Fruit Trees

• Effects of Eight Strains of Phosphate-solubilizing Fungi in Northwest Area on‘Red Globe’Grape Growth-based on Factor Analysis Method
• FANG Yu-Lin, SU Jing-Xia, ZHENG Ying, ZHANG Jia-Han, XUE Wen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1225.
• Abstract ( 1194 ) HTML ( 994 ) PDF (264KB) ( 994 ) 　　　
• Eight strains of phosphate-dissolving fungi which isolated from four grape-producing areas in Northwest China were studied in a pot experiment of ‘Red Globe’grape，11 growth promoting indicators including plant height，dry weight，phosphorus content，chlorophyll，soil available phosphorus，
  net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were evaluated. With factor analysis， four components were extracted to represent the original 11 indicators，they were： Biomass factor（F1）， transpiration factor（F2），the soil phosphorus factor（F3）and photosynthesis（F4）. The biomass factor （F1）had the largest percentage of variance contribution，which indicated related indicators of plant height，dry weight，phosphorus content and chlorophyll content were the most important for evaluating the growth promoting abilities of these fungi. According to the comprehensive evaluation，the promoting abilities of three AM fungi were significantly higher than that of five phosphate-solubilizing fungi（PSF）. Besides，compared with other four，MG-（1）showed the higher ability among the five PSF. The other four PSF had the promotion effects，though，lower than the average. The ability was：YL-D > JY-B > YL-F > YJ-7.
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• The Relationships Between the Enzyme Activity of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis，Ethylene Release and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Fruits of Precocious Apple Cultivars
• LIU Jin, WEI Jing-Li, LIU Mei-Yan, SONG Yang, FENG Shou-Qian, WANG Chuan-Zeng, CHEN Xue-Sen
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1235.
• Abstract ( 1599 ) HTML ( 2370 ) PDF (285KB) ( 2370 ) 　　　
• Fruits of precocious red‘Taishan Zaoxia’and green‘Liaofu’apple cultivars demand for the same growth period before ripening were investigated. The results indicated that：①The content of anthocyanin and the activities of PAL，CHI and UFGT in‘Taishan Zaoxia’were higher than those in ‘Liaofu’（P < 0.05）. ②The release of ethylene in both cultivars peaked before harvesting and the rapid accumulation of anthocyanin. The ethylene release of the fruit reduced after the application of 1-MCP，and followed by the significant decrease of the anthocyanin release；The ethylene promoted and affected the accumulation of anthocyanin at the ripening stage of precocious apples. ③The content of anthocyanin was positively correlated with the activities of UFGT in‘Taishan Zaoxia’during fruits ripening. The production of ethylene is closely related to the synthesis of anthocyanin by mediating the activity of UFGT.
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• Studies on Gene Transformation via Pollen Tube Pathway in Walnut
• SHI Xiao-Xin, DU Guo-Qiang, WANG Xiao-Man, PEI Dong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1243.
• Abstract ( 1381 ) HTML ( 1018 ) PDF (1059KB) ( 1018 ) 　　　
• In order to enhance the efficiency of gene transformation via the pollen tube pathway，the timing of DNA inoculation，the concentration of DNA，and the different methods of DNA inoculation were studied in‘Qingxiang’walnut（Juglans regia L.）. The results showed that a period of 14 to 20 hours after pollination was the optimum time for the treatment of dripping exogenous DNA on the pistils. And a period of 24 hours was suitable for the treatment of injection. A DNA concentration of 350–500 μg · mL^-1 was optimal for gene transformation according to the fruit set rates and GUS analysis. The
  fruits carrying the exogenous gene were obtained by using three methods of dripping DNA with or without the pistil cut and of the ovule injection，while the dripping DNA without the pistil cut treatment had the highest transformation rate（36.4%），followed by the dripping DNA with the pistil cut treatment
  （20.7%）. The ovule injection treatment had the lowest fruit set rate（10.9%）due to mechanical damage during injection.
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• Studies on Differentially Expressed Genes in Flower Bud During DormancyRelease in Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.‘Duanbing’
• LI Yong-Qiang, ZHAO Sai-Bao, NI Kai-Cheng, CHEN Wen-Rong, XIN De-Dong, GUO Wei-Dong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1253.
• Abstract ( 1382 ) HTML ( 1516 ) PDF (593KB) ( 1516 ) 　　　
• The mRNA differential display technique（DDRT）was used to identify the differentially expressed cDNA fragments during chilling-induced release of dormancy in buds of Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.‘Duanbing’. Seventy-nine differentially expressed fragments were initially identified by DDRT， and among which，18 of them were confirmed as true differentially expressed genes using semiquantitative RT-PCR. Out of these 18 differentially expressed genes，11 were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated，respectively，during the release of dormancy. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes are mostly involved in the processes of glycometabolism ， signal transduction，trans-membrane transport，and oxidation-reduction reactions. The results suggest that these genes may somehow contribute to the release of dormancy，either directly or indirectly，in Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.‘Duanbing’.
