Fruit Trees

• Cloning of Several Important Genes Involved in Grapevine SA and JA Signaling Pathways and Their Response to Exogenous Signals
• WANG Wen-Yan, YUE Lin-Xu, ZHANG Yan-Yi, CHU Jian-Qing, ZHANG Xiao-Ying, FANG Jing-Gui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 817-827.
• Abstract ( 1893 ) HTML ( 3102 ) PDF (1207KB) ( 3102 ) 　　　
• To understand gene response to exogenous signals in SA and JA signal transduction pathways of grapevine and analysis of the cross-interaction between these two pathways，this study cloned the genes of NPR1，PR1，COI1 and LOX2 from grapevine‘Fujiminori’（Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca）. The identity analysis of them with their homologous genes in different plants indicated that the related genes in SA and JA signaling pathways were conserved at relatively high level. Quantitative and semi-quantitative PCR were employed to analyze the expression of the four genes at different levels of hormone treatment，and the results showed that PR1 was specifically induced by the SA，and inhibited after JA applied；SA inhibited expression of LOX2（a gene specifically induced by JA）. According to expression of the two pairs of upstream and downstream genes belonging to SA and JA signalingpathways，the genes PR1 and LOX2 could be considered as the marker genes of these two signal transduction pathways in grapevine. The expression levels of NPR1，PR1，COI1 and LOX2 increased rapidly during the 6–24 h after treatment，and the antagonistic effect between SA and JA pathways may also exist in grapevine.The interactions between SA and JA pathways could be affected by the relative concentration of each hormone.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Analysis of Enzyme Activity and Lignin Content and Expression of CCoAOMT Gene in the Pericarp of‘Dangshan Suli’and Its Russet Mutant
• LI Xiao-Feng, LI Xue, JIA Bing, LIU Li, YE Zhen-Feng, HENG Wei, ZHU Li-Wu
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 828-836.
• Abstract ( 1926 ) HTML ( 1916 ) PDF (422KB) ( 1916 ) 　　　
• To investigate the mechanism of russet skin formation in‘Xiusu’pear, the sport of Chinese pear‘Dangshan Suli’（Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.），the lignin content and activities of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL），4-hydroxycinnamate Co-A ligase（4CL），Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase（CAD） and Peroxidase（POD）related to lignin biosynthesis, in pericarp of‘Dangshan Suli’and‘Xiusu’pear at 25，50，75，100，125，150 and 175 days after full bloom were tested by spectrophotometry，respectively. From the positive SSH-cDNA library of‘Xiusu’pear，CCoAOMT-EST was screened out and the relative quantity of its expression was analysed by Real-time PCR. The results showed that there were three peaks of lignin increment in the pericarp of‘Dangshan Suli’pear，and lignin accumulation was 12.2%higher in ‘Xiusu’than that in‘Dangshan Suli’pear when the fruit matured. The activities ofPAL，4CL，CAD in pericarps of‘Xiusu’and‘Dangshan Suli’pear all reached to the maximum at 75 days after full bloom，which of POD attained the maximum at 125 days after full bloom. Although the trends of the four enzymes dynamic change in‘Xiusu’were similar as those in‘Dangshan Suli’pear，their activities in the former were higher than in the later. There was positive significant correlation between PAL or 4CL activities and ligninincrement in‘Xiusu’but not in‘Dangshan Suli’pear. As the fruit developed，the relative quantity of CCoAOMT expression at each stage in the pericarp of‘Xiusu’was evidently higher than that of ‘Dangshan Suli’pear. It was postulated that the mechanism of russet skin formation in‘Xiusu’pear was related to lignin accumulation and the relevant enzyme activity enhancement，and the expression increment of CCoAOMT gene may be a key factor contributed to the russet skin formation of‘Xiusu’pear.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Effects of Spraying 6-BA on Axillary Bud Growth and the Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Hormones in‘Tianhong 2’Fuji Nursery Apple Trees
• MENG Yun, MA Shao-Feng, SHAO Jian-Zhu, SUN Jian-She, MA Bao-Kun, WANG Hong-Ning
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 837-844.
• Abstract ( 1552 ) HTML ( 1562 ) PDF (217KB) ( 1562 ) 　　　
• The effects of 6-BA on promoting axillary bud germination and growth of new shoots and the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones were studied with‘Tianhong 2’Fuji cultivars grafted on dwarfing inter-rootstocks in the spring of that year. The results showed that the early growth of single bud weight was slow，and rapid after 4 days treated by 300 mg · L^-1 6-BA. The axillary buds treated by 6-BA apparently expanded，germinated，and growed to 1 cm long on the fifth day，the seventh day，and the ninth to tenth day respectively. Approximate 15 buds germinated from 5 to 45 cm down the shoot tip at treatment on average，and the percent of nursery trees with germinated buds was 100%. On the one hand，IAA content decreased obviously at the initial stage of treatment（approximate 2 days）and then rised slowly， meanwhile，the content of ZRsand GAs rised rapidly，however，both the two decreased 6 to 8 days later in the bud. On the other hand，IAA content continued to reduce significantly and ZRs content decreased slightly after treatment，both the content of IAA and ZRs rised 6 days later，the trend of GAs content was oposite in the stem. Besides，ABA content decreased both in the bud and stem. Thus，spraying 6-BA could make ZRs transport to axillary bud from local stem，inhibit IAA to transport to the main stem from shoot tip，promote the IAA in the axillary bud to transport to the main stem，and then the axillary bud germinated. As the effect of 6-BA decreased，the curves of 4 hormones content began to fall back on the sixth day or the eighth day，meanwhile，hormones started to reach new balance with the germination and growth of axillary buds.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• The Regulation of 1-methylcyclopropene on Softening and Expression of Relevant Genes in‘Taishan Zaoxia’Apple
• LIU Mei-Yan, WEI Jing-Li, LIU Jin, FANG Long, SONG Yang, CUI Mei, WANG Chuan-Zeng, CHEN Xue-Sen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 845-852.
