生物肥和有机肥对桃重茬土理化性状和细菌群落的改善作用

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0604

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以种植3年的桃育苗地为研究对象，设置未处理（对照）、生物有机肥、硫酸亚铁、松土精、枯草芽孢杆菌和农家肥6个处理，通过田间定位试验探究了不同处理对重茬育苗地土壤理化性质和细菌群落的影响。结果表明：不同处理均提高了土壤中养分元素的含量。较对照，生物有机肥处理的土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁和有效锌的含量分别增加了44.30%、62.18%、58.82%、9.20%、92.97%、80.18%、93.98%、31.77%和94.51%，土壤pH降低了11.15%，而土壤含盐量和电导率分别增加了85.71%和89.29%。此外，不同处理均提高了土壤中细菌的多样性，尤其是农家肥和枯草芽孢杆菌处理显著提高了土壤中细菌的丰度和多样性；农家肥处理促进了土壤氨基酸和碳水化合物的代谢，且增加了细菌群落之间的协同作用，提高了细菌群落的稳定性。相关性分析表明土壤细菌群落特征主要受土壤全钾、钾离子、氯离子、速效钾、镁离子、有效铁、有机质含量、pH和电导率的影响。与对照相比，不同处理均提高了桃苗株高、茎粗以及叶绿素含量，尤其生物有机肥和农家肥处理对苗木生长具有更强促进作用。综上，生物有机肥和农家肥处理能够在一定程度上改善桃重茬育苗地土壤的理化性状和微生物群落特征，同时加快了桃苗的快速生长。

关键词: 桃, 连作障碍, 土壤改良, 理化性质, 微生物群落

Abstract:

To explore the effects of different improvement measures on the soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial communities in a peach continuous cropping field. The peach seedling cultivation field planted for three years was collected and six treatments were established in the field experiment including the untreated（control），bio-organic fertilizer，ferrous sulfate，grondverbeteraar，bacillus subtilis and farmyard manure，and the effects of different improvement measures on soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial communities in the peach continuous cropping were investigated through a locational field trial. The results showed that the different treatments increased the content of nutrient elements in the soils. Compared with the control，the content of organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，total potassium，alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，available iron and available zinc in the soil of the treatment of bio-organic fertilizer increased by 44.30%，62.18%，58.82%，9.20%，92.97%，80.18%，93.98%，31.77% and 94.51%，respectively. Compared with the control，the soil pH decreased by 11.15%，and the soil salt content and conductivity increased by 85.71% and 89.29%，respectively. Moreover，the different treatments increased the number of bacterial OTUs and bacterial diversity in the soil. Compared with the control，the farmyard manure and bacillus subtilis treatment significantly increased the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the soils，the treatment of farmyard manure promoted the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates in the soil，increased the synergistic effect between bacterial communities，and improved the stability of bacterial communities in the soils. Correlation analysis showed that the soil bacterial community characteristics were mainly affected by the soil total potassium，potassium ion，chloride ion，available potassium，magnesium ion，available iron，organic matter，pH and conductivity. Generally，compared with the control，the different treatments increased the height，stem thickness，and chlorophyll content of peach seedlings，especially the bio-organic and farmyard manure treatments promoted seedling growth. The results showed that the treatments of bio-organic fertilizer and farm manure can improve the physical and chemical properties and the microbial community characteristics of the soil in peach continuous cropping field. They also accelerate the growth of peach seedlings.

Key words: peach, recropping, soil improvement, physiochemical property, microbial community

张帆, 杨阳, 王鸿, 张雪冰. 生物肥和有机肥对桃重茬土理化性状和细菌群落的改善作用[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(9): 2089-2104.

ZHANG Fan, YANG Yang, WANG Hong, ZHANG Xuebing. Improving Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Communities of Peach-Heavy Soils Using Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(9): 2089-2104.

图/表 10

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处理 Treatment	主要成分及含量 Main ingredient content	施用量/（kg · m^-2） Application rate
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertiliser	有效活菌数（枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌）≥ 0.2 × 10⁸· g^-1，有机质 ≥ 40.0% Effective number of live bacteria（bacillus subtilis，bacillus licheniformis）≥ 0.2 × 10⁸· g^-1，organic matter ≥ 40.0%	5
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	FeSO₄ ≥ 99.0%	0.5
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	聚丙烯酰胺 ≥ 99.0% Polyacrylamide ≥ 99.0%	0.025
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	枯草芽孢杆菌 ≥ 400 × 10⁸· g^-1 Bacillus subtilis ≥ 400 × 10⁸· g^-1	0.02
农家肥（牛粪︰羊粪 = 2︰1，完全腐熟） Farmyard manure（cow dung︰sheep dung 2︰1，fully rotted）	有机质17.67%，全氮0.53%，全磷0.37%，全钾0.13% Organic matter 17.67%，Total N 0.53%，Total P 0.37%，Total K 0.13%	5