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• Isolation and Functional Analysis of PpPGIP1 Promoter in Peach
• WANG Xiu-Yun, ZHANG Ji-Yu, GU Xian-Bin, GAO Zhi-Hong, ZHANG Zhen, YU Ming-Liang, ZHANG Yu-Yan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1263.
• Abstract ( 1044 ) HTML ( 1988 ) PDF (347KB) ( 1988 ) 　　　
• Promoter sequence of PpPGIP1 gene in peach[Prunus persica（L.）Batch]was isolatedthrough the chromosome walking method，and its function was preliminary forecasted by means of bioinformatics method. The plant expression vector of the promoter was constructed and transformed into tobacco through the Agrobacterium-mediated technique. Expression characteristics of PpPGIP1 gene induced by salicylic acid（SA），methyl jasmonate（MeJA），abscisic acid（ABA）and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate（ACC）were also analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. The promoter sequence of PpPGIP1
  gene with 1 018 bp length was obtained and its homology with that of Prunus mume and Prunus salicina were 90% and 89%，respectively. The promoter contains important cis-acting elements related to resisting pathogens and adversity stress and induced by SA，MeJA，ABA and ETH. The expression of GUS gene could be regulated by PpPGIP1 promoter with the induction of ABA and ACC. The results of real-time RT-PCR indicate that the expression of PpPGIP1 gene could be induced by SA，MeJA，ABA and ACC in the leaves of peach. Thus，PpPGIP1 gene may be involved in the signal transduction pathway of SA，
  MeJA，ABA and ETH，and play an important role in the condition of resisting pathogens and adversity stress in peach.
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• Studies on Physiological Mechanism of Red Leaf Phenomena of Early Maturing Peach in Summer
• XIE Zhi-Hua, JIANG Wei-Bing, HAN Jian, PENG Li-Li, ZHANG Bin-Bin, MA Rui-Juan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1271.
• Abstract ( 1167 ) HTML ( 1246 ) PDF (225KB) ( 1246 ) 　　　
• To uncover the physiological mechanism of red leaf phenomena of early maturing peach in summer，two early maturing peach cultivars（‘Zaomei’and‘Chunlei’） were used to research the changes of leaf pigments，soluble sugar content，anthocyanin biosynthesis related enzyme activity and net photosynthetic rate. The results showed that leaf soluble sugar accumulation increased after fruit harvesting. DFR rised obviously，PAL and CHI activity did not change much and showed no significant correlation with anthocyanin content at the early stage of leaf coloring. However，there was a significant positive correlation between PAL，CHI activity and anthocyanin content after leaves changed to be red.
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• Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and Propylene on Expression of XTH Genes in Persimmon Fruits
• ZHU Qing-Gang, RAO Jing-Ping, TIAN Hong-Yan, HAN Ye
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1278.
• Abstract ( 1385 ) HTML ( 1344 ) PDF (270KB) ( 1344 ) 　　　
• In order to further explore the molecular regulation mechanism of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/ hydrolase（XTH）during‘Fuping Jianshi’persimmon（Diospyros kaki L.）postharvest softening，the responses of XTH genes in persimmon fruit to propylene and 1-MCP at the room temperature were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR（RT-qPCR）approach. The results showed that treatment with propylene promoted the softening of persimmon fruits，increased the ethylene production and advanced the onset of climactic of ethylene production；While treatment with 1-MCP delayed the
  softening of persimmon fruits，and inhibited ethylene production. Accompanying with fruit ripening，four XTHs genes showed different expression patterns. Propylene treatment promoted the expression of four XTHs genes while 1-MCP treatment inhibited the expression of four genes. The expression levels of
  DkXTH1 and DkXTH2 were high during persimmon fruit softening，and the expression peaks of two genes were appeared in the early stage and middle stage，respectively. These results indicated that fruit softening was related to both DkXTH1 and DkXTH2 expression in‘Fuping Jianshi’persimmons and DkXTH1 might involve in the early stage while DkXTH2 was associated with the later stage of fruit softening. Therefore， the expression of XTH genes in persimmon fruits was concluded to be regulated by ethylene and was related to persimmon fruit softening.
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Vegetables

• Construction of Binary Expression Vector Containing Cry2Aa2 and PamPAP and Its Transfer to Pepper
• GAO Yu-Yao, CHEN Chang-Ming, CHEN Guo-Ju, CAO Bi-Hao, LEI Jian-Jun
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1285.