• Abstract ( 1508 ) HTML ( 1351 ) PDF (371KB) ( 1351 ) 　　　
• In order to study the molecular softening mechanism of‘Taishan Zaoxia’apple，the effect of 1-MCP on softening and expressions of genes related to softening in‘Taishan Zaoxia’were investigated. The results showed that：①The firmness of‘Taishan Zaoxia’fruit treated with 1-MCP were higher than the control fruit during the storage after harvest．②Ethylene production rate and the expression of PG，PME，β-Gal，α-L-Af and LOX genes of‘Taishan Zaoxia’fruit were inhibited significantly throughout the whole experimental period after treated with 1-MCP，especially in the first day after treatment. They decreased 72.0%，72.1%，87.5%，81.8%，90.2% and 16.7% than control respectively. But 1-MCP had no effect on expression of AM and XET genes. These results indicated that‘Taishan Zaoxia’apple variety was very sensitive to ethylene and 1-MCP could delay softening of‘Taishan Zaoxia’fruit obviously；The fruit  softening may be caused by synergistic effect of PG，PME，β-Gal，α-L-Af and LOX genes．
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Laccase Gene from Litchi chinensis
• LIU Bao-Hua, XIAO Qian, FENG Chao, SUN Jin-Hua, WANG Jia-Bao
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 853-860.
• Abstract ( 1612 ) HTML ( 1450 ) PDF (646KB) ( 1450 ) 　　　
• The relationship between postharvest browning and the expression oflaccase gene（LcLac）in litchi pericarp was discussed in this work. The LcLac was cloned from‘Feizixiao’by screening cDNA libraries and 3′-RACE. The full-length cDNA sequence of LcLac was 1 779 bp in length，contained a 26 bp 5′-UTR，a 52 bp 3′-UTR and a 1 701 bp open reading frame（ORF），which encoded a 566 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence of LcLac had high identities with laccase protein from Acer pseudoplatanus. RT-PCR analysis revealed differences among the expression of LcLac，showing the highest and lowest levels，respectively，of transcripts in flower and pulp. During the early stage of postharvest storage，the browning index of pericarp increased along with the increasing expression of LcLac. Moreover，the expression of LcLac was higher in pericarp of Feizixiao（higher brown index）than Ziniangxi（lower brown index）. The expression of LcLac was decreased in severe browning pericarp during the middle and late stage of postharvest storage. The results suggested that the up-regulated expression of laccase gene in pericarp at early storage stage may contribute to the postharvest pericarp browning.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Isolation and Expression Analysis of LFY Homologue from Strawberry
• LIU Yue-Xue, ZOU Dong-Mei, LI He, ZHANG Zhi-Hong, MA Yue, DAI Hong-Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 861-868.
• Abstract ( 1427 ) HTML ( 2076 ) PDF (1445KB) ( 2076 ) 　　　
• The LFY homologue named FaLFY was isolated from strawberry（Fragaria × ananassa ‘Huaji’）with the method of RT-PCR and RACE. Its expression pattern in different tissues and floral organs was checked with qRT-PCR. The CDS of FaLFY is 1 236 bp in length and it codes a predicted protein of 412 amino acids. The amino acid identity compared with other LFY homologues is highly conserved and shows the highest similarity（88%）with the LEAFY-2 of Rosa canina. The real-time RT-PCR result showed that FaLFY mainly transcripts in reproductive tissues，especially in flower buds，no transcription was detected in vegetative tissues，neither in the four whorls of flower organs. The results showed that FaLFY play an important role in the processing of flowering in strawberry.
• Related Articles | Metrics

Vegetables

• Expression Vector Construction of Rubisco Activase Gene CsRCA and Genetic Transformation to Cucumber
• LIU Pei-Pei, JIANG Zhen-Sheng, WANG Mei-Ling, BI Huan-Gai, AI Xi-Zhen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 869-878.
