巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂对苹果产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0965

园艺学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (11): 2453-2465.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0965

巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂对苹果产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

潘纪源¹^,^*, 董庆龙²^,^*, 温海彬¹, 刘亚南¹, 王晓洁¹, 张雪梅², 刘文菊³, 陆秀君¹^,^**()

¹ 河北农业大学植物保护学院，河北保定071000
² 河北农业大学林学院，河北保定071000
³ 河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院，河北保定071000

收稿日期:2023-05-16 修回日期:2023-08-22 出版日期:2023-11-25 发布日期:2023-11-28
通讯作者:
**（E-mail：luxiujun@hebau.edu.cn）
作者简介:
* 共同第一作者
基金资助:
河北省自然科学基金项目(C2021204106); 河北省自然科学基金项目(C2022204086); 河北省农业产业技术体系资助项目(HBCT2023100204); 河北省农业产业技术体系资助项目(HBCT2021100211); 河北省重点研发计划项目(20326812D)

Effects of Bacillus megaterium on Yield，Quality and Soil Microorganism of Apple

PAN Jiyuan¹^,^*, DONG Qinglong²^,^*, WEN Haibin¹, LIU Yanan¹, WANG Xiaojie¹, ZHANG Xuemei², LIU Wenju³, LU Xiujun¹^,^**()

¹ College of Plant Protection，Hebei Agricultural University，Baoding，Hebei 071000，China
² College of Forestry，Hebei Agricultural University，Baoding，Hebei 071000，China
³ College of Resources and Environment Science，Hebei Agricultural University，Baoding，Hebei 071000，China

Received:2023-05-16 Revised:2023-08-22 Published:2023-11-25 Online:2023-11-28
Contact:
**（E-mail：luxiujun@hebau.edu.cn）

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以树龄16年‘红富士’苹果（Malus × domestica）为试材，研究巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）菌剂处理对新梢生长、果实产量和品质以及土壤微生物数量、微生物群落结构和土壤养分的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，2021、2022连续两年苹果树春季施用巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂，30 d内新梢增长率分别提高了3.45%和17.01%，60 d内新梢增长率分别提高了2.58%和6.71%；产量分别增长了7.17%和7.01%；而对果形指数、硬度、可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量等指标均无显著影响。2021年处理组单株果实数量增加4.95%。2022年处理组的果实着色相关指标红绿色度a^*低于对照，色度角h高于对照，而2021年无显著差异。施用菌剂后0 ~ 20 cm、20 ~ 40 cm土层真菌数量减少，细菌增加，但随着时间延长，菌剂效果逐渐减弱；真菌和细菌群落的α多样性无显著变化；土壤真菌中短梗蠕孢属（Trichocladium）、产油菌属（Solicoccozyma）、担子菌酵母属（Naganishia）和土赤壳属（Ilyonectria）相对丰度分别是对照的1.87倍、1.92倍、2.91和3.38倍；陶氏菌属（Tausonia）和头束菌属（Cephalotrichum）相对丰度分别是对照的76.44%和67.96%；土壤细菌中链霉菌属（Streptomyces）和芽单胞菌属（Gemmatimonas）相对丰度分别是对照的2.65倍和1.33倍；而朱氏杆菌属（Chujaibacter）的相对丰度是对照的48.88%；处理苹果根际土壤中细菌和真菌OTU数量与对照相比发生显著变化；苹果根系土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照高21.87%和20.81%、5.14%和5.31%。综上，春季施用巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂能够抑制土壤有害真菌，改善土壤微生物群落结构和数量，活化土壤磷、钾，促进苹果生长，提高苹果产量。