• Abstract ( 1239 ) HTML ( 1528 ) PDF (506KB) ( 1528 ) 　　　
• The aim of this study was to obtain transgenic pepper plants with double resistances to virus and insect that could be used in developing new pepper variety. The non-virulent defective PAP gene （PamPAP），CaMV35S promoter and Nos terminal were inserted into MCS of pCAMBIA1301- Cry2Aa2-PMI. Cry2Aa2 and PamPAP were transferred into pepper（Capsicum annuum L.）mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens with PMI/Man selection system．The results of PCR and Southern blot indicated that Cry2Aa2 and PamPAP had been integrated into the pepper genome. RT-PCR analysis further showed that the Cry2Aa2 and PamPAP had been expressed simultaneously. In addition，resistances to virus and insect were assayed，and the results showed that the positive transgenic pepper plants had higher degree of resistances to CMV and Prodenia litura larva than the non-transgenic plants. This suggested that transgenic pepper plants with double resistances to virus and insect could be obtained by transferring Cry2Aa2 and PamPAP.
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• Cloning and Expression Pattern Analysis of nsLTP Gene in Celery
• JIANG Qian, WANG Feng, HOU Xi-Lin, WANG Zhen, LI Meng-Yao, MA Jing, LIU Meng-Die, XIONG Ai-Sheng
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1293.
• Abstract ( 1258 ) HTML ( 1902 ) PDF (1071KB) ( 1902 ) 　　　
• In this study，full-length of cDNA sequences of non-specific lipid transfer protein （nsLTP）gene were cloned from celery（Apium graveolens）cultivars‘Liuhe Huangxinqin’，‘Jinnan Shiqin’and ‘Meiguo Xiqin’using reverse transcript PCR（RT-PCR）. Sequence analysis shows：The cDNA nucleotide sequences are highly conserved from the three cultivars. The length of the gene is 357 bp，containing a complete open reading frame to encode 118 amino acids. There is a signal peptide sequence with 27 amino acid residues. The mature protein contains 91 amino acid residues. Its molecular mass is 11.75 kD，and pI is 9.36. Amino acid sequence comparison indicates that the nsLTP from celery has a high similarity with the nsLTPs from Dianthus caryophyllus and Atriplex nummularia. There are 8 Cys amino acid residues in the conservative position. The nsLTP protein from celery is mainly composed by α-helixs and random coils. Spatial structure analysis shows significant differences. The H1 region of nsLTP protein from celery was divided into two sub-region：H1a and H1b，while the H1 region of template is a continuous helical structure. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis shows that the gene is tissue-specific and mainly expressed in the stem and active center of shoot apex in celery.
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• Data Mining for SSRs in EST Rescources and EST-SSR Markers Development in Radish
• CUI Na, QIU Yang, LI Xi-Xiang, SHEN Di, WANG Hai-Ping, SONG Jiang-Ping
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1303.
• Abstract ( 1202 ) HTML ( 1959 ) PDF (426KB) ( 1959 ) 　　　
• A total of 287 349 ESTs of radish were downloaded from NCBI database. After preprocessing，58 105 non-redundant ESTs with the total length of 38 622.476 kb were obtained. By using the MISA program，a total of 3 718 SSRs were observed in 3 523 ESTs and the average distance between
  SSRs was 10.39 kb. 265 types of motifs were found in radish’s ESTs and the dominant motifs types are dinucleotide，trinucleotide and exanucleotide repeats. AG/CT was the main motifs type（91.34%）in dinucleotide repeats；AAG/CTT was the main motifs type（35.86%）in trinucleotide；AAGGAG/CCTCTT and AAGAGG/CCTTCT were two main motifs types（total 12.78%）in exanucleotide. Comprehensively analysis indicated that EST-SSRs of radish with high frequency and rich motifs types were potential for thedevelopment of polymorphic primers. Using the primer 3.0，183 primers were designed and synthesized based on different dominant motifs types ， and verified with 12 typical radish germplasms for polymorphism and one pair of parents and their F1 for codominance. The results showed that the products of 159 primers are clear and effective，64 pairs were polymorphic among the germplasms and 27 were codominant between the parents and their hybrids.
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• Construction of Genomic Fosmid Library of Brassica juncea and Screening of Cytological Markers for B-genome Chromosomes
• PENG Yuan-Feng, MENG De-Xuan, HUANG Yu-Bi, WANG Gui-Xiang, LIU Fan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1313.
• Abstract ( 1295 ) HTML ( 1315 ) PDF (389KB) ( 1315 ) 　　　
• In this study，an unbiased Fosmid library of Brassica juncea was established，which consisted of 60 000 clones with 100% inserting frequency. In the constructed library，the size of average inserts was approximately 32 kb，corresponding to 1.8 genome equivalents. Subsequently，two types of
  B-genome cytological markers were identified by means of library screening and chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization（FISH）. One type was that the signal located on all chromosomes，and the other one was that the signal was detected only on one pair of chromosomes.