• Abstract ( 1472 ) HTML ( 2096 ) PDF (493KB) ( 2096 ) 　　　
• Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/xygenase（Rubisco）is a key enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon cycle. In order to elucidate the activating mechanism of Rubisco in plants，the Rubisco activase gene CsRCA was introduced into inbred line of cucumber with the Agrobacterium-mediated method. The transgenic plants were screened by PCR，and their expression in mRNA and protein level were analysed by real-time PCR and western blot respectively. The restriction enzyme result showed that the CsRCA was inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1301，a sense expression vector containing CsRCA gene was constructed. The resulting plasmid was introduced into cucumber inbred lines‘08-1’，and seven transgenic plants which contain two CsRCA copies were obtained（The wild type plants contain one CsRCA copy）. The transformation rate was about 3.5%. The seven T0 transgenic cucumber plants showed 1–1.98 folds in CsRCA mRNA abundance and a significant increase in expression of protein level compared with the wild type（WT）plants. CsRCA over expression led to significant increase in the pigment content，photosynthetic rate（P_n），soluble sugar and starch contents in T1 transgenic plant leaves. These data indicated that stable genetic CsRCA transgenic cucumber plants were obtained with Agrobacterium-mediated method. CsRCA over expression increased the P_n and carbohydrate significantly in cucumber leaves.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Mapping QTLs for Seedling-associated Traits in Cucumber
• MIAO Han, GU Xing-Fang, ZHANG Sheng-Ping, ZHANG Zhong-Hua, HUANG San-Wen, WANG Ye, FANG Zhi-Yuan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 879-887.
• Abstract ( 1707 ) HTML ( 1691 ) PDF (292KB) ( 1691 ) 　　　
• Phenotypic data of cotyledon length（Cl），cotyledon width（Cw），hypocotyl length（Hl），the first pistillate flower bearing node（Fpfn），days to anthesis（Da）in 148 F₉ recombinant inbred lines （RILs）which originated from a narrow-cross between 9110Gt and 9930 were investigated four times in different seasons. The multiple QTL model（MQM）method of software package MapQTL version 4.0 was used to map and analyze QTLs. Nineteen QTLs were detected for 5 traits. These QTLs were mapped on chromosome 1，3，5 and 6，respectively. 17 QTLs（89.5%）were major QTLs which explained more than 10% of the phenotypic variation. Three QTLs were repeatedly detected in different seasons in greenhouse cultivation. Their LOD values varied between 3.28 and 15.25，which explained 6%–37.8% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the whole genome sequence，the genomic regions harboring major QTLs were analyzed using BLAST software.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Effects of Brassinolide on the Mitochondria Antioxidant System and Cellular Ultrastructure of Cucumber Seedling Roots under Hypoxic Stress
• LU Xiao-Min, SUN Jin, GUO Shi-Rong, HE Li-Zhong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 888-896.
• Abstract ( 1520 ) HTML ( 2603 ) PDF (1737KB) ( 2603 ) 　　　
• A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide（EBR）on the mitochondria antioxidant system and cellular ultrastructure in seedlingsroots of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.‘Zhongnong 6’）under hypoxic stress. Under the stress，the superoxide anion production rate，contents of hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）and malondialdehyde（MDA）were significantly enhanced，while the root activity was decreased，and the root tip cells were damaged. Compared with the control，the activities of SOD，POD and CAT were induced and were higher at 3 d，
  but significantly decreased at 6 d by hypoxic stress. However，EBR treatment could keep higher activitiesof SOD，POD and CAT for a longer time，reduce the generation of ，H₂O₂ and MDA contents，increasethe root activity，and release the damage of root tip cells. The results suggested that exogenous EBR could play a positive role in regulating the mitochondria antioxidant system and keeping cellular ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots，and alleviate the damage of hypoxic stress.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Effects of Different Rootstocks on Bloom Formation and Absorption and Distribution of Silicon in Grafted Cucumber
• LIU Qing, WEI Min, SHEN Qiong, WANG Xiu-Feng, YANG Feng-Juan, SHI Qing-Hua
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 897-904.
• Abstract ( 1581 ) HTML ( 1685 ) PDF (288KB) ( 1685 ) 　　　
• To study the mechanism of grafting affecting bloom on fruit surface of cucumber，rootstocks with significant different effects on bloom formation were used to investigate the plant growth and silicon distribution of grafted cucumber，the results showed that at fruiting stage，the plant height，leaf number and early yield of cucumber grafted on light-bloom rootstocks were lower than those grafted on heavy-bloom or medium-bloom rootstocks，but higher than own-root cucumber；There was more silicon in leaves than in stem and roots of cucumber；The silicon levels in leaves and stem of cucumber grafted on light-bloom rootstocks were lower than those grafted on heavy-bloom or medium-bloom rootstocks，as well as own-root cucumber；The roots of cucumber grafted on‘Yunnan Figleaf Gourd’showed the highest silicon content；With the growth of fruits，the silicon content increased first，and then decreased，however，the silicon content in leaves at same node gradually reduced；The silicon contents in fruits of cucumber grafted on light-bloom rootstocks were obviously lower than those grafted on heavy-bloom and medium-bloom rootstocks，as well as own-root cucumber. Different bloom-type rootstocks affected the formation of fruit bloom，which was partly associated with the absorption and distribution of silicon.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• The Study of Disease Resistant，Morphological Characteristics and Genetic Relationship Using SSR Markers in 4 Materials of Wild Cucurbit
• ZHANG Nan, LUAN Fei-Shi, GAO Peng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 905-922.
