生物炭的制备方法及其在设施蔬菜中的应用研究进展

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0040

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

综述了不同生物炭制备方法的优劣以及施用生物炭对设施菜田土壤理化性质和根系及根际微生物的影响，重点介绍了生物炭对水肥利用率、菜田有害物和温室气体排放的影响及作用机制，系统阐述了生物炭在设施蔬菜上的农学效应和生态环境效益，分析了生物炭对设施蔬菜增产提质的效果，并对生物炭技术在中国设施农业的推广应用前景进行了展望。

关键词: 生物炭, 制备方法, 设施蔬菜, 土壤改良, 生态效益, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

In this review，the advantages and disadvantages of different biochar preparation methods，and the effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and roots and rhizosphere microorganisms of facilities vegetables，and focuses on the effects and mechanisms of biochar on water and fertilizer utilization rate，vegetable field hazards and greenhouse gas emissions，and systematically elaborates on the agricultural and eco-environment benefits of biochar application in facility vegetable were summarized. The analysis was conducted to assess the impact of biochar on enhancing vegetable yield and improving quality. The future application of biochar technology in facility agriculture in China was also prospected.

Key words: biochar, preparation method, facility vegetables, soil improvement, ecological benefits, yield, quality

任艺, 张益兴, 侯赛赛, 乜兰春, 李青云, 王鑫鑫. 生物炭的制备方法及其在设施蔬菜中的应用研究进展[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(3): 792-812.

REN Yi, ZHANG Yixing, HOU Saisai, NIE Lanchun, LI Qingyun, WANG Xinxin. Research Progress on the Preparation Method of Biochar and Its Application Effect on Returning to Field in Facility Vegetable Fields[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(3): 792-812.

图/表 5

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热解方法 Pyrolysis method	热解温度/℃ Pyrolysis temperature	热解时间 Pyrolysis time	生物炭产率/wt% Biochar yield	碳含量/% Carbon content	pH	比表面积/（m² · g^-1） Specific surface area	孔隙体积/（cm³ · g^-1） Pore volume	参考文献 Reference
高温热解技术 High temperature pyrolysis technology	200 ~ 1 200	> 5 min	5 ~ 50	40.92 ~ 70.89	3.25 ~ 11.54	10.00 ~ 800.00	0.04 ~ 14.86	Foong et al.，2020；Ippolito et al.，2020；Mousavi et al.，2023
水热碳化技术 Hydrothermal carbonization technology	150 ~ 800	0.5 ~ 24.0 h	27.40 ~ 80.00	16.90 ~ 74.26	2.00 ~ 10.00	2.79 ~ 842.00	0.03 ~ 0.57	Jian et al.，2018；张晓娟，2019；Sharma et al.，2020；李子富等，2022
气化技术 Gasification technology	100 ~1 500	—	11.36 ~ 30.00	37.06 ~ 91.00	7.00 ~ 12.00	14.30 ~ 1 829.09	0.03 ~ 1.01	Hansen et al.，2016；成亮等，2017；You et al.，2017；马中青等，2023
微波热解技术 Microwave pyrolysis technology	200 ~ 900	0.15 ~ 6.00 h	6 ~ 84	35.00 ~ 47.90	4.60 ~ 12.10	0.80 ~ 1 062.00	0.11 ~ 2.07	Nzediegwu et al.，2021；Hadiya et al.，2022；Su et al.，2022

热解方法 Pyrolysis method	热解温度/℃ Pyrolysis temperature	热解时间 Pyrolysis time	生物炭产率/wt% Biochar yield	碳含量/% Carbon content	pH	比表面积/（m² · g^-1） Specific surface area	孔隙体积/（cm³ · g^-1） Pore volume	参考文献 Reference
高温热解技术 High temperature pyrolysis technology	200 ~ 1 200	> 5 min	5 ~ 50	40.92 ~ 70.89	3.25 ~ 11.54	10.00 ~ 800.00	0.04 ~ 14.86	Foong et al.，2020；Ippolito et al.，2020；Mousavi et al.，2023
水热碳化技术 Hydrothermal carbonization technology	150 ~ 800	0.5 ~ 24.0 h	27.40 ~ 80.00	16.90 ~ 74.26	2.00 ~ 10.00	2.79 ~ 842.00	0.03 ~ 0.57	Jian et al.，2018；张晓娟，2019；Sharma et al.，2020；李子富等，2022
气化技术 Gasification technology	100 ~1 500	—	11.36 ~ 30.00	37.06 ~ 91.00	7.00 ~ 12.00	14.30 ~ 1 829.09	0.03 ~ 1.01	Hansen et al.，2016；成亮等，2017；You et al.，2017；马中青等，2023
微波热解技术 Microwave pyrolysis technology	200 ~ 900	0.15 ~ 6.00 h	6 ~ 84	35.00 ~ 47.90	4.60 ~ 12.10	0.80 ~ 1 062.00	0.11 ~ 2.07	Nzediegwu et al.，2021；Hadiya et al.，2022；Su et al.，2022