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Ornamental Plants

• Studies on Anatomical Structure and Chemical Composition in Prickles of Rosa hybrida
• LI Hui, LIU Feng-Luan, XI Lin, GAO Bin, YAN Shan, WANG Ling, MA Nan, ZHAO Liang-Jun, YANG Chun-Qi
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1321.
• Abstract ( 1650 ) HTML ( 1829 ) PDF (1019KB) ( 1829 ) 　　　
• By using scanning electron microscope（SEM），transmission electron microscope（TEM） and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR），anatomical structure and chemical composition of tender prickles from rose‘Queen Elizabeth’were studied. The results were shown as follows：（1）Prickles could be divided into different parts in organizational level. The surface of prickles was cornified and covered with thick wax. The cells of epidermis，with thicker cell wall and larger cellular cavity，were square，densely arranged and smaller in shape. Abut against the epidermis layer，there were one or two layers similar to the meristematic cells of cambium，the cells of which were small，orderly arranged. Then inward five to seven layers were made up of enlonged cells which had porous columnar structure in their cell lumens. In the center of prickles，the parechyma cell group existed，and made up of large，round，thin-walled cells which arranged loosely.（2）At the bottom of prickles，resembling abscission zone existed，which included 3–5 layers of cells. However，in micromorphology，cells in the region were different from cells of the petiole abscission zone. There were more plasmodesmata，chloroplast， mitochondrion，endoplasmic reticulum and intercellular space in the former one. Futhermore，under ethephon treatment，resembling abscission zone of prickles formed no abscission layer and caused no prickle fallen off.（3）Prickles mainly consisted of lignin，suberin，cellulose and hemicelluloses. The content of lignin and suberin in external tissue was higher than which in internal tissue，while the content came to be less in the upper tissue of the prickle resembling abscission zone than the one beneath it.
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• The Numerical Classification of Chrysanthemum Flower Color Phenotype
• HONG Yan, BAI Xin-Xiang, SUN Wei, JIA Feng-Wei, DAI Si-Lan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1330.
• Abstract ( 1568 ) HTML ( 2089 ) PDF (428KB) ( 2089 ) 　　　
• In order to accurately define the different flower color phenotype of chrysanthemum，colorimeter was used to measure the various flower colors of 811 chrysanthemum cultivars. And the different methods of color classification（Q cluster analysis and ISCC-NBS color name chart）were compared. It was found that the results obtained from statistical methods couldn’t fully describe the characteristics of plant color，while the definition of plant color from the color point of view was more accurate. According to the standard，all cultivars were divided into nine groups and the distribution range of flower color parameters of each color group was summed up. On this basis，the distribution analysis of the phenotypic color of chrysanthemum cultivars was completed.
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Other Horticulture Plants

• Analysis of Codon Bias of the Cold Regulated Transcription Factor ICE1 in Tea Plant
• SHI Hui, WANG Yu, YANG Lu-Cheng, DING Zhao-Tang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1341.
• Abstract ( 1383 ) HTML ( 1428 ) PDF (220KB) ( 1428 ) 　　　
• In this study the coding sequence of the ICE1（GenBank Accession No. JX029153）in tea plant（Camellia sinensis）were analyzed with CodonW，CHIPS（Condon heterozygosity in a protein coding sequence）and CUSP（Create a codon usage table）programs，while compared with the genome of tea plant and ICE1 from 7 plant species. The results showed that ICE1 of tea plant was bias toward the synonymous codons with A and T. Compared with the codon usages of tea genome，the consequence indicated that only six kinds of amino acid codon bias was exactly the same. Further studies found that the ICE1 bases composition had greatly changed after monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differentiating. The cluster tree based on the relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU）could not reveal the evolutional relations among the 8 plant species，whereas that based on the relative synonymous codon usage（RSCU）could reveal their evolutional relationship much better. There are 25 codons showing distinct usage differences between ICE1 of tea plant and genome of Escherichia coli，15 between ICE1 of tea plant and genome of yeast，10 between ICE1 of tea plant and genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore，the Arabidopsis thaliana expression system may be more suitable for the expression of ICE1 of tea plant.
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Research Notes

• Propagation Studies of Self-rooted Dwarf Grafted Apple Trees
• DENG Feng-Chan, MA Feng-Wang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1353.