• Abstract ( 1489 ) HTML ( 1885 ) PDF (541KB) ( 1885 ) 　　　
• The disease resistance identification，morphological characteristics，cytological identification and genetic relationships were analyzed using SSR markers for 4 materials of wild cucurbit. The results indicated that the 4 wild materialswere wild lvy gourd[Coccinia grandis（L.）Voigt]，wild bisexual cucumis（Cucumis bisexualis A. M. Lu et G. C. Wang ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang），wild snakegourd （Trichosanthes L.），wild red-seed using watermelon（Citrullus lanatus ssp. vulgaris var. megalaspermusLin et Chao），respectively. The chromosome numbers of 4 wild materialswere 2n = 24，2n = 24，2n = 22，2n = 22，respectively. The wild characters of 4 wild materials were obvious，and some of the experimental species can’t be used directly because of their poor-fruit quality，but they showed the exuberant vitality. The wild lvy gourd，wild snakegourd，wild red-seed using watermelon were high resistant accessions of the two diseases，and the wild bisexual cucumis was susceptible accession of fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. 15 pairs of SSR primer selected from 130 pairs of primer generated total of 271 bands，124 （45.8%）of which were polymorphic through the analysis of the investigated accessions. The genetic similarity coefficient among 4 materials of wild cucurbit and 4 kinds of cultivated cucurbit materials including melon，cucumber，watermelon and pumpkin ranged from 0.62 to 0.96. The WINBOOT software showed that the wild lvy gourd，wild bisexual cucumis，wild snakegourd and wild red-seed using watermelon had narrow genetic relationship with cucumber，melon，pumpkin and watermelon，respectively.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Mapping of QTLs Conferring the Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus（TYLCV）in Solanum lycopersicoides
• ZONG Yuan-Yuan, LIU Lei, LI Tao, Sayed Rashad Ali Shah, ZHOU Long-Xi, SUN Yu-Yan, ZHENG Zheng, ZHENG Qi-Gong, FAN Shu-Ying, LI Jun-Ming
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 915-922.
• Abstract ( 1537 ) HTML ( 2325 ) PDF (302KB) ( 2325 ) 　　　
• An introgression line（IL）population，which was derived from a wild relative Solanum lycopersicoides LA2951，was used to screen the involved loci for resistance to TYLCV by the natural inoculation. In total，7 QTLs conferring the resistance to TYLCV were identified after the analysis of different individuals of IL population，which were respectively located on chromosome 1，3，4，5，6，7 and 12. Among them，QTL involved in chromosome 1 still need to be addressed further.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Cloning，Characterization and Real-time RT-PCR Analysis of a Key Gene beta-Amyrin synthase for Saponin Biosynthesis in Barbarea vulgaris
• WEI Xiao-Chun, ZHANG Xiao-Hui, WU Qing-Jun, WANG Hai-Ping, SHEN Di, QIU Yang, SONG Jiang-Ping, LI Xi-Xiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 923-930.
• Abstract ( 1659 ) HTML ( 1599 ) PDF (552KB) ( 1599 ) 　　　
• G-type Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. which producesaponins is a rare insect resistant vegetable in Cruciferae. A beta-amyrin synthase gene which codes a key enzyme of saponin biosynthesis pathway was cloned from Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. using RT-PCR and RACE（Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends）method，and named as Bv-beta-AS. The Bv-beta-AS contained a coding sequence of 2 289 bp（GenBank accession number：JQ172795），which encoded 762 amino acids. The gene of 4 107 bp from genomic DNA was further cloned，which contained 15 introns embedded in its coding sequences. The deduced protein of this gene contained the conserved characteristic motif of beta-amyrin synthase -DCTAE and QW. And the  high similarity of this gene with the beta-amyrin synthase from other plants indicated it was a homologue of beta-amyrin synthase. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that Bv-beta-AS was clustered with Arabidopsis beta-amyrin synthase and showed the highly similarity（74%） in amino acid sequences. The expression of Bv-beta-AS under the diamondback moth（Plutella xylostella） attack was determined by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that Bv-beta-AS gene expression was up-regulate within 12 h of diamondback moth attack，but decline tendency appeared after 12 hours. Both the sequences analysis results and the real-time RT-PCR data indicated that Bv-beta-AS may be an important candidate gene of saponin biosynthesis pathway. d
• Related Articles | Metrics

Ornamental Plants

• Studies on Inter-generic Compatibility of Iris dichotoma and Belamcanda chinensis and Their Hybrids Identification
• BI Xiao-Ying, LI Hui, LOU Qi, ZHENG Yang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 931-938.
