‘Caiyu’is a new Chaenomeles crabapple cultivar which has been selected from the seedlings of Chaenomeles‘Toyonisiki’. The cultivar has one trunk，and plant architecture is half-spread. The young leaves are greenyellow，the edge is chocolate，with lappaceous serrations；the old leaves become dark green，and the edge is sharply serrated. The flowers are usually in groups of three，semidouble petals. The colors of petal are light red or green-and-white at the initial stage，all of them turn pink at the mid to late stage. Blooming period lasts one month. The pistil is generally impotent，so it bear few fruit. Flower characters are stable，the cultivar has strong resistance，high grafting survival rate，fast-growing and high ornamental value.

‘Jingmei 10K’is a new mid-maturing watermelon cultivar. The fruit is short oval with heavy wax,the fruit index is 1.2. The fruit has durable rind for transportation,which is green with narrow dark green strips,about 1.2 cm thick. The fruit is uniform in shape with high commodity rate. The flesh is bright red with 50.5 mg · kg^-1 FW lycopene content,and its center soluble solids content is 13%. It is crisp with good taste and less watery flesh,and it can turn color fast. The total growing period is about 95 d and the fruit development period is about 35 d. The average fruit weight is 10 kg and the yield is about 75 000 kg · hm^-2. It is suitable for protected and open field cultivation in spring.

The new cultivar‘Menghuijuan’with red semidouble flower is selected from the progeny of Chaenomeles speciosa（Sweet）Nakai. The flower is large in diameter. The cultivar likes acid soil. It is resistant to drought and barren. The plant is easy to manage，which has unique flower color. The cultivar is suitable for bonsai production，courtyard and road greening，etc.

‘Huangjinmi’，a new early-ripening table grape cultivar with muscat flavor，is derived from the cross of‘Red Globe’and‘Xiangfei’. The average cluster weight is 703.5 g，and the average single berry weight is 9.5 g. The berry is round，yellow-green or golden yellow，crisp and hard. The soluble solids content is 19.0%，and the titratable acid content is 0.58%. It had a high yield（26 300 kg · hm^-2），early bearing，and long shelf life. It is suitable for open field and protected cultivation in the Beijing，Tianjin，Hebei and other areas with similar ecological conditions，and for rain shelter cultivation in the rainy regions of the South.

Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites with ‘flavan’ skeleton and thousands of derivatives. The biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids are complicated，and some of them and related enzymes have been analyzed. Flavonoids play important roles in the growth and development of plants and the formation of flowers and fruits. Studies revealed that flavonoids can response to stresses and improve the tolerance and resistance of plants. This article reviews the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanism of flavonoids in plants，the response of flavonoid pathways to different stresses，the main roles and mechanisms of flavonoids，and the future research directions. Thus，this article is expected to providing theoretical support for the targeted cultivation of horticultural crop varieties with highly resistant，deep processing，and product development.

Citrus genetic improvement has achieved a great progress during the last six decades in China. A repository harboring more than 1 700 accessions of Rutaceae in Chongqing and an embryogenic callus collection including more than 100 varieties in Wuhan have been established,respectively. Continuing exploration of citrus germplasm resulted in the identification of wild Daoxian tangerine,Honghe papeda and the mini-citrus,a mono-embryonic Hongkong kumquat for functional genmics research. A new type of rootstock,Ziyang Xiangcheng（Citrus junos）has been utilized in Chinese citrus industry. A total of 122 citrus varieties including 121 for scion and one for rootstock have been registered or protected by PVP. Out of the scion varieties,88.5% is from the natural mutation including the bud-sport and chance seedling variation,and the rest from artifically created mutants,such as the irradiation,hybridization and protoplast fusion etc. These varieties covered nearly all types of citrus,including loose-skin mandarin,sweet orange and pummelo etc,with improved seedlessness,mature season and fruit color etc. The omics technologies have been widely used in citrus genetic improvement in China. Genomes including sweet orange and other main citrus species have been sequenced and assembled during the recent decade,as has accelerated cloning of the key genes controlling import agronomic traits,such as the polyembryonic related gene CitRWP etc. Genetic transformation and gene editing are also setup in Citrus. These achievments have laid a solid base for citrus genome-design breeding for the future.