• Abstract ( 3062 ) HTML ( 1898 ) PDF (210KB) ( 1898 ) 　　　
• Established experimental stool beds and nursery to study the cultivation conditions for efficient propagation of dwarf rootstock liners and dwarf apple trees，respectively. The propagation efficiencies of dwarf rootstock liners were evaluated in three replicates in stool beds with six different cultivars，three different mounding materials and four different mounding times. In parallel，the propagation efficiency of dwarf apple trees was investigated in nursery with four different planting densities and two budding times. We evaluated the rooting rate，liners productivity，budding survival rate， number of branches，trunk diameter and grafted trees productivity of the tested material. In the stool bed experiment，we observed that the rooting rate and productivity of rootstock mounded by sawdust were respectively 87.33% and 124 854 plants per hectare，significantly higher than those mounded by soil and mushroom residues；And the rooting rates and productivities of rootstock mounded on June 1st and July 1st respectively reached 80.33% and 87.33%，and 121 172 and 124 854 plants per hectare，significantly better than that mounted on May 1st and August 1st. The dwarf rootstocks ofG41，M9，Pajam1 and T337 in sawdust showed stronger rooting abilities（above 80%），better than Pajam2 and M26. In the nursery experiment，we observed that highly feathered finished trees with the planting densities of 75 000 and 90 000 liners per hectare produced 65 110 and 68 670 trees respectively，significantly better than what were produced from the planting densities of 60 000 and 105 000 liners per hectare. We also observed that the number of branches, stem diameter，and yield of finished tree budded in fall were respectively 11.44， 13.77 mm，and 68 670 liners per hectare，all better than the corresponding parameters from the trees budded in spring. From these results，we concluded that dwarf apple trees and dwarf rootstock liners should be propagated with mother plants mounded by sawdust during June 1st to July 1st；G41，M9，Pajam1 and T337 should be selected as mother liners；And the planting densities of liners in nursery should be from 75 000 to 90 000 liners per hectare. In addition，scion budding time should be done in fall，and then 65 110 to 68 670 grafted trees per hectare can be ready for planting in orchard next year.
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• Studies on the Post-harvested Fruit Texture Changes of ‘ Yali ’ and‘Jingbaili’Pears by Using Texture Analyzer
• GAO Hai-Sheng, JIA Yan-Ru, WEI Jian-Mei, RAN Xin-Tuo, LE Wen-Quan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1359.
• Abstract ( 1313 ) HTML ( 1097 ) PDF (176KB) ( 1097 ) 　　　
• To evaluate the formation and change of texture properties，fruit of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Yali’and Pyrus ussuriensis Maxin.‘Jingbaili’were taken as the materials to determine the related-texture parameters by using Texture analyzer. The results showed that the texture-related parameters，such as fracture，springiness，chewiness，adhesiveness and cohesiveness，could be used to evaluate texture properties of pear fruit. For‘Yali’pear，the values of all texture-related parameters changed weakly. The hardness was positive correlation of 0.01 levels with fracture，and these two parameters were also 0.01 levels of positive correlation with chewiness. But no significant differences were observed on the other texture-relate parameters. On the contrary，the value of each texture parameter showed a greater change in‘Jingbaili’pear fruit. Also，there was 0.01 level of positive relationship between the hardness and fracture. Both hardness and fracture had 0.05 level of negative relation with adhesiveness，while had significantly positive relationship with springiness and chewiness，and the significant positive correlation was seen between chewiness and adhesiveness. All above results indicated that the hardness，fracture，springiness and chewiness can be used as the main index to evaluate fruit texture，while the parameters like adhesiveness and cohesiveness would response for the subtle texture changes.
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• The Morphological，Cytological and Molecular Identifications of Allopolyploids of Chinese Cabbage–Cauliflower
• GUO Xiao-Qin, YI Ze-Hui, HUI Mai-Xia, ZHANG Lu-Gang, ZHANG Ming-Ke, LU You-Fei
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1365.
• Abstract ( 1660 ) HTML ( 1492 ) PDF (489KB) ( 1492 ) 　　　
• The chromosome identifications of allotriploid and allotetraploid of Chinese cabbage–cauliflower were carried out by morphological，anatomical and cytological observation and molecular marker technique. The results showed that，compared with diploids，the polyploid plants possessed gigantism in the leaves，stomata，flowering organs and reduction in the density of stomata and fecundity， allotetraploid was more obvious than allotriploid generally. According to SRAP molecular marker analysis，the polyploids contained all genetic information of both parents，which showed that polyploids were real hybrids. Cytological identification revealed that chromosome number of allotetraploid was 2n = 4x = 38 and chromosome number of allotriploid was 2n = 3x = 29. The obtaining and identification of allopolyploids provide materials for creating new Chinese cabbage germplasm.
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• Research on Mechanism of Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2 ControllingSoft R ot of Chinese Cabbage
• LI Hai-Yun, SONG Xiao-Yan, ZHANG Xiu-Sheng, ZHANG Yu-Zhong
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1373.