• Abstract ( 1710 ) HTML ( 1681 ) PDF (640KB) ( 1681 ) 　　　
• The cross-compatibility between Iris dichotoma and Belamcanda chinensis was studied by capsule-setting，pollen tube behaviors and embryo development after common pollination，and their F₁ hybrids were identified by morphology and cytology. The results showed that the compatibility between I. dichotoma and B. chinensis was good，although there were barriers to a certain degree. The pre-fertilization barriers，when I. dichotoma acted as female parent，was due to the fact that some of the pollen tubes winded the stigma and pollen grains or the pollen grains didn’t germinate，and the capsule setting rate and embryo rate were 48.1% and 69.3%，respectively. The post-fertilization barriers，when B. chinensis acted as female parent，was due to the fact that the embryo disintegrate from micropyle，and the capsule setting rate and embryo rate were 87.9% and 54.3%，respectively. The height，corolla and tiller of the F₁ hybrids were all between their parents. The flowering stage and fruit-setting stage were longer and the leaves were wider than their parents；The rootstalk and flower pattern were similar to I. dichotoma. The color of flowers，the stamen，the style，the fructification and the seeds were quite different from their parents. The chromosome numbers of F₁ and their parents were all 2n = 2x = 32，and the karyotype types were all 1B，the hybrids were conservative in chromosome number and karyotype type comparing with their parents.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• The Physiological Cause of“Green Ear”of Anthurium Spathe at Hainan Island
• WANG Lan-Lan, YANG Guang-Sui, LI Chong-Hui, WANG Rong-Xiang, HUANG Su-Rong, WANG Cun, YIN Jun-Mei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 939-948.
• Abstract ( 1541 ) HTML ( 1758 ) PDF (394KB) ( 1758 ) 　　　
• As the color of anthurium spathes turn green seasonally during the cultivation in Hainan island，the changes of color and the related physiological factors of the spathes during the development in two periods（normal and green）were compared. The results showed that in green season，the color parameter a^* in the ear part of spathe was significantly lower than that in normal season；The contents of total anthocyanins，total flavonoids，soluble protein，soluble sugar，and mineral element potassium were generally lower than normal；the chlorophyll content and PPO activity in early developmental stage were higher than normal. We speculated that the changes of the anthocyanin/chlorophyll content ratio directly caused the spathe turning green. While in the physiological level，the shortage of soluble protein and sugar hindered the anthocyanin synthesis. Meanwhile，due to the degradation activity of PPO，anthocyanin content decreased. Thus，spathes had to increase the synthetic amount of chlorophyll in order to supply the photosynthesis products，the green tone of spathe presented. And the accumulation of nitrogen in spathe was benefit for the chlorophyll synthesis.
• Related Articles | Metrics

Research Notes

• Multiplex RT-PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Four Grapevine Viruses
• FAN Xu-Dong, DONG Ya-Feng, ZHANG Zun-Ping, REN Fang, LI Ya-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 949-956.
• Abstract ( 1515 ) HTML ( 2083 ) PDF (602KB) ( 2083 ) 　　　
• Using the‘Red Globe’infected by four grapevine viruses as a sample，the concentrations of dNTPs，Taq DNA polymerase，the primers，annealing temperature and template quantity were optimized for the simultaneous detection of four viruses Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3（GLRaV-3），Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus（GRSPaV），Grapevine virus B（GVB），Grapevine virus A（GVA） by multiplex RT-PCR. Comparison of the sensitivity of both multiplex-and single RT-PCR for the detection of those viruses showed no significant differences. The target fragments with expected sizes of 905 bp（GRSPaV），546 bp（GLRaV-3），460 bp（GVB）and 196 bp（GVA）were amplified from the sample. The multiplex RT-PCR products of those viruses were cloned and sequenced. Result showed that the obtained sequences had high similarities to reported corresponding sequences of those viruses. The viral detection results of seven grapevine samples in field suggested that the multiplex RT-PCR could be used for the simultaneous detection of those four viruses.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• The Effects of Different Tree Shapes of Pear on the Light and Fruit Yield and Quality
• RAN Xin-Tuo, SONG Hai-Zhou, GAO Zhi-Huo, HAN Ji-Cheng, WEI Jian-Mei, LE Wen-Quan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 957-962.
• Abstract ( 1540 ) HTML ( 1193 ) PDF (174KB) ( 1193 ) 　　　
• The profitability is different in the modification of standard rootstock and big canopy with different tree shapes in current pear cultivation. The aim is to select and determine the suitable tree shapes by measuring the amount of shoots，canopy transmittance，photosynthetic characteristics，leaf nutrients，fruit yield and qualities in the process of modification. This study was carried out in four tree shapes for two consecutive years. The results showed that the photosynthetic active radiation，the net photosynthetic rate，transmittance，the leaf fresh weight as well as the leaf nutrient contents of N，P，K were significantly different in the four tree shapes with the same total shoots，the number of spur shoot and the ratio of spur shoot and total shoot. The yield and fruit qualities were also different in the four tree shapes. The conclusion was obtained that the single open centre shape in pear should be selected in the modification of pear with standard rootstock and big canopy，while the tall-spindle was better inother canopies when the top-grafting forvariety improving was carried out.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• The Ultrastructural Changes of Apple Fruit with Different Resistance Infected by Botryosphaeria dothidea
• YANG Li-Li, ZHUANG Yan, WANG Yi, ZHANG Xin-Zhong, HAN Zhen-Hai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 963-969.