设施蔬菜 Facility vegetable	处理 Treatment	施用量/（t · hm^-2） Application rate	增产/% Increase production	品质Quality	参考文献 Reference
叶菜类 Leafy vegetables	生物炭 Biochar 生物炭基肥 Biochar based fertilizer 生物炭 + 常规水肥 Biochar + Conventional water fertilizer 生物炭 + 减施化肥 Biochar + Reduce fertilizer 生物炭 + 园林废弃堆腐物 Biochar + Garden waste litter 生物炭 + 醋糟基质 Biochar + Vinegar grains matrix 生物炭调理剂 Biochar conditioners 生物炭 + 有机肥＋减施化肥 Biochar + Organic fertilizer + Reduced fertilizer	2.00 ~ 10	5.83 ~ 64.82	硝酸盐含量降低10.88% ~ 48.24%，维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别增加7.21% ~ 67.42%、6.58% ~ 49.89% Nitrate content decreased by 10.88%-48.24%，vitamin C and soluble sugar content increased by 7.21%-67.42% and 6.58%-49.89%，respectively	陈延华等，2015；廖上强等，2015；李建勇等，2019；王文晓，2019；徐孟泽等，2020；殷武平等，2023
茄果类 Eggplant fruit	生物炭Biochar 生物炭基肥Biochar based fertilizer 生物炭+常规水肥 Biochar + Conventional water fertilizer 生物炭 + 草木灰 + EM菌 Biochar + Plant ash + EM bacteria 生物炭 + 生物基质（1︰1） Biochar + Biomatrix（1︰1）生物炭 + 泥炭 + 腐植酸 Biochar + Peat + Humic acid 生物炭 + 蚯蚓 Biochar + Earthworm 生物炭 + 1.3 L混合酚酸溶液 Biochar + 1.3 L mixed phenolic acid solution	0.75 ~ 60	4.29 ~ 248.37	硝酸盐含量降低4.24% ~ 66.35%，维生素C含量、可溶性糖和糖酸比分别提高3.26% ~ 69.50%、3.78% ~ 104.60%和2.82% ~ 69.23% Nitrate content decreased by 4.24% ~ 66.35%，vitamin C content，soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio increased by 3.26%-69.50%，3.78%-104.60% and 2.82%-69.23%，respectively	乔志刚等，2014；王育红等，2015；牛亚茹等，2017；刘传云等，2020；吴珏等，2020；范拴喜等，2021；涂玉婷等，2022；吴泽帅，2021；周冉冉，2021

设施蔬菜 Facility vegetable	处理 Treatment	施用量/（t · hm^-2） Application rate	增产/% Increase production	品质Quality	参考文献 Reference
叶菜类 Leafy vegetables	生物炭 Biochar 生物炭基肥 Biochar based fertilizer 生物炭 + 常规水肥 Biochar + Conventional water fertilizer 生物炭 + 减施化肥 Biochar + Reduce fertilizer 生物炭 + 园林废弃堆腐物 Biochar + Garden waste litter 生物炭 + 醋糟基质 Biochar + Vinegar grains matrix 生物炭调理剂 Biochar conditioners 生物炭 + 有机肥＋减施化肥 Biochar + Organic fertilizer + Reduced fertilizer	2.00 ~ 10	5.83 ~ 64.82	硝酸盐含量降低10.88% ~ 48.24%，维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别增加7.21% ~ 67.42%、6.58% ~ 49.89% Nitrate content decreased by 10.88%-48.24%，vitamin C and soluble sugar content increased by 7.21%-67.42% and 6.58%-49.89%，respectively	陈延华等，2015；廖上强等，2015；李建勇等，2019；王文晓，2019；徐孟泽等，2020；殷武平等，2023
茄果类 Eggplant fruit	生物炭Biochar 生物炭基肥Biochar based fertilizer 生物炭+常规水肥 Biochar + Conventional water fertilizer 生物炭 + 草木灰 + EM菌 Biochar + Plant ash + EM bacteria 生物炭 + 生物基质（1︰1） Biochar + Biomatrix（1︰1）生物炭 + 泥炭 + 腐植酸 Biochar + Peat + Humic acid 生物炭 + 蚯蚓 Biochar + Earthworm 生物炭 + 1.3 L混合酚酸溶液 Biochar + 1.3 L mixed phenolic acid solution	0.75 ~ 60	4.29 ~ 248.37	硝酸盐含量降低4.24% ~ 66.35%，维生素C含量、可溶性糖和糖酸比分别提高3.26% ~ 69.50%、3.78% ~ 104.60%和2.82% ~ 69.23% Nitrate content decreased by 4.24% ~ 66.35%，vitamin C content，soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio increased by 3.26%-69.50%，3.78%-104.60% and 2.82%-69.23%，respectively	乔志刚等，2014；王育红等，2015；牛亚茹等，2017；刘传云等，2020；吴珏等，2020；范拴喜等，2021；涂玉婷等，2022；吴泽帅，2021；周冉冉，2021