• Abstract ( 1674 ) HTML ( 1255 ) PDF (206KB) ( 1255 ) 　　　
• The induced resistance effects of Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2 on soft rot of the Chinese cabbage‘Fengkang 70’were studied by measuring the lesion length，and the control mechanism of T. pseudokoningii SMF2 was deduced from its effects on growth，endogenous hormone contents and protective enzyme activities of Chinese cabbage seedlings inoculated with the main pathogens，Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora or not. The results showed that the lesion length of soft rot in petiole of Chinese cabbage were decreased significantly when treated with T. pseudokoningii SMF2（spore ≥ 0.1 g · kg^-1）. The fresh weight of shoot and root，ratio of root to shoot of seedlings，zeatin riboside（ZR）， indole acetic acid（IAA）and abscisic acid（ABA）contents，polyphenol oxidase（PPO）and peroxidase （POD）activities in leaves of Chinese cabbage seedlings treated by T. pseudokoningii SMF2 were
  increased significantly，whether they were inoculated with Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora or not. Based on these results，it suggested that growth-promoting and induced resistance were probably the main reasons for T. pseudokoningii SMF2 controlling soft rot of Chinese cabbage.
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• Establishment of High-frequency in Vitro Regeneration System of Onion
• WANG Jian-Jun, LIU Zhao-Kun, HOU Xi-Lin, YANG Xue-Dong, KONG Min, LI Man-Tang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1380.
• Abstract ( 1221 ) HTML ( 1170 ) PDF (236KB) ( 1170 ) 　　　
• With the young umbels and buds of onion（Allium cepa L.）at different development stage，a high frequency regeneration system of onion in vitro was established by analysis the effects of explant type and plant growth regulator combination on callus induction，shoot regeneration and rooting. The optimum condition was showed as with young umbels on B5 medium with 1.0 mg · L^-1 2,4-D + 1.0 mg · L^-1 6-BA，with the callus induction rate reaching 100%. The optimum hormone concentration of getting high-frequency regeneracy shoot，with 78.13%，from callus was 1.0 mg · L^-1 thidiazuron（TDZ）on B5 medium. All shoots rooted on 1/2MS medium with 0.01 mg · L^-1 NAA，the regenerated plantlet were domesticated and transplanted in greenhouse. The survival rate was 95%.
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• Cloning and Expression Analysis of Eugenol Synthase Gene RcEGS1 in Rosa chinensis‘Pallida’
• WANG Hai-Ping, YAN Hui-Jun, ZHANG Hao, JIAN Hong-Ying, WANG Qi-Gang, QIU Xian-Qin, LI Shu-Bin, ZHOU Ning-Ning, TANG Kai-Xue
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1387.
• Abstract ( 1562 ) HTML ( 1389 ) PDF (781KB) ( 1389 ) 　　　
• Using PCR degenerate primers designed based on GenBank published the conserved protein sequences of eugenol synthase genes to amplify cDNA fragments by RT-PCR and RACE-PCR，a new eugenol synthase gene named RcEGS1 was cloned from the flower petal of Rosa chinensis‘Pallida’，
  and its GenBank accession number is JQ522949. The full cDNA was 1 171 bp in length with an open reading frame（ORF）of 951 bp encoding a protein of 317 amino acids. Molecular weight and isoelectric point of the protein was 35.64 kD and 7.36，respectively. Amino acids homology analysis indicated that
  the RcEGS1 and RhEGS1 proteins are 47.7% identical to each other，and had 70% and 59% homologies with CbEGS2 in Clarkia breweri and PhEGS1 in Petunia hybirida，respectively. The expression profile of RcEGS1 in different tissues and different developmental stages of rose flower was analyzed by quantitat Real-time PCR. The results showed that RcEGS1 expressed specifically in the flower petals and the sepals，and it had the highest transcript level in the petal. In additional，RcEGS1 was higher transcript level in the developmental blooming stage，and lower levels in that of bud and senescence stage.
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• Cloning and Expression Pattern Analysis of Flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase Gene from Aconitum carmichaeli
• WANG Cui-Li, WU Li-Fang, WANG Xiang-Ning, CUI Guang-Fen, JIA Wen-Jie, WANG Ji-Hua, MA Lu-Lin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1395.
• Abstract ( 1171 ) HTML ( 1349 ) PDF (481KB) ( 1349 ) 　　　
• A novel Flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase（F3′5′H）gene，named Ac-F3′5′H（The accession number in GenBank：JN635708）was cloned from the flower of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. using RT-PCR and RACE approaches. The cDNA sequence was 1 720 bp and included a whole open reading frame，which encoded 506 amino acids. Sequence alignment results showed that the Ac-F3′5′H had three known motifs such as“PPGP”motif，I-helix，and P450 haem-binding. The amino acid sequence of the Ac-F3′5′H has higher similarity with other F3′5′H. Using the 18S rRNA（FJ748878）transcripts as an internal control，semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the Ac-F3′5′H mRNA was highly transcribed in late phase of flowers development，which was concomitant with the appearance of anthocyanins in flower tissue. The transcript was abundant in the purple flowers but absent in leaves orroots. This indicated that the Ac-F3′5′H might play a role in regulating the forming of blue flowers in Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.
