2,*，WU Gentu1，ZHAO Wenhao2，WU Shuhua2，XIAO Liubin2，SUN Xianchao1，ZHOU Yijun2,**，and QING Ling1,**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2417-2426. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0101
• Abstract ( 159 ) HTML ( 535 ) PDF (1920KB) ( 535 ) 　　　
• Cotton leaf curl Multan virus（CLCuMuV），an important whitefly-transmitted geminivirus，was first reported in China in 2006 and the epidemics of the virus caused devastating losses to local horticultural and economical crops in recent years. As V2 was reported essential for virus infection for many begomoviruses，to clarify the subcellular localization of V2 encoded by CLCuMuV，the V2 gene of a Jiangsu isolate of CLCuMuV from the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis，was amplified and cloned. Subsequently V2 was cloned into a 35S:YFP vector to obtain YFP tagged V2（V2-YFP）and transiently expressed in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by Agrobacterium infiltration. The subcellular localization of V2 was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope and the result showed that there was relatively strong GFP fluorescence signal around the nucleus and at the cell periphery（cytoplasm），and some punctate fluorescent bodies were also observed in the cytoplasm. The expression of V2 protein（fused with YFP）in the infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. These results demonstrated that the V2 protein encoded by CLCuMuV was localized around the nucleus and at the cell periphery（cytoplasm），and V2 protein could form aggregates in the cytoplasm as well.
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Research Notes

• Embryological Characterization of Apricot Pollen and Anther Wall Development
• ZHANG Chaoyue，GUO Shaofen，SUN Qing，ZHANG Guizhi，XU Junjie*，and LIU Lin*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2427-2436. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0271
• Abstract ( 296 ) HTML ( 563 ) PDF (3378KB) ( 563 ) 　　　
• In order to understand the embryological features of the pollen and anther wall of apricot，anthers of different ages were examined by means of light microscopy. The cell layers of anther wall were established in early November，including epidermis，endothecium，middle layers，and tapetum. The tapetum belonged to secretory type. The process of microsporogenesis lasted about 3 months. Microspore mother cells were formed in early November，and underwent meiosis during the period from late January to early February the next year. The microspore mother cell accumulated a large number of lipid droplets as meiosis began. The 4 meiotic nuclei were separated by simultaneous cytokinesis to form four microspores that were joined together in a tetrad. The four microspores in the tetrad were in a tetrahedral arrangement. The microspore was present for about one month before it underwent mitotic division to a 2-celled pollen grain. The 2-celled pollen stage lasted 2–3 weeks till anthesis. The mature pollen belonged to lipidic type，for it accumulated lipid droplets rather than starch. As the structure of anther walls was established，the scaly buds started winter dormancy，i.e.，they stopped elongation temporarily. When the meiosis of the microspore mother cell was completed，the winter dormancy was broken，i.e.，the scaly buds resumed elongation. Apparently，there was a coincidence between the mcirosporogenesis in the anther and the winter dormancy of the scaly buds. The microspore underwent mitotic division at the time when the flower bud reached the length of the scale. In summary，the process of apricot pollen development lasted 4.5 months，and the exclusive features included the coincidence between the microsporogenesis and the winter dormancy of the scaly buds，the accumulation of lipid droplets in the microspore mother cell，and that the first mitotic division of male gametophyte was marked by the growth of the flower bud to the length of the scale.
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New Technologies and New Methods

• Methods Key to Annual Production of Fig Fruit in Greenhouse
• LIAO Yajun*，ZHANG Qing*，and SHEN Yuanyue**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2437-2441. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0841
• Abstract ( 280 ) HTML ( 787 ) PDF (1875KB) ( 787 ) 　　　
• To explore methods key to annual production of fig（Ficus carica）fruit in greenhouse，Masui Dauphine fig was used to produce fruit through stumping in summer and heating in winter in greenhouse，and a no-heating greenhouse was used as the control. The results showed that in the no-heating greenhouse，the fig fruit by winter stumping in greenhouse developed 92 days and ripened from July to December in the next year. The average content of fruit soluble solids reached 17.5%. The freeze injury of leaves occurred at–1.8 ℃ for 1 h at the early of winter. The combination of summer stumping with heating in greenhouse in winter，the fruit developed 107 days and ripened from January to August in the next year，and the average content of fruit soluble solids reached 19.3%. In conclusion，the combination of winter-stumping and no-heating greenhouse，the production of fig fruit can produce from summer to early winter in the next year. A combination of summer-stumping and heating greenhouse，the production of fig fruit focuses on spring and autumn，and this technique is key to annual production of fig fruit in greenhouse.
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• Optimization and Establishment of KASP Reaction System for Chinese Cabbage（Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）
• YANG Shuangjuan*，YUAN Yuxiang*，WEI Xiaochun，WANG Zhiyong，ZHAO Yanyan，YAO Qiuju，and ZHANG Xiaowei**
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2442-2452. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0274
• Abstract ( 330 ) HTML ( 842 ) PDF (2118KB) ( 842 ) 　　　
• In this study，the KASP（Kompetitive allele specific PCR）reaction system suitable for Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）was established through optimization of three parameters（reaction volume，primer concentration and template DNA amount），which used genomic DNA from Chinese cabbage as template. The optimal KASP reaction system for 96-well plate format was as follows：total volume 8 μL，containing 1 μL template DNA（60–80 ng · μL-1），4 μL KASP Master mix （2×），0.14 μL primer assay mix（50 μmol · L-1）and 3 μL ddH2O. The optimal KASP reaction system for 384-well plate format was as follows：total volume 4 μL，containing 1 μL template DNA（60–80 ng · μL-1），2 μL KASP Master mix（2×），0.07 μL primer assay mix（50 μmol · L-1）and 1 μL ddH2O. With the optimal KASP reaction system，high quality results of KASP-SNP genotyping were produced on different Chinese cabbage accessions with different primers，which indicated the stability of the current system. The optimized KASP reaction system can be used in genetic study for Chinese cabbage，such as genetic diversity analysis，gene mapping and genetic map construction.
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Discussion