In order to explore the role of heat shock protein(HSP90)gene family members in heat tolerance of apple(Malus × domestica Borkh.),bioinformatics method was used to identify the apple HSP90 gene family members,and their physicochemical properties,gene structure,cis elements,phylogenetic relationship and expression characteristics of HSP90 gene family under high temperature stress as well as in different tissues were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 11 HSP90 family members were identified in apple genome,which were distributed on 10 chromosomes. The amino acid sequence size was ranged from 104 to 818 aa,and molecular weight of protein ranged from 11.81 to 93.58 kD. Transcriptome analysis showed that four genes(MdHSP90-1,MdHSP90-3,MdHSP90-5and MdHSP90-11)of the 11 members were significantly up-regulated under high temperature stress. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MdHSP90-1,MdHSP90-3 and MdHSP90-5 proteins were located in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus,whereas MdHSP90-11 was targeted to the nucleus. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression trend of the four genes in the two kinds of apple rootstocks were similar,the expression level increased greatly in the early stage of high temperature stress,and decreased in the middle and late stage. Four genes were also detected in different apple tissues,and the expressions of fourHSP90 genes were induced by heat stress to varying degrees,which indicated that the above four HSP90 genes may play an important role in the heat tolerance of apple.

The formation and development of fruit eyes were observed,the dynamic changes of tissues and organs related to fruit eyes were measured and analyzed by histological section and anatomy,using the crown,flower and fruit from different pineapple germplasm as the research materials. Three stages for the developmental of pineapple fruit eye,including antrum differentiation,antrum development and fruit eye development were divided,according to the formation processes.The flower cavity is the early morphology of fruit eye,and its differentiation and development lead to the formation of fruit eye,which takes about 70 days（d）,and the fruit setting is the sign for the beginning of fruit eye development stage. The morphological differentiation of flower cavity begins with calyx differentiation and ends with disk（receptacle and ovary）differentiation. 14 days after the flower induction,the calyx primordium differentiation is firstly observed in the bractus axils at the base of flower buds,from bottom to top. All the antrum differentiation in the inflorescence was finished until 35 days after the flower induction,while the antrum morphological differentiation of the florets at the top of inflorescence was about 7 d later than that at the base. The size,morphology and structure of the flower cavity are changed by the growth and development of flower organs during the flowering process. The peak period of the flower cavity enlargement is the first week after the completion of the morphological differentiation（36 to 42 d after flower induction）. At this time,significant differences for the depth of the flower cavity were found between the pineapple varieties with deep and shallow fruit eyes,and then the expansion slows down gradually. There was no significant difference in the absolute growth of flower disc among different cultivars,so the deepening of flower cavity mainly depended on the growth of calyx. The fruit eyes start to develop after the fruit setting. With the rapid expansion of fruit,the growth of the dorsal and ventral sides of calyx tube is unbalanced,and the persistent calyx curves inward. However,the bending speed and growth stop time are associated with the variety types. The mass growth of calyx for ‘MD-2’was few and internal bending was rapid,while for ‘Jintong’was large and slow. The eye deepened mainly within 14 days after fruit setting,and the shape and size of the eye no longer changed about 70 d after fruit setting. According to the depth of eye in the middle of ripe fruit,pineapple germplasm could be divided into three types：shallow eye depth < 0.9 cm,medium eye depth 0.9-1.2 cm,and deep eye depth > 1.2 cm. There was no significant difference in disc depth（about 0.29 cm）among different types of cultivars. The difference in fruit eye depth was mainly associated with the height of calyx,and the bending degree and growth of calyx were the main reasons for the difference in height of calyx and protrusion of small fruit. Therefore,the formation of fruit eyes begins with the differentiation of flower buds,in which calyx growth and development have a significant impact on the morphology and depth of fruit eyes. The morphological differences of fruit eyes among cultivars are mainly caused by the unbalanced growth of the dorsal and ventral sides of calyx tube within 14 d after the fruit setting,while the differences of fruit eye depth mainly occur in the first week of calyx development（36-42 d after flower induction）.