关键词: 苹果, 巨大芽孢杆菌, 产量, 品质, 土壤微生物, 土壤养分

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of Bacillus megaterium on the growth of apple（Malus × domestica）trees and the ecological effects of the soil，a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of B. megaterium application on the growth of new branches，the yield and quality of apple fruits，and the characteristics of soil microbial community using 16 years-old‘Red Fuji’apple trees. The results showed that the growth rate of new branches in 2021 and 2022 were increased by 3.45% and 17.01% within compared with the control 30 d，respectively（P < 0.05），and by 2.58% and 6.71% within 60 d，respectively（P < 0.05），after application of B. megaterium inoculant to apple trees in spring. Moreover，the yield increased by 7.17% and 7.01% respectively（P < 0.05）；the fruits number per plant were increased by 4.95% in 2021（P < 0.05），in the treatment group of 2021 and 2022，but application of B. megaterium inoculant had no significant effect on the fruit shape index，hardness of fruits，and the contents of soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C in apple fruits. In 2022，the fruit color related indexes of the treatment group，Red-Green Index a^* is lower and Chroma angle h is higher than those of the control group，and there were no significant differences in 2021. Furthermore，the number of fungi in the soil layer of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased，while the number of bacteria showed the opposite trend. There was no significant difference in α-diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. For the soil fungal community at genus level，the relative abundances of Trichocladium，Solicocozyma，Naganishia and Ilyoctria in the treatment 1.87，1.92，2.91 and 3.38 times higher than those in the control；The relative abundances of Tausonia and Cephalotrichum were 76.44% and 67.96% of that in the control，respectively（P < 0.05）. For the soil bacterial community at genus level，the relative abundances of Streptomyces and Gemmatimonas in the treatment were 2.65- and 1.33-fold of that in the control，but the relative abundance of Chujaibacter was 48.88% lower than that of the control（P < 0.05）. The number of bacteria and fungi OTU in the rhizosphere of the treatment changed significantly compared with the control；Additionally，the contents of soil available phosphorus and potassium in the rhizosphere of the treatment were 21.87% and 20.81%；5.14% and 5.31%，respectively（P < 0.05），which are higher than those in the control（P < 0.05）. In summary，the application of B. megaterium inoculant to apple trees in spring can inhibit harmful soil fungi，improve the structure and quantity of soil microbial community，mobilize soil phosphorus and potassium，and promote the growth of apple tree and apple fruits yield.

Key words: apple, Bacillus megaterium, yield, quality, soil microorganism, soil nutrients

潘纪源, 董庆龙, 温海彬, 刘亚南, 王晓洁, 张雪梅, 刘文菊, 陆秀君. 巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂对苹果产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2023, 50(11): 2453-2465.

PAN Jiyuan, DONG Qinglong, WEN Haibin, LIU Yanan, WANG Xiaojie, ZHANG Xuemei, LIU Wenju, LU Xiujun. Effects of Bacillus megaterium on Yield，Quality and Soil Microorganism of Apple[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2023, 50(11): 2453-2465.

图/表 12

参考文献 32

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测序区域 Sequencing region	引物名称 Primer name	引物序列 Primer sequence
16S V3-V4	338F	5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′
16S V3-V4	806R	5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′
ITs1-5F	IT_S1F	5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′
ITs1-5F	IT_S2R	5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′

测序区域 Sequencing region	引物名称 Primer name	引物序列 Primer sequence
16S V3-V4	338F	5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′
16S V3-V4	806R	5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′
ITs1-5F	IT_S1F	5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′
ITs1-5F	IT_S2R	5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单果质量/g Average mass	单株果实数 Average No. of fruits/piece	产量/（t · hm^-2） Yield	不同横径果实比例/% Fruiting ratio of different cross-diameters
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单果质量/g Average mass	单株果实数 Average No. of fruits/piece	产量/（t · hm^-2） Yield	< 75 mm	75 ~ 85 mm	> 85 mm
2021	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	222.11 ± 5.58	261.67 ± 5.14^*	57.54 ± 2.07^*	23.70 ± 8.40	47.78 ± 11.26	28.52 ± 12.38
2021	水Water （对照Control）	217.52 ± 3.11	249.33 ± 3.06	53.69 ± 1.14	24.15 ± 5.43	55.36 ± 11.45	20.48 ± 6.11
2022	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	213.08 ± 5.68	300.22 ± 19.68	63.33 ± 8.57^*	25.66 ± 8.00^*	67.00 ± 14.00	7.34 ± 4.00
2022	水Water （对照Control）	210.42 ± 4.04	284.11 ± 13.23	59.18 ± 6.04	43.20 ± 4.63	52.19 ± 10.88	4.61 ± 4.00

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单果质量/g Average mass	单株果实数 Average No. of fruits/piece	产量/（t · hm^-2） Yield	不同横径果实比例/% Fruiting ratio of different cross-diameters
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单果质量/g Average mass	单株果实数 Average No. of fruits/piece	产量/（t · hm^-2） Yield	< 75 mm	75 ~ 85 mm	> 85 mm
2021	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	222.11 ± 5.58	261.67 ± 5.14^*	57.54 ± 2.07^*	23.70 ± 8.40	47.78 ± 11.26	28.52 ± 12.38
2021	水Water （对照Control）	217.52 ± 3.11	249.33 ± 3.06	53.69 ± 1.14	24.15 ± 5.43	55.36 ± 11.45	20.48 ± 6.11
2022	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	213.08 ± 5.68	300.22 ± 19.68	63.33 ± 8.57^*	25.66 ± 8.00^*	67.00 ± 14.00	7.34 ± 4.00
2022	水Water （对照Control）	210.42 ± 4.04	284.11 ± 13.23	59.18 ± 6.04	43.20 ± 4.63	52.19 ± 10.88	4.61 ± 4.00

