Response of Premature Bolting of Carrots Under Different Low Temperature and Day Length

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0895

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 1588-1598.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0895

• Cultivation?Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Response of Premature Bolting of Carrots Under Different Low Temperature and Day Length

YAN Lijuan¹^,², OU Chenggang¹, LIANG Chen¹, HU Tiankuo¹, LIU Xing¹, YANG Jing², LIN Guocang², and ZHUANG Feiyun¹^,²^,^*()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding，Institute of Vegetables and Flowers，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science，Beijing 100081，China
² Comprehensive Experiment Field，Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Urumqi 830000，China

Received:2024-11-29 Revised:2025-05-06 Online:2025-06-20 Published:2025-06-20
Contact: and ZHUANG Feiyun

Abstract

Abstract:

Premature bolting of carrot has become a common problem in winter-spring shed and early spring field cultivation，but the responses of different genotypes to low temperature and day length were still unclear. In this study，premature bolting ratios of two types of carrot male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines and their crosses were investigated under different ecological conditions in Beijing，Inner Mongolia，Anhui，Henan，and Xinjiang. The results showed that the orange male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines exhibited tolerant to bolting under both low temperature and long day，and their crosses showed tolerant under low temperature，but most bolted under long day. The red male sterile lines，self-pollinated lines and their crosses were prone to bolting under low temperature but not under long day， and bolting ratios were improved with low temperature intensity during the seedling stage. Further analysis through a genetic model showed that premature bolting ratios of crosses were mainly affected by additive × environment and dominance × environment interactions，with no significant by additive or dominance effects. This indicated that the premature bolting alleles were greatly influenced by environmental factors，but no significant by genes interaction.

Key words: carrot, premature bolting, low temperature, day length, genetic effects

YAN Lijuan, OU Chenggang, LIANG Chen, HU Tiankuo, LIU Xing, YANG Jing, LIN Guocang, and ZHUANG Feiyun. Response of Premature Bolting of Carrots Under Different Low Temperature and Day Length[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(6): 1588-1598.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Comparison of temperature and day length in plastic shed of Shunyi，Beijing and premature bolting ratios of different carrot parents and their crosses A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth in plastic shed；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h；D and E showed premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively. The orange and red lines represented the orange and red parents and their crosses，respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences （P < 0.05）by Duncan’s test. The same below

Fig. 2 Comparison of temperature and day length in Helingeer with premature bolting ratio of different carrot parents and their crosses A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h；D and E showed premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

Table 1 Analysis of genetic variance components of parents and their crosses premature bolting

参数 Parameter	方差分量 Variance component	分量占比/% Proportion
加性方差Additive variance（V_A）	ND	ND
显性方差Dominance variance（V_D）	5.36 ± 2.45^*	1.66 ± 2.48
加性 × 环境方差Additive × Environment interaction variance（V_AE）	106.02 ± 15.59^**	32.75 ± 3.78^**
显性 × 环境方差Dominance × Environment interaction variance（V_DE）	205.61 ± 24.71^**	63.52 ± 3.29^**
误差Error variance（V_E）	6.70 ± 2.96	2.07 ± 1.30
表型方差 Phenotype variance（V_p）	323.69 ± 35.32^**

Fig. 3 Predicted heterosis of carrot parents and their crosses premature bolting ratios A and B：Predicted additive × environment effect（VAE）and dominant × environment effect（VDE）of different carrot parents premature bolting in Shunyi and Helingeer，respectively；C：Predicted VDE of their crosses premature bolting in Shunyi and Helingeer，respectively. The orange and purple lines represented the orange and red parents and their crosses，respectively. * and ** were significant at the level of 0.05 and 0.01，respectively

Fig. 4 Temperature in plastic shed of Yongqiao，Anhui A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h

Fig. 5 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in plastic shed of Yongqiao，Anhui

Fig. 6 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in small shed of Xiangfu，Henan A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h； D：Premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

Fig. 7 Comparison of premature bolting ratios of crosses in Urumqi，Xinjiang A：The maximum and minimum temperature of a day during carrot growth；B：The days of minimum temperature below < 0，0-5 and 6-7 ℃ after carrot seedling；C：Day length during carrot growth，and the green dotted line showed that day length reaches 14 h； D：Premature bolting ratios of parents and their crosses，respectively

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Response of Premature Bolting of Carrots Under Different Low Temperature and Day Length

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