‘Huangjinmi’，a new early-ripening table grape cultivar with muscat flavor，is derived from the cross of‘Red Globe’and‘Xiangfei’. The average cluster weight is 703.5 g，and the average single berry weight is 9.5 g. The berry is round，yellow-green or golden yellow，crisp and hard. The soluble solids content is 19.0%，and the titratable acid content is 0.58%. It had a high yield（26 300 kg · hm^-2），early bearing，and long shelf life. It is suitable for open field and protected cultivation in the Beijing，Tianjin，Hebei and other areas with similar ecological conditions，and for rain shelter cultivation in the rainy regions of the South.

‘Zhongtaohuangjinmi No. 5’is a new cultivar of late-ripening yellow flesh peach bred by artificial pollination. The flower is bell-shaped，pollen-rich，with high natural fruit set rate. The fruit is round. The weight of single fruit is 281–392 g. More than 80% of the fruit surface is yellow at maturity. The flesh is yellow，melting，sweet，with soluble solids content of 14.5%–15.5% and clingstone. Fruit development period is about 142 d. It is very productive，yielding about 37 500 kg · hm-2 at full fruit stage.

Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites with ‘flavan’ skeleton and thousands of derivatives. The biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids are complicated，and some of them and related enzymes have been analyzed. Flavonoids play important roles in the growth and development of plants and the formation of flowers and fruits. Studies revealed that flavonoids can response to stresses and improve the tolerance and resistance of plants. This article reviews the biosynthetic pathways and molecular regulation mechanism of flavonoids in plants，the response of flavonoid pathways to different stresses，the main roles and mechanisms of flavonoids，and the future research directions. Thus，this article is expected to providing theoretical support for the targeted cultivation of horticultural crop varieties with highly resistant，deep processing，and product development.

‘Danxiahong’is a new red skin pear cultivar selected from the cross‘Zhongli 1’בHongxiangsu’. The shape of fruit is nearly round. The fruit size is big，and the average fruit weight is 260 g. The fruit skin is green covered with red on the side exposed to the sun. The flesh is white，crisp，rich juice，sweet，with litter fragrant. The soluble solids content is 13.5%. It matures in mid and late August in Zhengzhou City，Henan Province. The fruit have long storage life but not resistant to bumping. The yield is about 45 000 kg • hm-2 at full fruit stage.

‘Chutian 1’is a new early-ripenging nectarine cultivar with small fruit and high sweetness，which is derived the cross of‘Fengguang’and‘070507’（Tianxianhong × Zhongyou 5）. The fruit shape is round，and the average fruit weight is 82 g，the maximum single fruit weight is 130 g. The flesh is white，crisp and very sweet，with 12%–14% soluble solids content and 0.22%–0.29% titratable acid content. The stone is freestone and has nonshowy flowers，with high and steady yield. The maturity date is early-June in Wuhan area，the average yield is 30 000 kg · hm-2. 

Citrus genetic improvement has achieved a great progress during the last six decades in China. A repository harboring more than 1 700 accessions of Rutaceae in Chongqing and an embryogenic callus collection including more than 100 varieties in Wuhan have been established,respectively. Continuing exploration of citrus germplasm resulted in the identification of wild Daoxian tangerine,Honghe papeda and the mini-citrus,a mono-embryonic Hongkong kumquat for functional genmics research. A new type of rootstock,Ziyang Xiangcheng（Citrus junos）has been utilized in Chinese citrus industry. A total of 122 citrus varieties including 121 for scion and one for rootstock have been registered or protected by PVP. Out of the scion varieties,88.5% is from the natural mutation including the bud-sport and chance seedling variation,and the rest from artifically created mutants,such as the irradiation,hybridization and protoplast fusion etc. These varieties covered nearly all types of citrus,including loose-skin mandarin,sweet orange and pummelo etc,with improved seedlessness,mature season and fruit color etc. The omics technologies have been widely used in citrus genetic improvement in China. Genomes including sweet orange and other main citrus species have been sequenced and assembled during the recent decade,as has accelerated cloning of the key genes controlling import agronomic traits,such as the polyembryonic related gene CitRWP etc. Genetic transformation and gene editing are also setup in Citrus. These achievments have laid a solid base for citrus genome-design breeding for the future.

‘Ping’an Huluzao’，as a new jujube cultivar，was selected from the ancient tree in Ping’anli，Xicheng District，Beijing. The fruit showed oval or the slender-Necked Vases shape. The average weight of the fruit is 12.20 g，edible rate is 96.0%. The fruit skin is thin，and the flesh is green and white，tender and compact，crisp and sweet. The soluble solids content is 25.0%,and the vitamin C content is 2.56 mg • g-1. It ripens in early September in Beijing. The average output is 15 800 kg • hm-2. It is suitable to be cultivated in Beijing and other regions with similar ecological conditions.

