Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2001-2017.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0523
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ZENG Tuo, LI Jiawen, ZHOU Li, LI Jinjin, SHI Anqi, FU Hansen, LUO Jing, ZHENG Riru, WANG Yuanyuan, WANG Caiyun*()
Received:
2021-07-08
Revised:
2021-08-30
Online:
2021-10-25
Published:
2021-11-01
Contact:
WANG Caiyun
E-mail:wangcy@mail.hzau.edu.cn
CLC Number:
ZENG Tuo, LI Jiawen, ZHOU Li, LI Jinjin, SHI Anqi, FU Hansen, LUO Jing, ZHENG Riru, WANG Yuanyuan, WANG Caiyun. Advances in the Mutualistic and Antagonistic Interactions Between Flower Colors and the Pollinators of Ornamental Plants[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(10): 2001-2017.
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URL: https://www.ahs.ac.cn/EN/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0523
授粉昆虫 Pollinator | 膜翅目蜜蜂 Hymenoptera bee | 鞘翅目甲虫 Coleoptera beetle | 双翅目蝇类 Diptera fly | 鳞翅目蝴蝶 Lepidoptera butterfly | 鳞翅目蛾类 Lepidoptera moth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
花色Color | 蓝紫或紫外光 Blue,purple,UV | 奶白色或绿色 Cream,green | 黄白色 Yellow and white | 鲜艳或紫外光 Bright,UV | 白色或灰白 Whites,palm |
花卉向导Floral guide | 通常存在 Usually present | 无 Absent | 无 Absent | 偶尔存在 Occasionally present | 无 Absent |
花蜜Nectar | 通常存在 Usually present | 偶尔存在 Occasionally present | 一般没有 Usually absent | 充裕;隐蔽 Ample,hidden | 充裕;隐蔽 Ample,hidden |
花粉Pollen | 少量 Limited | 丰富 Ample | 适中 Modest | 少量 Limited | 少量 Limited |
花香Odour | 温和或具芳香 Mild or sweet | 强烈的果味 Strongly fruity | 温和或霉臭 Mild or musty | 温和甜美 Mild,pleasant | 强烈,香味浓郁 Strong sweet |
花形Shape | 花冠筒浅,着陆台 Shallow,tubular, landing platform | 大花或顶生花序 Large or terminal inflorescences | 扁平或成簇花 Flat or cluster floret | 窄管带花距,着陆台 Narrow tube,spur, landing platform | 萼筒无唇,着陆台 Tubular without lip, landing platform |
访花时间Visit time | 白天,黎明 Daytime,dawn | 白天,夜间 Daytime,night | 白天 Daytime | 白天 Daytime | 黄昏或夜间 Dusk or night |
Table 1 The relationship of flower characteristics and the pollinators under classical pollination syndromes
授粉昆虫 Pollinator | 膜翅目蜜蜂 Hymenoptera bee | 鞘翅目甲虫 Coleoptera beetle | 双翅目蝇类 Diptera fly | 鳞翅目蝴蝶 Lepidoptera butterfly | 鳞翅目蛾类 Lepidoptera moth |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
花色Color | 蓝紫或紫外光 Blue,purple,UV | 奶白色或绿色 Cream,green | 黄白色 Yellow and white | 鲜艳或紫外光 Bright,UV | 白色或灰白 Whites,palm |
花卉向导Floral guide | 通常存在 Usually present | 无 Absent | 无 Absent | 偶尔存在 Occasionally present | 无 Absent |
花蜜Nectar | 通常存在 Usually present | 偶尔存在 Occasionally present | 一般没有 Usually absent | 充裕;隐蔽 Ample,hidden | 充裕;隐蔽 Ample,hidden |
花粉Pollen | 少量 Limited | 丰富 Ample | 适中 Modest | 少量 Limited | 少量 Limited |
花香Odour | 温和或具芳香 Mild or sweet | 强烈的果味 Strongly fruity | 温和或霉臭 Mild or musty | 温和甜美 Mild,pleasant | 强烈,香味浓郁 Strong sweet |
花形Shape | 花冠筒浅,着陆台 Shallow,tubular, landing platform | 大花或顶生花序 Large or terminal inflorescences | 扁平或成簇花 Flat or cluster floret | 窄管带花距,着陆台 Narrow tube,spur, landing platform | 萼筒无唇,着陆台 Tubular without lip, landing platform |
访花时间Visit time | 白天,黎明 Daytime,dawn | 白天,夜间 Daytime,night | 白天 Daytime | 白天 Daytime | 黄昏或夜间 Dusk or night |
Fig. 1 Visiting of pollinating insect and hummingbird to flowering plants A:Honeybee visits Borago officinalis(purple flower color);B:Ladybeetle visits Tanacetum cinerariifolium;C:Hoverfly visits T. cinerariifolium;D:Butterfly visits T. coccineum(red flower color);E:Moths visits T. cinerariifolium at night;F:Hummingbird visits flowers(© fred prose from Pixabay copyright free website).