‘Danxiahong’is a new red skin pear cultivar selected from the cross‘Zhongli 1’בHongxiangsu’. The shape of fruit is nearly round. The fruit size is big，and the average fruit weight is 260 g. The fruit skin is green covered with red on the side exposed to the sun. The flesh is white，crisp，rich juice，sweet，with litter fragrant. The soluble solids content is 13.5%. It matures in mid and late August in Zhengzhou City，Henan Province. The fruit have long storage life but not resistant to bumping. The yield is about 45 000 kg • hm-2 at full fruit stage.

The new Chaenomeles crabapple cultivar‘Zui Xishi’was derived from seedling in Qian Zhangzhuang Nursery in Tanghe Town，Linyi City. The flower diameter is medium. The outside petals is red or pink while the inside petals is greenish white at first，then they turn pink. It bloomed late，amost all the pistils could not development. It has unique color，fast-growing，ornamental value.

‘Zhongsuan 1’is a new garlic cultivar which was selected from a natural mutant plant among the local cultivar 8N141 through multi-year continuous propagation and identification of important traits.‘Zhongsuan 1’has mid-late maturity. The bulb skin of is purple and garlic bulb transverse diameter is about 5-7 cm. The average fresh weight of bulb is 80-125 g. The yield is about 24.15 t · hm^-2. It has high tolerance to cold environment,and it is suitable for open field cultivation in the northern region.

Mature leaves from two-year-old Sanhu red tangerine（Citrus reticulata Blanc.）,Chongyi wild mandarin（C. reticulata‘Chongyi’）,Poncirus trifoliata and Carrizo citrange（C. sisensis × P. trifoliata‘Carrizo’）were detached and dehydrated for 0,3,and 6 h. The results of relative water loss and electrolyte leakage indicated that the leaves of Sanhu red tangerine had the best water retention capacity and suffered the least cell membrane damage under dehydration. Stomatal density of the lower epidermis was counted via blotting,indicating that Sanhu red tangerine had the lowest stomatal density（325 · mm^-2）,significantly lower than the other three varieties（P < 0.05）. Moreover,blotting using the dehydrated leaves showed that the stomatal aperture area of Sanhu red tangerine decreased more promptly in response to dehydration. In addition,leaf anatomical structure was compared via paraffin sectioning. The palisade parenchyma of Sanhu red tangerine was completely differentiated into two layers,but palisade parenchyma of the other three materials were relatively underdevelopped. The ratio of palisade parenchyma thickness and the sponge parenchyma thickness of Sanhu red tangerine was 0.56,which was significantly higher than that of the other three materials. Finally,principal component analysis indicated that the capacity of the four citrus germplasms tolerant to drought was: Sanhu red tangerine > P. trifoliata > Chongyi wild mandarin > Carrizo citrange. In conclusion,Sanhu red tangerine was the most drought-tolerant one among the four tested varieties,which could be used for drought-tolerant citrus breeding in the future.

The gene structure analysis,protein conserved motif identification,subcellular localization prediction,synteny analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and cis-acting elements analysis of Growth-regulating factor（GRF）family members were performed. Expression patterns of grape GRF genes in different plant parts and against different hormone applications were analyzed. Further expression patterns were compared during different stages of seed development in seeded and seedless cultivars. Eight grape GRF genes were identified and divided into four groups（A-D）. Seven of the genes were unevenly distributed on six chromosomes having and the number of amino acids was 213-604. All grape GRF proteins were predicted in the nucleus. Moreover,VvGRFs in the same clade showed conserved exon-intron structure and motif distribution patterns. All GRF proteins contained QLQ and WRC domains in the N-terminal region and at least one TQL or FFD domain in the C-terminal region. Synteny analysis showed that VvGRF3 and VvGRF4 were segmentally duplicated. Various cis-acting elements related to growth and development,hormones response,and stresses were found in the promoter region of VvGRF genes. Expression analysis illustrated that most of the VvGRFs were highly expressed in vegetative organs i.e. leaves. However,VvGRF2 was highly expressed in reproductive organs like flowers and fruits. The expression of VvGRF3 and VvGRF6 was significantly higher during seed development in seedless grapes as compared to seeded grapes,while VvGRF8 showed high expression in seeded grapes. The expression of VvGRF genes was induced against GA₃ and IAA treatments,and most of the VvGRFs were down-regulated at 0.5 or 1 h.