This review briefly summaries the processes for chrysanthemum development,and recalls the progress and main achievements that have been made in the germplasm resources,inheritance and molecular mechanisms underlying important traits formation,traditional breeding as well as modern biotechnology breeding programs during the last six decades in China. We also summarize the application status of modern biological technologies such as transgenic,genome editing,molecular marker-assisted selection,and multi-omics in the area of chrysanthemum genetics and breeding,and propose suggestions for the development of chrysanthemum genetics and breeding accordingly.

To study the change of freezing tolerance and its physiological basis of annual shoots of ‘Taishanhong’‘Luqing 1’and‘Tunisian Soft Seed’pomegranates during overwintering，the cold hardiness was estimated by the semi-lethal temperature（LT₅₀），which was assessed by electrolyte leakage rate with Logistic quation，the content of relative water，soluble protein，soluble sugar，malondialdehyde（MDA），activities of peroxidase（POD）and superoxidase（SOD），field overwintering rate，botanical characteristics of shoots，and the recovery ability of branches after freezing stress were measured. The results showed that the significant differences in cold resistance among three pomegranate cultivars. The overwintering rate of‘Luqing 1’was much higher than those of‘Taishanhong’and‘Tunisian Soft Seed’，and‘Tunisian Soft Seed’was the worst. Compared with‘Tunisia Soft Seed’，the shoots of‘Luqing 1’ were thick，hard，with short internodes，the spiness were also strong and hard. Sealing layers of lenticle were rich and tight. The changes of physiological indexes of‘Luqing 1’were relatively small after low temperature treatment. MDA content was low，soluble proteins content and POD activity were high. The osmotic pressure and redox balance of‘Luqing 1’could be maintained well，so its cold resistance much better than that of‘Tunisan Soft Seed’.

In this study，by using Ziziphus jujuba‘Dongzao’as a model，the phenological phases of flower development were documented，the process of flower development and nectar secretion was tracked，and the quantity and sugar content of the nectar were assessed under the facility cultivation. The results showed that compared to the open field cultivation，facility cultivation significantly advanced the sprouting stage of jujube floral bud，extended the duration of individual flower blooming and peak flowering periods，and increased both the quantity and sugar content of nectar. Overall，under the facility cultivation，‘Dongzao’exhibited superior in phenological phases，flower development，as well as nectar composition and quantity，compared to those under the traditional open field cultivation.

The Pepper originated in the semi-arid area in central and southern Bolivia where the annual rainfall is less than 500 mm. This is a subtropical frost-free area. The original wild species are perennial herbs. According to the analysis and study of the starch granules,the Capsicum starch microfossils have been found dating from 8 000-7 500 years ago. Over thousands of years,Capsicum seeds spread out from Bolivia with the help of birds and indigenous peoples,thus spreading throughout South and Central America,then to the southwest of North America. In different ecological regions,more than 10 wild relatives and about 20 wild non-relatives of cultivated species have evolved. Capsicum cultivars evolved from the common ancestor Capsicum chacoense. The purple flower ancestors migrated to the Andes highlands and evolved to Capsicum pubescens. And the white flower ancestors migrated to the relatively dry area of southern Bolivia to evolve to Capsicum baccatum,continuing to migrate to the humid Amazon basin and evolve to the common ancestors of Capsicum annuum,Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum chinense Jacquin. They continued to migrate outward,evolving Capsicum annuum in Mexico and northern Central America,Capsicum frutescens L. in the Caribbean,and Capsicum chinense Jacquin in the northern valleys of the Amazon Basin. The pepper domestication started by removing the wild species from the original area for artificial cultivation. The wild species with the fruit small,single-color,upward-facing and easily falling off were domesticated into cultivated species with the fruit succulent,various-shaped,colorful,downward-facing,and not easy falling off,i.e. good economic benefits. Capsicum annuum was the first cultivated species domesticated in Mexico and Central America more than 6 000 years ago,and the other four cultivated species had been cultivated for at least 4 000 years,which are the oldest cultivated plants in America.

‘Liyuan Zhenzhu 4’，a new sour jujube（Ziziphus spinosa Hu.）cultivar，was selected from seedlings resources. The fruit is round. The average fruit weight is 1.67 g，the soluble solids content is 18.6%，and the vitamin C content is 9.38 mg • g-1. The seed kernel rate is 32.8%. The fruit ripens in early September with developing period of 90 days. It is highly resistant to fruit cracking，and also it has high and stable yield. The average output is 22 100 kg • hm-2.