• Abstract ( 1387 ) HTML ( 1912 ) PDF (1468KB) ( 1912 ) 　　　
• The ultrastructural changes of the surface and subcutaneous tissue were observed through scanning and transmission electron microscopy using resistant varieties‘Jonathan’and susceptible cultivars‘Golden Delicious’and their hybrid seedings（Jonathan × Golden Delicious）including highly resistant 02-24-036 and highly susceptible 02-38-071 as materials inoculated by the strong pathogenic Ls1 strain [Botryosphaeria dothidea（Moug.）Ces. et de Not.]. It found that parents and 02-24-036 all produced special secretions after infection. The secretions of Jonathan and 02-24-036 significantly inhibited the invasion and reproduction of hyphae on fruit surface，while secretions of Golden Delicious couldn’t do that. Results showed that these special secretions were connected with bacteriostasis and resistance to invasion. After hyphae invaded tissue through lenticel and wound，accumulation of osmiophilic globule was found in Jonathan and 02-24-036，while this phenomenon was not observed in Golden Delicious and 02-38-071. These results suggested that the resistance in Jonathan and 02-24-036 to apple fruit ring rot disease is induced resistance，which performed both anti-intrusion and resistance to expansion.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Studies on Fruit Growth Pattern and Immature Embryo Culture of Hybrids Between Pistacia vera and Pistacia chinensis
• PANG Man, LI Xu-Xin, DONG Qian, WANG Jie, BAI Zhi-Ying, LU Bing-She
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 970-976.
• Abstract ( 1132 ) HTML ( 1026 ) PDF (306KB) ( 1026 ) 　　　
• Fruits and immature embryos sampled from hybrids between Pistacia vera and Pistacia chinensis were used to study the fruit growth pattern and the effects of different embryo developmental stages，the varieties of medium and concentrations of 6-BA in culture medium on hybrid plants regeneration. The results showed that：（1）The hybrid fruit growth had a single-peak curve pattern in terms of the changing of fruit length and diameter during fruit development，and had a double“S”curve in terms of the changing of fresh weight.（2）The development of hybrid embryo began from 80 days after pollination，and the critical period for the hybrid embryo abortion was from the 80 to 100 days.（3）The hybridimmature embryos collected at 80 days after pollinationdid not germinated while that collected at 100 days and 120 days germinated at rates of 37.04% and 83.33% respectively.（4）The suitable multiplication medium for immature embryo seedlings was DKW + 2.0 mg · L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg · L^-1 IBA + 0.3 g · L^-1 LH + 1.5 g · L^-1 PVP，with which the multiplication coefficient of 3.47 and the seedling height of 3.32 cm were obtained.（5）The suitable rooting medium was 1/2 WPM + 2.0 mg · L^-1 IBA + 0.05 mg · L^-1 NAA with a rooting rate of 80%．
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A Novel Locus，frs-1，That Controls Flesh Root Diameter of Turnip
• ZHANG Ming-Ke, YAO Yuan-Ting, ZHONG Wei-Li, HE Yu-Ke
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 977-984.
• Abstract ( 1202 ) HTML ( 1216 ) PDF (275KB) ( 1216 ) 　　　
• To screen molecular markers linked to genes tightly controlling flesh root diameter of turnip（Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera Matzg）and to identify the QTL number，effect and location in the map，two F₂ populations from the cross between Chinese cabbageBre-1-1-1-1and turnip W-2-1-8-1 were studied in spring and autumn. The flesh root diameters of F₂ populations were changed continuously and marked bias towards the parent turnip，suggesting that it was quantitative trait，controlled by multiple genes. Four QTLs for controlling flesh root diameter were screened in spring F₂ population，mapped on A09，A07，A02 and A03，respectively. A QTL locus frs-1 was detected on partial linkage group A09，which was constructed with 23 markers screened by bulked segregation analysis（BSA）in autumn F₂ population，the contribution of frs-1 to the total variation was 36.07% with LOD score of 8.19. This locus was a novel and major QTL，stable detection across the two seasons and useful for marker-assisted selection and for gene cloning of flesh root diameter.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Screening of Molecular Markers Linked to Cladosporium fulvum Resistant Gene Cf12 in Tomato and Identification of Germplasm Resource
• ZHAO Ting-Ting, SONG Ning-Ning, JIANG Jing-Bin, ZHANG He, KANG Li-Gong, LI Jing-Fu, XU Xiang-Yang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 985-991.
• Abstract ( 1569 ) HTML ( 1672 ) PDF (434KB) ( 1672 ) 　　　
• The study identified the molecular marker linked to Cladosporium fulvum resistant gene Cf12 in tomato. The linked marker was screened with a F₂ population between a resistant and a susceptible parent（05HN36 × 051355）by AFLP technology. Six AFLP markers had been identified to linked with Cf12 gene：E86M51-C，E46M50，E95M59-D，E35M81，E78M36-C and E47M50-C. The genetic distances were 5.1，8.9，9.1，9.2，10.2 and 10.8 cM respectively. The AFLP marker E86M51-C was converted into SCAR marker. We obtained 16 cultivars which contained this marker. These cultivars could be used in C. fulvum resistant breeding practice.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Genetic Diversity of the Endangered Davidia involucrata by AFLP Analysis
• LI Xue-Ping, LI Zai-Liu, HE Chun-Ling, ZHU Wen-Yan, GAO Shui-Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 992-998.