处理 Treatment	主要成分及含量 Main ingredient content	施用量/（kg · m^-2） Application rate
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertiliser	有效活菌数（枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌）≥ 0.2 × 10⁸· g^-1，有机质 ≥ 40.0% Effective number of live bacteria（bacillus subtilis，bacillus licheniformis）≥ 0.2 × 10⁸· g^-1，organic matter ≥ 40.0%	5
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	FeSO₄ ≥ 99.0%	0.5
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	聚丙烯酰胺 ≥ 99.0% Polyacrylamide ≥ 99.0%	0.025
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	枯草芽孢杆菌 ≥ 400 × 10⁸· g^-1 Bacillus subtilis ≥ 400 × 10⁸· g^-1	0.02
农家肥（牛粪︰羊粪 = 2︰1，完全腐熟） Farmyard manure（cow dung︰sheep dung 2︰1，fully rotted）	有机质17.67%，全氮0.53%，全磷0.37%，全钾0.13% Organic matter 17.67%，Total N 0.53%，Total P 0.37%，Total K 0.13%	5

处理 Treatment	pH	全盐量/% Total salt content		电导率/ （mS · cm^-1） EC	g · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	pH	全盐量/% Total salt content		电导率/ （mS · cm^-1） EC	全氮 Total N		全磷 Total P		全钾 Total K	有机质 Organic matter
对照Control	8.61 ± 0.02 a	0.07 ± 0.28 c		0.28 ± 0.02 d	1.19 ± 0.03 d		0.85 ± 0.05 d		16.85 ± 0.02 d	19.82 ± 0.01 d
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	7.65 ± 0.03 e	0.13 ± 0.01 a		0.53 ± 0.02 a	1.93 ± 0.02 a		1.35 ± 0.02 a		18.40 ± 0.04 a	28.60 ± 0.02 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	7.95 ± 0.01 d	0.12 ± 0.02 b		0.49 ± 0.02 a	1.33 ± 0.04 c		1.04 ± 0.02 b		17.95 ± 0.03 b	21.73 ± 0.03 c
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	8.01 ± 0.02 c	0.10 ± 0.01 b		0.41 ± 0.01 b	1.18 ± 0.02 d		0.98 ± 0.01 c		18.00 ± 0.03 b	18.12 ± 0.02 f
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	8.16 ± 0.01 b	0.09 ± 0.01 b		0.35 ± 0.01 c	1.54 ± 0.02 b		1.01 ± 0.02 bc		16.91 ± 0.02 d	18.41 ± 0.01 e
农家肥 Farmyard manure	8.16 ± 0.01 b	0.09 ± 0.01 b		0.34 ± 0.02 c	1.33 ± 0.01 c		1.04 ± 0.02 b		17.81 ± 0.01 c	23.52 ± 0.03 b
处理 Treatment	mg · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzale N		有效磷 Available P	速效钾 Available K		有效锌 Available Zn		有效铁 Available Fe
对照Control	116.08 ± 0.03 f		24.32 ± 0.03 e	144.00 ± 1.00 d		3.46 ± 0.02 d		9.41 ± 0.01 f
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	224.00 ± 0.02 a		43.82 ± 0.02 a	279.33 ± 1.53 a		6.73 ± 0.04 a		12.40 ± 0.01 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	150.10 ± 0.03 c		28.82 ± 0.03 c	160.67 ± 1.15 c		3.16 ± 0.02 e		11.89 ± 0.02 b
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	132.23 ± 0.03 d		23.78 ± 0.03 f	115.00 ± 1.00 e		2.85 ± 0.01 f		9.61 ± 0.01 e
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	164.11 ± 0.03 b		24.44 ± 0.03 d	114.00 ± 1.73 e		3.82 ± 0.84 c		9.82 ± 0.02 d
农家肥 Farmyard manure	124.34 ± 0.03 e		35.13 ± 0.03 b	258.67 ± 2.08 b		4.29 ± 0.01 b		10.21 ± 0.02 c
处理 Treatment	g · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	K⁺		Na⁺	Ca²⁺		Mg²⁺		Cl^-
对照Control	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.10 ± 0.01 a	0.16 ± 0.01 d		0.04 ± 0.01 c		0.14 ± 0.01 b
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	0.12 ± 0.01 a		0.09 ± 0.01 ab	0.29 ± 0.01 b		0.06 ± 0.02 a		0.26 ± 0.01 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	0.08 ± 0.02 c		0.06 ± 0.00 c	0.32 ± 0.01 a		0.07 ± 0.01 a		0.12 ± 0.01 b
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.07 ± 0.01 b	0.24 ± 0.01 c		0.06 ± 0.01 b		0.05 ± 0.03 c
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.07 ± 0.01 b	0.22 ± 0.02 d		0.05 ± 0.01 b		0.06 ± 0.01 c
农家肥 Farmyard manure	0.10 ± 0.02 b		0.09 ± 0.02 ab	0.18 ± 0.0 1d		0.05 ± 0.01 b		0.25 ± 0.02 a