• Problems on Experimental Design and Result Analysis in Manuscripts Submitted to Acta Horticulturae Sinica
• WANG Yan，CHEN Jie*，ZHAO Hua，YAO Wei，HAN Xu，DU Min，ZHANG Ping，and HAN Lifei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2453-2454. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-2453
• Abstract ( 294 ) HTML ( 819 ) PDF (588KB) ( 819 ) 　　　
• In this paper，lacks of the same period control on experimental design and discrepancies between conclusion and statistical analysis in manuscripts submitted to Acta Horticulturae Sinica are rediscussed.
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New Cultivars

• A New Early Maturing with High Quality Watermelon Cultivar‘Meijia’
• WU Yanrong，ZHANG Jingjing，GAO Xiurui，LI Bing，and PAN Xiuqing*
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2455-2456. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0732
• Abstract ( 678 ) HTML ( 416 ) PDF (969KB) ( 416 ) 　　　
• ‘Meijia’is a new watermelon cultivar by crossing‘BSL-1-1-2-1-1’as female parent and ‘（901 × Xin）F2-2-3-5-1-1’as male parent，it is of high quality with early maturity. The plant is strong with thick stem，easily fruits in early period. The fruit development period is 28–30 days. The fruit is round with light green skin and thin green stripes. The stripes are clear with no strip breakage. The average fruit weight is 7.0 kg，the soluble solids content in center is 11.9% and in edge is 8.4%，the fruit flesh is red fine sandy and juicy but with less fiber and good taste. The yield is 70 788 kg · hm-2 in regional tests. It is suitable for large and medium-sized shed planting in Hebei，Henan and Shandong provinces.
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• A New Muskmelon Cultivar‘Guifei’
• ZHANG Xiaobing1,* and ZHANG Guo2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2457-2458. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018-0657
• Abstract ( 366 ) HTML ( 377 ) PDF (1164KB) ( 377 ) 　　　
• ‘Guifei’，a new hybrid muskmelon with thick skin，is suitable for protected cultivation. It has elliptic fruit，shallow yellow-green skin，covered with thick protuberant net. The average fruit weight is 2.07 kg. Flesh thickness is 4.2 cm，and flesh is orange red，crisp and light fragrant. The content of central soluble solids is 14%–16%. Whole growth period is 117 d，fruit development period is 55 d. The yield is 51.86 t · hm-2. It is tolerant to low temperature and low light，and resistant to storage and transportation.
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• New Multiflora Chrysanthemum Cultivars‘Dongli Hongyun’and‘Dongli Yueguang’
• ZHANG Mengmeng1，DAI Silan1,*，WANG Qing1，FANG Zhijun2，JI Yushan1，and WANG Shuo2
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2459-2460. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0818
• Abstract ( 259 ) HTML ( 501 ) PDF (1567KB) ( 501 ) 　　　
• New multiflora chrysanthemum cultivars‘Dongli Hongyun’and‘Dongli Yueguang’were selected from seedling progenies which were obtained from cross between‘388’（female parent，self-bred variety）and many varieties（male parent，introduced from Germany Brandkamp Company）by artificial hybridization. The optimum ornamental period for‘Dongli Hongyun’is late September to late October，with pink ray florets. Before ray florets of‘Dongli Yueguang’open，they are bright yellow，then they become white. And the optimum ornamental period for‘Dongli Yueguang’is mid-September to late October. These two new cultivars with early flowering，good plant shape and strong ramification are suitable for pot culture or field culture. And they can meet the flower demand of the National Day in the Beijing area.
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• A New Acer palmatum Cultivar‘Roumanchuifeng’
• DOU Quanqin*，HUANG Libin，DONG Xiaoyun，WANG Weiwei，ZHANG Min，and Lü Yunzhou
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2018, 45(12): 2461-2462. DOI:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0803
• Abstract ( 203 ) HTML ( 483 ) PDF (1640KB) ( 483 ) 　　　
• Acer palmatum‘Roumanchuifeng’was a new cultivar selected from a mutant of the A. palmatum seedlings. The main branches were stretching and weeping. The young branches sprouting in spring turned from red to reddish brown gradually，twigs grew flat to drooping slightly and biennial branches turned into grayish brown. Leaves were palm-shaped with five cracks，rarely seven cracks. Young leaves turned from yellowish green to dark green in summer，then turned from yellow to orange and then dark red in autumn. It could be widely popularized and applied for landscaping in south of the Yangtze River by grafting propagation.
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