• Abstract ( 1555 ) HTML ( 1396 ) PDF (246KB) ( 1396 ) 　　　
• We analyzed the genetic diversity of six natural and two artificial populations of the endangered plant species，Davidia involucrata Baill. using the AFLP method. A total of 506 reproducible bands of 100–500 bp were obtained with seven AFLP primer combinations，of which 488 bands were polymorphic with a proportion of 96.44%. The percentage of polymorphic bands in different populations ranged between 52.77%–79.25% with an average of 67.00%. At the species level，the Nei’s genetic diversity（H_s）is 0.3429，and the Shannon’s information index（I）is 0.5107；At the population level，the Nei’s genetic diversity ranged from 0.2229 to 0.3389 with an average of 0.2748，and the Shannon’s information index from 0.3219 to 0.4877，averaging 0.3995. The differentiation coefficient（G_st）among the populations was 21.60% and the gene flow（N_m）1.8. The results showed that there was a high genetic diversity in D. involucrata，and genetic differentiation and gene flow were found between the eight populations，but the genetic differentiation occurred mainly within each population. No molecular markers were found between D. involucrata and D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana.
• Related Articles | Metrics

New Cultivars

• A New Myrobalan Plum Cultivar‘Senguo Jiaren’
• ZHANG Rui, MAO Zhi-Quan, JI Xiao-Hao, KUANG Lin-Guang, LU Ming-Fang, WANG Yan- , CHEN Xue-Sen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 999-1000.
• Abstract ( 1731 ) HTML ( 1293 ) PDF (168KB) ( 1293 ) 　　　
• ‘Senguo Jiaren’ was selected from the open-pollinated seedlings of wild myrobalan plum in allopatric conserving garden（Jiaozhou，Qingdao）. The fruit shape is nearly round. Its average fruit weight is 15.5 g，the biggest is 18.0 g. The background of the fruit is yellow，and the surface is red with fruit powder. The flesh is yellow，delicate and juicy. The soluble solids content is 16.3%，total sugar of 166.4 mg · g^-1 FW，total acid of 2.42 mg · g^-1 FW. Freestone and small. The trees are spreding and productive early. The fruit development period is about 95 days. It ripens in late July in Jiaozhou，Qingdao.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New Litchi Cultivar ‘Zili’
• ZHU Jian-Hua, PENG Hong-Xiang, LI Dong-Bo, HUANG Feng-Zhu, LU Gui-Feng, LI Hong-Li, XU Ning, QIN Xian-Quan, LI Guang-Wang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1001-1002.
• Abstract ( 1598 ) HTML ( 986 ) PDF (514KB) ( 986 ) 　　　
• ‘Zili’is a new litchi cultivar that selected from individual variability in Guangxi. The average fruit weight is 19.9 g，the esculent rate is 67.1%，and the soluble solids content is 18.6%–20.1%. The flesh is low in juicy，crisp，sweet and fragrant. The color of pericarp is sightly which is purple and black. Due to the specific color，this cultivar can be used as litchi germplasms of breeding research and ornamental fruit cultivation.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New South Subtropical Prunus mume Cultivar‘Chifeng Hongmei’
• WANG Xin-Yan, SHE Dian-Cheng, LI Zhu-Cheng, HE Hui-Ling, WANG Ya-Wen, ZHOU Hou-Gao, LIANG Guan-Sheng, LI Juan, XU Jian-Man, ZHANG Liang-Shen, SHEN Dian-Zhou, HUANG Jian-Chang, ZHAO Chun-Xiang, XIAO Yan, FENG Li-Bang, CHEN Jian-Tai
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1003-1004.
• Abstract ( 2008 ) HTML ( 920 ) PDF (157KB) ( 920 ) 　　　
• ‘Chifeng Hongmei’is a new Prunus mume cultivar with excellent quality selected from the open-pollinated seedling groups of‘Zhumei’in Zhixi Village，Chifeng Town，Chaoan County，Guangdong Province. The fruit is egg-shape with average weight of 20.8 g and edible rate of 91.3%. The content of total acid and soluble solids is 5.64% and 8.7% respectively. The fruit peel is yellow-green with purple halo on the sun-side. It has strong acid with no bitter taste. It is an excellent cultivar for dried plum，half-dry plum，plum sauce，and plum wine products. It is suitable to be planted in the south subtropical coastal mountainous regions. People harvested the fruit in middle April in the eastern region of Guangdong Province.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• An Overwintering Spring Cabbage Cultivar‘Wangan 8’
• WANG Cheng-Gang, SONG Jiang-Hua, ZHU Shi-Dong, WANG Su, PING Qing-Jiang, LU Ying-Jie, QI Shi-Quan, WANG Rong-Feng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1005-1006.