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• A New Middle Ripening Peach Cultivar‘Cuibao’
• CHANG Rui-Feng, WANG Zhao-Yuan, ZHANG Li-Sha, CHEN Hu, HAN Ji-Cheng, LIU Guo-Jian
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1403.
• Abstract ( 1202 ) HTML ( 836 ) PDF (501KB) ( 836 ) 　　　
• Cuibao’is a new middle ripening peach cultivar selected from seedling of‘Okubo’peach. The fruit development period is 105 days. The fruit shape is nearly round with a round-flat fruit top，and its size is regular with 268 g average fruit weight. The fruit skin is covered by bright red color，and the covered area rate is above 95%. The flesh is white，with red pigment，crisp，hard-melting and freestone. It is delicious with 12.6% soluble solids content and 0.24% total titratable acid content. It is tolerant to storage and long-distance transportation with 8.5 kg · cm-2 hardness. It has high yield with self-fertility.
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New Cultivars

• A New Later-maturing Peach Cultivar‘Qiushuo’
• TAN Bin, ZHENG Xian-Bo, LI Jing, SUN Shou-Ru, YE Xia, FENG Jian-Can
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1405.
• Abstract ( 1107 ) HTML ( 1008 ) PDF (158KB) ( 1008 ) 　　　
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• A New Extremely Early Ripening Prunus avium Cultivar‘Zaodan’
• YAN Guo-Hua, ZHANG Kai-Chun-*, ZHANG Xiao-Ming, ZHOU Yu, WANG Jing
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1407.
• Abstract ( 1522 ) HTML ( 923 ) PDF (176KB) ( 923 ) 　　　
• ‘Zaodan’，a new extremely early ripening cultivar of Prunus avium L.，is derived from mutations of cultivar‘Xesphye’. It is a medium to large-sized red skin cherry with juicy red flesh，its average fruit weight is 6.2 g，and the biggest one is 8.3 g. Its good-flavor is due to medium acidity and high sweetness，average soluble solids content is 16.6%. It matures in mid-May in Beijing area，3–6 days earlier than‘Burlat’. It is very suitable for protected cultivations because of its low-chilling requirement and extremely early ripening. The tree is moderately vigorous. No special susceptibility to common pests， diseases and stress injuries，with good adaptability to chilling and freezing damages.
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• A New Chinese Jujube Cultivar‘Luzao 6’
• SHAN Gong-Hua, ZHOU Guang-Fang-*, ZHANG Qiong, SHEN Guang-Ning, YU Xian-Mei, XU Ying, TIAN Shou-Le, LIU Jia-Fen, WANG Zhong-Tang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1409.
• Abstract ( 1160 ) HTML ( 965 ) PDF (178KB) ( 965 ) 　　　
• ‘Luzao 6’was selected from the open pollinated Jujube seeding. It is a fresh and late-maturing cultivar. The fruit is big，columnar or falt conical in shape，with the average fruit weight of 12.2 g，34.5% the soluble solids content，4.62 mg · g-1 vitamin C content. It ripens from late September to early October in Tai’an，Shandong. The cultivar is resistant to fruit crack and diseases. The trees are precocious and productive，high yield and highly adaptable to unfertile soil.
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• A New Pomegranate Cultivar‘Dongyan’
• CHEN Yan-Hui, HU Qing-Xia, LI Hong-Tao, ZHENG Xian-Bo, TAN Bin, FENG Jian-Can
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1411.
• Abstract ( 2865 ) HTML ( 822 ) PDF (205KB) ( 822 ) 　　　
• ‘Dongyan’is a new pomegranate cultivar which was selected from the superior individual. It matures about 30–40 days later than‘Jingpitian’. The fruit shape is subrotund，and the fruit shape index is 0.97. The average single fruit weight is 360 g. The soluble solids content is 16%. The juice yield is 85%. The cardinal red seeds with appropriate mouth feel are larger and the 100-seed weight reaches 52.4 g. The kernel is medium-soft and edulis. The cultivar has strong adaptability，high and stable production.
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• A New Hot Pepper Culitvar‘Huajiao 5’
• LEI Jian-Jun, CHEN Guo-Ju, CAO Bi-Hao, ZENG Guo-Ping, CHEN Qing-Hua, XU Yi-Jin
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1413.
• Abstract ( 1195 ) HTML ( 1033 ) PDF (146KB) ( 1033 ) 　　　
• ‘Huajiao 5’is a new hot pepper hybrid from‘59’ב612’. The fruit is cow-horn shaped， green-colored and smooth-skin. Fruit tip bend slightly. The average single fruit weight is 37.6 g. Its length is 18.2 cm，width is 2.81 cm. The flesh thickness is 0.32 cm. The vitamin C content is 1.38 mg · g^-1， crude protein is 1.40%，and the reducing sugar is 1.95%. In spring，the average total yield is about 26 393 kg · hm^-2，the early yeild is 14 723 kg · hm^-2. In autumn，the total average yield is 24 092 kg · hm^-2. ‘Huajiao 5’is characterized by medium resistance to bacterial wilt，high tolerance to stress，good adaptability，especially in spring and early to medium maturity. It is siutable for open field cultivation in Guangdong Province and analogous area.