Fig. 2 Flower guides and the structure color of flowering plants A:Fragaria vesca under visible light(© David Kennard);B:The floral guides can be clearly seen in the ultraviolet spectrum of Fragaria vesca(© David Kennard);C:The surface structure of the Mandevilla sanderi flower can enhance the visual signal(© Hans Braxmeier);D:The structural color on the petals of Hibiscus trionum enhances the visible signal(© Jo Rosenberry);E:The surface structure of Eschscholzia californica can make the petals show a strong bright orange or yellow(© Elke Stürznickel);F:The petals of Gorteria diffusa have dark spots that attract beetles to pollinate(© Saplants). A-C,F images source Wikimedia Commons;D,E images Pixabay with Creative Commons attribution.
Fig. 3 The regionality and variation of flower colors A:Red bird flowers of Mimulus aurantiacus(© Takwish);B:Yellow moth flowers of Mimulus aurantiacus(© Dick Culbert);C:Macquarie island insects reflect the long waves favored by flies(© M. Murphy);D:The polymorphism color of Gymnadenia rhellicani(© Orchi);E:Anemone pavonina[E1:Pollinated by red-loving beetles at low altitudes(© ghislain118);E2,E3:The flower color of Anemone pavonina polymorphism at high altitude(E2:© Joseba Garmendia,E3:© Katya)]. The above pictures are from Wikimedia Commons with Creative Commons attribution.
Fig. 4 The change of flower color after or before pollination of flowering plants A:After pollination,the Corolla of Weigela coraeensis changed from yellow-white to red(©Peganum);B:The yellow mark on the upper petals of Aesculus hippocastanum changed to pink after pollination(© MichalPL);C:After pollination,the flower color of Lantana camara changed from yellow to red(© Vengolis);D:The stamens of Raphiolepis umellata changed from yellow to red(©A.Barra);E:The flower color of Viola cornuta changes from white to purple after pollination(©David J. Stang);F:The flowers of Brunfelsia brasiliensis changed from white to blue(© Izu navi). The above pictures are from Wikimedia Commons with Creative Commons attribution.
Fig. 5 The imitation and deception of flower colors A:Trichocentrum ascendens(left)is very similar in appearance to Stigmaphyllon sp(Malpighiaceae,right),an oil-producing plant,and can deceive the patronage of bees(© Papadopulos);B:Cephalanthera rubra(left,© Hans Stieglitz)successfully mimicks Campanula rapunculoides(right ©Ivar Leidus). Both flowers are purplish red and have similar reflectance spectra;C:The flower of Ophrys speculum looks like a female wasp (© Marc Pascual);D:Telipogon peruvianus can deceive pollinators by directly imitating the food of nectar plants and combining sexual deception with two different ways of deception(© Manfred Ayasse);E:Paphiopedilum has black protuberances or stick-shaped hairs glandular on their lips to mimic aphids,to attract female hoverfly to lay eggs,thus luring hoverfly into a trap bag to pollination(© Naoki Takebayashi);F:Iris atropurpurea,a safflower without honey is pollinated by providing shelter for male solitary bees(© Veereshin). The above images except C picture are from Pixabay,and others from Wikimedia Commons with Creative Commons attribution.
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