• Abstract ( 1460 ) HTML ( 1235 ) PDF (133KB) ( 1235 ) 　　　
• ‘Wangan 8’is an overwintering spring cabbage hybrid which is developed by crossing two self-incompatible lines of‘9802-6’and‘9701-3’. It has strong cold-resistance，late bolting and resistances to black rot. The round head is bull-heart shaped with compact and tough structure，and the single head weight is about 1.2 kg. It takes about 145 days from planting to harvest for overwintering in open field. It is suitable to be cultivated in South area of the Yellow River，especially the Yangtze River.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New Slow-bolting Celery Cultivar‘Juventus’
• WANG Wu-Tai, WU Feng, GAO Guo-Xun, GU Yu, LIU Hui-Jing, WANG Li-Bin, WANG Qin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1007-1008.
• Abstract ( 1791 ) HTML ( 1102 ) PDF (157KB) ( 1102 ) 　　　
• ‘Juventus’is a new slow-bolting celery cultivar which is bred by a single-plant selection method after several generations from progeny of slow-bolting line S80 and excellent quality line S53 crossed. The plants are compactly and uprightly. The height is above 80.4 cm. Its petioles are longer and bright green with green blade. The moderately cupped cross-section of petiole is solid，and its thickness is 1.0 cm. Stalks are firmness，less fibres and excellent quality. It takes about 70 days from transplanting to harvesting. The weight of a plant is 805 g，and the average yield is up to 129 t · hm^-2. It is suitable for protected cultivation in early spring in the northern region.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New Cucumber Cultivar‘Nongcheng Xinyu 1’
• MENG Huan-Wen, CHENG Zhi-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1009-1010.
• Abstract ( 1534 ) HTML ( 1111 ) PDF (216KB) ( 1111 ) 　　　
• ‘Nongcheng Xinyu 1’is a new cucumber hybrid（female line Q53 × male line C37）with white skin fruit and stronger plant growth. The first female flower appears on the third or fourth node. Fruits are mainly bear on the main stem and develop fast. The fruit is in long cylinder shape with length of 30–32 cm and width of 3–4 cm. The single fruit is about 160–200 g. The fruit is in white green color with shine，with dense white thorns and medium sized knobs on the surface，tastes crisp and tolerant to storage. The cultivar is resistant to downy mildew，powdery mildew and fusarium wilt，with wide adaptability and suitable to grow in plastic tunnel and greenhouse in northern China.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• Tangshan 3，A New Watermelon Cultivar with Early Maturity
• SUN Xun, REN Cang-Hua, MENG Hui, SHI Jin-Guo, TANG Zhang-Xiong, LI Yan-Hua, WANG Rui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1011-1012.
• Abstract ( 1553 ) HTML ( 1280 ) PDF (336KB) ( 1280 ) 　　　
• By means of proton beam irradiation，two water melon[Citrullus lanatus（Thunb.）Mansfeld]inbred lines Q29541 with early maturity and promising quality and R87345 with crisp flesh and tough peel were developed and used as maternal and paternal parents to produce hybrid watermelon cultivar Tangshan 3. The duration of fruit development in this cultivar was 29 to 31 d. The first pistillate flower was present at 8 to 10 nodes on the main volubile stem and also in an interval of 3 to 5 nodes. The red-colored sarcocarp was crisp. The sugar contents of the center and the side were 12% and 9%，respectively. The weight per melon was over 6 kg. This cultivar has demonstrated a broad adaptability and good perspective of commercialization based on 5-year demonstration in 14 provinces，for example Hebei，Liaoning，Tianjin，Anhui，Hubei，He’nan，and Shandong.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New Lilium Cultivar ‘Mid-May’
• XI Meng-Li, WU Zhu-Hua, FU Wei, QI Fu-Juan, ZHANG Rui-Jing, SHI Ji-Sen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1013-1014.
• Abstract ( 1670 ) HTML ( 970 ) PDF (137KB) ( 970 ) 　　　
• ‘Mid-May’is derived from crossing two Asiatic hybrids，‘Golden Horn’with yellow flowers as female parents and‘Brunello’with orange flowers as male parents. It blossoms early and has high flower yield. The average height of the plants is 65–70 cm，with flowers averaging 16–17 cm in diameter.‘Mid-May’has bright orange flowers with no speckle. The filaments and styles of the flowers are also orange，but their pollen is black brown. Further more，this hybrid is triploid with strong growing vigor and high complex resistance to main disease. It is suitable for planting in eastern China.
• Related Articles | Metrics

• A New Shinygreen Creeper Cultivar‘Cuiyu’
• QIAN Yong-Qiang, SUN Zhen-Yuan, JU Guan-Sheng, HAN Lei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(5): 1015-1016.
• Abstract ( 1296 ) HTML ( 1090 ) PDF (733KB) ( 1090 ) 　　　
• The new cultivar‘Cuiyu’was selected from the wild germplasm resources of shinygreen creeper（Parthenocissus laetivirens Rehd.）domesticated for many years. The cultivar has developed tendrils. The young and mature leaves are green during the growing season. Bubble-like bulges are distributed in the adaxial surface of the leave. This new cultivar‘Cuiyu’grows rapidly with strong climbing capacity and the excellent resistances to cold，drought and heat. It is suitable to be cultivated in Beijing and its surrounding for vegetation cover barrens，slope revegetation and vertical greening.
• Related Articles | Metrics