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• A New Broccoli Hybrid‘Tailü 1’
• HE Dao-Gen, HE Xian-Biao, CHEN Yin-Long, ZHANG Zhi-Xian, SHAO Wei-Qiang
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1415.
• Abstract ( 1251 ) HTML ( 953 ) PDF (174KB) ( 953 ) 　　　
• ‘Tailü 1’，the F1 of‘B19-10-1-2-1’בBr60-2-2-1-2’which derived from‘Lüxiong 90’ and‘Br60’respectively，is characterized by strong growth potentiality，dark-green leaf color，long elliptical leaf shape and middle wax on the leaves. The curd shows a high and round shape with fine-median grained buds. The average fresh weight is 0.76 kg per curd and its total yield is 23 000 kg · hm-2.‘Tailü 1’is a middle-late maturing variety and the growth period is 95 days from plantation to harvest. The curd of ‘Tailü 1’fits for quick-frozen and fresh-keeping. The cultivar suits to be planted in the Changjiang River in autumn and winter.
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Research Notes

• A New Brassica juncea var. integlifolia Cultivar‘Yonggao 2’
• WANG Yu-Hong, REN Xi-Liang, HE Feng, YANG Ming-Gui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1417.
• Abstract ( 1319 ) HTML ( 812 ) PDF (194KB) ( 812 ) 　　　
• ‘Yonggao 2’is a new cultivar of Brassica juncea var. integlifolia selected from Japanese‘Sanchi Chisuomian’. It has gone through 6 generations of selectively breeding from 2002 to 2008. Its growing period is about 190 days. Its plant is semi-upright type. The plant weight is about 1.5 kg. The colour of right nervation is amaranth. It is tolerant to cold and immaturity bolting. It has higher resistant to soft rot disease than‘Sanchi Chisuomian’. The quality of cure is excellent. Its yield is about 75 t · hm^-2. It is suitable for cultivation in the Yangtze River valley，south China and southwest China.
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New Cultivars

• A New Medicinal and Ornamental Cultivar Curcuma kwangsiensis
  ‘Manao’
• SHENG Ai-Wu, LIU Nian-*, ZHANG Shi-Jun, YE Xiang-Bin, YIN Cai-Xia, HU Xiu, LAN Xia
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1419.
• Abstract ( 1115 ) HTML ( 1034 ) PDF (209KB) ( 1034 ) 　　　
• Curcuma kwangsiensis‘Manao’is a new flower cultivar selected from medicinal plant Curcuma kwangsiensis. Compared with natural offspring, it has earlier florescence，higher flower percentage and rhizomes yield，and longer interval time of flower blossom before leaves，which improve
  its ornamental value.
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• A New Huperzia serrata Cultivar‘Rongshan 1’
• YAN Zhi-Gang, MA Xiao-Jun, FENG Shi-Xin, DONG Qing-Song, ZHOU Xiao-Lei, YUAN Jing-Quan
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1421.
• Abstract ( 1287 ) HTML ( 1510 ) PDF (166KB) ( 1510 ) 　　　
• Abstract：‘Rongshan 1’is a new Huperzia serrata cultivar，which is derived from 25 germplasms by
  using hybridization technique. It has many excellent characteristics，such as high yield of 4.37 g per plant
  with 0.1395% huperzine A content on average.
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• A New Tea Cultivar‘Chawan 3’
• YANG Zhong-Xing, YE Li-Fa, FANG Wan-Ping, LI Hao-Yu, ZHANG Zhong-Xin, RUAN Xu, ZHANG Chao-Yang, YANG Da-Qiang, YU Shi-Fu, LI Xing-Hui
• Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2012, 39(7): 1423.
• Abstract ( 1117 ) HTML ( 915 ) PDF (159KB) ( 915 ) 　　　
• ‘Chawan 3’is a new excellent tea cultivar derived from Dongting Biluochun Tea（Camellia sinensis）group.‘Chawan 3’has many characteristics，such as early sprouting，fine quality，high yield and better resistance. It is much more suitable for manufacturing of‘Biluochun’，a very famous tea in China. ‘Chawan 3’belongs to shrub type cultivar with small lamina，semi-erect，short internode and more young shoot pubescene. For the tea product of‘Chawan 3’，it looks bright and shining，smells refreshing，and tastes fragrant. This cultivar is suitable to be cultivated in‘Biluochun’region of Jiangsu province.
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