处理 Treatment	pH	全盐量/% Total salt content		电导率/ （mS · cm^-1） EC	g · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	pH	全盐量/% Total salt content		电导率/ （mS · cm^-1） EC	全氮 Total N		全磷 Total P		全钾 Total K	有机质 Organic matter
对照Control	8.61 ± 0.02 a	0.07 ± 0.28 c		0.28 ± 0.02 d	1.19 ± 0.03 d		0.85 ± 0.05 d		16.85 ± 0.02 d	19.82 ± 0.01 d
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	7.65 ± 0.03 e	0.13 ± 0.01 a		0.53 ± 0.02 a	1.93 ± 0.02 a		1.35 ± 0.02 a		18.40 ± 0.04 a	28.60 ± 0.02 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	7.95 ± 0.01 d	0.12 ± 0.02 b		0.49 ± 0.02 a	1.33 ± 0.04 c		1.04 ± 0.02 b		17.95 ± 0.03 b	21.73 ± 0.03 c
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	8.01 ± 0.02 c	0.10 ± 0.01 b		0.41 ± 0.01 b	1.18 ± 0.02 d		0.98 ± 0.01 c		18.00 ± 0.03 b	18.12 ± 0.02 f
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	8.16 ± 0.01 b	0.09 ± 0.01 b		0.35 ± 0.01 c	1.54 ± 0.02 b		1.01 ± 0.02 bc		16.91 ± 0.02 d	18.41 ± 0.01 e
农家肥 Farmyard manure	8.16 ± 0.01 b	0.09 ± 0.01 b		0.34 ± 0.02 c	1.33 ± 0.01 c		1.04 ± 0.02 b		17.81 ± 0.01 c	23.52 ± 0.03 b
处理 Treatment	mg · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzale N		有效磷 Available P	速效钾 Available K		有效锌 Available Zn		有效铁 Available Fe
对照Control	116.08 ± 0.03 f		24.32 ± 0.03 e	144.00 ± 1.00 d		3.46 ± 0.02 d		9.41 ± 0.01 f
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	224.00 ± 0.02 a		43.82 ± 0.02 a	279.33 ± 1.53 a		6.73 ± 0.04 a		12.40 ± 0.01 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	150.10 ± 0.03 c		28.82 ± 0.03 c	160.67 ± 1.15 c		3.16 ± 0.02 e		11.89 ± 0.02 b
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	132.23 ± 0.03 d		23.78 ± 0.03 f	115.00 ± 1.00 e		2.85 ± 0.01 f		9.61 ± 0.01 e
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	164.11 ± 0.03 b		24.44 ± 0.03 d	114.00 ± 1.73 e		3.82 ± 0.84 c		9.82 ± 0.02 d
农家肥 Farmyard manure	124.34 ± 0.03 e		35.13 ± 0.03 b	258.67 ± 2.08 b		4.29 ± 0.01 b		10.21 ± 0.02 c
处理 Treatment	g · kg^-1
处理 Treatment	K⁺		Na⁺	Ca²⁺		Mg²⁺		Cl^-
对照Control	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.10 ± 0.01 a	0.16 ± 0.01 d		0.04 ± 0.01 c		0.14 ± 0.01 b
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	0.12 ± 0.01 a		0.09 ± 0.01 ab	0.29 ± 0.01 b		0.06 ± 0.02 a		0.26 ± 0.01 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	0.08 ± 0.02 c		0.06 ± 0.00 c	0.32 ± 0.01 a		0.07 ± 0.01 a		0.12 ± 0.01 b
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.07 ± 0.01 b	0.24 ± 0.01 c		0.06 ± 0.01 b		0.05 ± 0.03 c
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	0.07 ± 0.00 d		0.07 ± 0.01 b	0.22 ± 0.02 d		0.05 ± 0.01 b		0.06 ± 0.01 c
农家肥 Farmyard manure	0.10 ± 0.02 b		0.09 ± 0.02 ab	0.18 ± 0.0 1d		0.05 ± 0.01 b		0.25 ± 0.02 a

处理 Treatment	株高/cm Plant height	茎粗/cm Stem thickness	叶绿素a含量/（mg · L^-1） Chlorophyll a content	叶绿素b含量/（mg · L^-1） Chlorophyll b content
对照Control	72.76 ± 0.53 d	0.78 ± 0.02 f	14.47 ± 0.37 f	2.64 ± 0.00 f
生物有机肥 Bio-organic fertilizer	162.91 ± 5.62 a	1.58 ± 0.05 b	23.69 ± 0.31 a	4.44 ± 0.00 a
硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate	88.32 ± 12.62 c	1.27 ± 0.03 d	16.56 ± 0.31 e	3.08 ± 0.18 d
松土精 Grondverbeteraar	79.02 ± 3.68 d	1.18 ± 0.01 e	19.54 ± 0.28 c	2.87 ± 0.00 e
枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus	129.85 ± 7.39 b	1.37 ± 0.01 c	19.55 ± 0.01 c	3.21 ± 0.00 c
农家肥 Farmyard manure	179.75 ± 7.02 a	1.76 ± 0.06 a	22.77 ± 0.20 b	4.02 ± 0.15 b