A squalene synthase（SQS）gene was isolated from 18 citrus accessions,and its sequence and expression characteristics were analyzed. The roles in the biosynthesis of limonoids were identified by genetic transformation. The results showed that the full length of SQS ORF（open reading frame）in citrus is 1 242 bp,coding 413 amino acids except in the accessions of Rongan Kumquat（Fortunella classifalia）and Xiaoguo Kumquat（F. margarita）. Clustal analysis showed that the deduced amino acids of SQS shared from 97.1% to 100% homology among the 18 citrus accessions. SQS in Xiaoguo kumquat,Rongan kumquat,and No.4 Ichang Papeda（Citrus ichangensis）shared a G/C nonsynonymous mutation at the fourteenth nucleotide of CDS region. Phylogenetic analysis result of SQS proteins showed that the SQS of those accessions clustered together. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the highest expression of SQS was observed in flower,followed by that in stem,root,leaf,and young fruit. The expression level of SQS gene is positively correlated with the limonoids contents in seeds of Guanxi Mi You（C. grandis）variety at different development stages. Four positive SQS interference transgenic citrus plants（SiN-1-SiN-4）were obtained via citrus genetic transformation. The expression levels of SQS gene in four transgenic lines were 61.00% to 79.00% of the control plants. Obvious deduction on limonin content was observed in all the four transgenic lines（about 35.83% to 81.56% of the control plants）. The contents of nomilin in SiN-1 and SiN-2 lines were decreased to 80.11% and 94.94% of the control,respectively. However,the nomilin content increased by 52.76% and 35.30% in SiN-3 and SiN-4 lines,respectively. The expression levels of genes belonging to oxidosqualene cyclase（OSC）superfamily involved in triterpenoids and sterol biosynthesis were down-regulated in SQS interference transgenic citrus plants. This may due to the reduced supply of precursor for triterpenoids and sterol biosynthesis. This study indicated that SQS gene contributed greatly to the production of limonoids in citrus.

Twenty-seven lily cultivars of seven colour group were used to analyze the lily tepal structure,the pigments exist in upper and lower epidermis of lily tepals. The upper and lower epidermal cells are irregular rectangular in most of the lily cultivars while some epidermal cells present closely regular polygon that contain anthocyanin. At the same time,tepal spots contained anthocyanins. Sixty-one lily cultivars and two wild species of seven colour group were used to analyze the tepal pigment composition,twenty-three kinds of flavonoid compounds,one kind of anthocyanin （ cyaniding-3-O- rutinoside ） and ten carotenoids （ 9Z-violaxanthin,antheraxanthin,9Z-antheraxanthin,mutatoxanthin,capsanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,β-cryptoxanthin,β-carotene,and 9Z-β-carotene ） were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS from lily tepal. The lily tepal all contained flavonoids. White tepal mainly contained flavonoids and some cultivars had a tiny amount of carotenoids. Red tepal contained anthocyanins,carotenoids and flavonoids while carotenoids and anthocyanins were the main pigment,flavonoids served as co-pigment. Purple-red and pink tepal contained anthocyanins and flavonoids while yellow and orange tepal mainly contained carotenoids.