Browning of pear flesh is an important problem affecting its quality. In this experiment，Browning varieties‘Baozhu’，‘Pingguoli’and non-browning varieties‘Fengshui’，‘Honghuada’were used to study the physiological mechanism of pear flesh browning，by measuring the changes of browning degree，phenolics and related enzyme activities during fruit development. The results showed that the browning degree，phenolic content and some enzyme activities of pear flesh decreased gradually with The growth and development of the fruit. Arbutin，chlorogenic acid and epicatechin were the main phenolic compounds in pear fruit from young fruit stage to mature fruit stage，accounting for more than 90% of the total phenolic content. The contents of arbutin and chlorogenic acid in the fruits of the two browning varieties were higher than those of the two non-browning varieties. According to the correlation analysis between fruit browning degree and phenolic substance content，single phenolic substance had little effect on fruit browning in young fruit stage，and phenolic substance strongly correlated with fruit browning in late fruit growth were arbutin，catechin，chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. In the process of fruit growth and development，the PPO，PAL activities and total phenol content of browning varieties were higher than those of non-browning varieties. The PPO activity of the browning varieties was significantly different from that of the non-browning varieties at young fruit stage（P < 0.05），and it was not significantly different at mature fruit stage. The activities of PPO and PAL were significantly correlated with the contents of most phenolic substances in the fruits of the four varieties. The study on fruit browning at different development stages should take PPO activity and total phenolic content into consideration.

‘Hongcuinuo’is a new high-quality and late-maturing litchi cultivar selected from open-pollinated seedlings of litchi in Guangdong. The average fruit weight is 23.6–28.6 g. The fruit is mostly long heart-shaped with scarlet skin，and the flesh tastes crisp and sweet（17.7%–19.1% TSS）. The seeds are generally aborted with an abortion ratio 90% and flesh recovery of 74.7%–81.1%. The contents of titratable acid，juice vitamin C and total sugar in the pulp were 0.15%–0.25%，0.77 mg • mL-1 and 160.5 g • L-1. The average yield of top grafting was 12 000 kg • hm-2 in the 5th year. The maturity period is early to mid July in Huilai County Guangdong Province.‘Hongcuinuo’is a promising cultivar for its high quality，late-maturity，good graft compatibility，easy to flower and fructify as well as high and stable yield.

In this study，ninety apple cultivars were used as experimental materials to evaluate cold tolerance by a relative electrical conductivity test. Genome-wide association analysis was conducted on 1 247 162 SNPs detected in apple accessions by genome resequencing technology，and candidate genes significantly associated with cold tolerance were selected. Three cultivars with the strongest cold tolerance were identified，and their relative electrical conductivity was all less than 40%，which were‘Jinhong’，‘Ederbostdorf’and‘Haralson’. Based on the association analysis using 1 247 162 high-quality SNPs and index of relative electrical conductivity characterizing cold tolerance，five significant correlated loci related to cold tolerance were identified，which were distributed on chromosome 4，15，and 16，respectively. Three candidate genes TIF3B1（MD04G1241100），COR47（MD15G1003900），and MD16G1069900 closely related to cold stress tolerance were identified.

‘Liyuan Zhenzhu 8’，a new sour jujube（Ziziphus spinosa Hu.）cultivar，was selected from seedlings resources. The fruit is obovate. The average fruit weight is 1.4 g，the soluble solids content is 29.3%，and the titratable acid content is 6.0%. The seed kernel rate is 27.3%. The fruit ripen in mid-late September with developing period of 105 days. It has high and stable yield. The average output is 21 700 kg • hm-2.

‘Jingyan Zikuaicai’is a new purple seedling-edible Chinese cabbage（kuai tsai）F1 hybrid bred by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line CMS14299 with self-incompatible line 14285. It has semi-erect plant，green-white petiole，hairless leaves with adaxially purple and abaxially green. The yield is about 35 400 kg • hm-2 at 40 days stage after sowing with 33.4 cm of plant height and 97.6 g of plant weight. It is tolerant to high temperature and air humidity，and resistant to turnip mosaic virus，black rot，and downy mildew. It is suitable for planting in Summer and Autumn in northern and southern plain areas.

‘Hongling’is a new cultivar of oleaster in Shache（Yarcand）County of Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang. It has the characteristics of strong tree vigor，trunk type upright，branches without thorns，fruit is oval-shaped and good appearance，pulp tastes sweet and sour and delicate etc.‘Hongling’is one of the high yield tree，edible rate of the fruit is 81.80%，suitable to plant for all parts of southern Xinjiang.

‘Lican 3’is a new mid-maturing vegetable broad bean cultivar bred by natural variation selection breeding method. It takes about 180 days from sowing to first harvest. Its plant growth power and the pod setting ability are strong. The average weight of single fresh pod is 35 g，and the weight of 100 fresh seeds is 460 g. The results of quality determination showed that the starch content was 6.8% and the crude protein content was 5.86%. It is moderately resistant to broad bean rust and red spot. In terms of yield performance，the cultivar produces 15 000–16 500 kg • hm-2.

‘Zijin Hongxia’is a new early-ripening table grape cultivar. The berry ripens in late July in Nanjing，Jiangsu. It was selected from progenies of the cross‘Yatomi Rosa’בXiangfei’. The cluster is cone with an average weight 520 g，and single berry is elliptic with average weight 9.2 g. The color of skin is red-violet and thickness of bloom is thick. The flesh is slight crisp and the must is high with particular weak muscat flavor. The soluble solids content is 18.3% and titrate acid content is 0.30%. ‘Zijin Hongxia’is characterized by good berry quality and showed high and stable yield.‘Zijin Hongxia’ performed well in Jiangsu Province and its surrounding area