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	果形指数 Fruit shape index	硬度/（kg · cm^-2） Firmness	可溶性糖/% Soluble sugar	可溶性固形物/% Soluble solids	维生素C/（mg · kg^-1） Vitamin C
2021	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	0.85 ± 0.03	7.54 ± 0.53	9.85 ± 0.23	12.57 ± 0.04	2.09 ± 0.10
2021	水Water （对照Control）	0.84 ± 0.02	7.62 ± 0.77	9.35 ± 0.40	12.98 ± 0.59	2.08 ± 0.17
2022	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	0.90 ± 0.01	7.74 ± 0.44	9.56 ± 0.11	13.02 ± 0.45	2.08 ± 0.09
2022	水Water （对照Control）	0.91 ± 0.04	7.74 ± 0.16	9.28 ± 0.26	13.13 ± 0.74	2.08 ± 0.10

巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂对苹果产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

Effects of Bacillus megaterium on Yield，Quality and Soil Microorganism of Apple

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	明亮度L^* Brightness L^*	红绿色度a^* Red-green index a^*	黄蓝色度b^* Yellow-blue index b^*	色度角h Chroma angle h
2021	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	56.44 ± 1.21	28.65 ± 0.94	25.55 ± 2.05	41.46 ± 6.05
2021	水Water （对照Control）	56.33 ± 2.34	29.59 ± 4.91	25.56 ± 1.96	39.37 ± 2.94
2022	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	63.03 ± 5.84	26.65 ± 6.20^*	22.05 ± 2.52	41.28 ± 9.78^*
2022	水Water （对照Control）	60.38 ± 5.29	33.42 ± 7.76	20.51 ± 2.59	31.87 ± 6.74

处理 Treatment	ACE指数 ACE index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index	香农指数 Shannon index	辛普森指数 Simpson index
巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	381.69 ± 12.98	373.56 ± 6.82	3.15 ± 0.10	0.08 ± 0.00
水Water （对照Control）	359.96 ± 12.63	385.43 ± 16.09	3.11 ± 0.04	0.09 ± 0.00

处理 Treatment	陶氏菌属 Tausonia	短梗蠕孢属 Trichocladium	产油菌属 Cephalotrichum	头束菌属 Solicoccozyma	担子菌酵母菌属 Naganishia	土赤壳属 Ilyonectria
巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	28.26 ± 1.36^**	9.93 ± 1.03^**	4.04 ± 0.65^*	2.63 ± 0.14^*	1.54 ± 0.04^**	0.27 ± 0.02^*
水Water （对照Control）	36.97 ± 1.73	5.30 ± 0.70	2.10 ± 0.59	3.87 ± 0.48	0.53 ± 0.13	0.08 ± 0.07

处理 Treatment	ACE指数 ACE index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index	香农指数 Shannon index	辛普森指数 Simpson index
巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	2 824.52 ± 66.23	2 839.26 ± 79.52	6.23 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.00
水Water （对照Control）	2 810.25 ± 111.48	2 788.77 ± 179.73	5.91 ± 0.24	0.01 ± 0.00

处理 Treatment	类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides	链霉菌属 Streptomyces	芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas	朱氏杆菌属 Chujaibacter	德沃斯氏菌属 Devosia
巨大芽孢杆菌处理 B. megaterium	3.73 ± 0.68	0.69 ± 0.09^**	0.67 ± 0.08^*	1.97 ± 0.31^**	1.11 ± 0.16
水Water （对照Control）	3.34 ± 1.68	0.26 ± 0.03	0.50 ± 0.03	4.03 ± 0.24	1.39 ± 0.65

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	全磷/（g · kg^-1） Total phosphorus	全钾/（g · kg^-1） Total potassium	速效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium
2021	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	1.21 ± 0.14^*	9.76 ± 0.24^*	31.93 ± 1.68^*	126.52 ± 2.04^*
2021	水Water （对照Control）	1.88 ± 0.12	12.52 ± 0.65	26.20 ± 0.98	120.34 ± 3.12
2022	巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂 B. megaterium	1.36 ± 0.51^*	8.26 ± 0.14^*	34.77 ± 1.90^*	128.09 ± 2.96^*
2022	水Water （对照Control）	1.98 ± 0.09	12.34 ± 0.21	28.78 ± 1.38	121.63 ± 4.63

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巨大芽孢杆菌菌剂对苹果产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

Effects of Bacillus megaterium on Yield，Quality and Soil Microorganism of Apple

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参考文献 32

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