‘Guishuang’is a new litchi cultivar selected from seedlings in Guangdong. The fruit is crooked heart-shaped with dark red pericarp. The flesh tastes crispy. The average weight of single fruit was 31.7 g. The flesh recovery，seed-abortion rate and soluble solids content were 78.7%，86.7% and 17.1%–18.6%，respectively. The maturity period is early July，with outstanding advantages such as large fruit，late maturity，high quality，easy flowering，and high and stable yield. The average yield per plant in the fourth and fifth year of high-grafted trees is 17.3 and 24.3 kg，respectively.

The new cultivar‘Huangmapao’of Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud. was selected from the offspring of hybrid with‘Huangma 1’as female parent and‘Dongfangmi 1’as male parent. The fruit is oval，the longitudinal diameter is 5.87 cm，the transverse diameter is 4.74 cm. The skin is yellow with an average weight of 45 g. The average yield was 23 250 kg • hm-2，and the high yield was 45 450 kg • hm-2，which was 41.32% higher than that of Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud. It is moderate resistant to powdery mildew，downy mildew，and Fusarium wilt. The cultivar is mainly used for seed oil and picking ornamental.

The phenotypic characteristics of sepal color,petal color,lip color,leaf art,petal type and lip spot of 311 Cymbidium ensifolium germplasms were recorded,and the traits were assigned and statistically analyzed. Twenty-two pairs of SSR fluorescent primers were used to perform PCR amplification on 311 C. ensifolium germplasm resources in order to conduct genetic diversity analysis. Use Structure software to analyze the population structure of C. ensifolium germplasm resources,and principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed for verification. Core collection was analyzed and screened by using Core Finder software and t-test. The results showed that the phenotypic genetic diversity of the six quality traits of 311 C. ensifolium germplasm resources were all greater than 0.5,indicating that the phenotype of C. ensifolium germplasm resources had abundant genetic variations. A total of 171 alleles（N_a）were detected by 22 pairs of SSR fluorescent primers,the average of N_e was 2.729. High genetic diversity was revealed in the germplasm resources of C. ensifolium（I = 1.026）. Structure software analysis results showed that the optimal population number K was three,and there is a small amount of germplasm mixing among the populations. The population structure analysis divided C. ensifolium germplasm resources into three groups. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis further verified the reliability of its classification. In this study,51 core collections of C. ensifolium were constructed,accounting for 16.4% of the initial collection,with the retention rate of N_a,N_e,and I were 100%,130% and 124%,respectively. Through t-test and principal coordinate analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the genetic diversity of the core collection and initial collection. The 51 core collections constructed could represent the genetic diversity of C. ensifolium germplasm resources to the greatest extent.

In the present study,the process of garlic（Allium sativum）clove development was observed and analyzed through freehand anatomy and paraffin embedded. The morphological observation showed that there were three stages,including the pre-differentiation stage,differentiationstage and expansion stage for clove development before mature. At the pre-differentiation stage,the leaf primordia with typical tunica-corpus structure was formed. At the differentiation stage,small clove formed. The location of small clove formation was related to the location of meristematic cell mass. The internal growth points of the formed scale clove continued to differentiate with the accumulation of clove material. At the expansion stage,the chromosomes in the meristematic nuclei were active,starch grains were accumulated in the meristematic cell mass and the vessels had developed well in xylem. To observe the tissue histochemical changes,PAS staining was carried out on the sections from different parts of the clove at the differentiation stage. The content of sugar granules was rich,the cytoplasm was dense and the staining was dark. The concentration gradient of sugar granules existed between the meristematic cells and their surrounding cells.

‘Zhongnong Honghua Zhenzhu 1’is a new yellow-fleshed nectarine cultivar selected from seedlings of‘Qiuhongzhu’. It is early flowering. The flower is showy，pink-purple. The fruit is small with average weight about 91.6 g. Its peel is deep yellow with attractive red. The flesh is yellow，sweet. The soluble soilds content is 16.5%，the titratable acid content is 0.646%，the vitamin C content is 0.051 mg • g-1. It has good characteristics for storage and transportation，which ripens in late-July in Juxian，Rizhao City，Shandong Province. The yield is up to 35 000 kg • hm-2.