化肥减施配施菌剂对葡萄园土壤细菌群落多样性及果实品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0227

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以‘新郁’葡萄10年果园为对象，设化肥减施梯度（减施10%、20%、30%），并冲施微生物菌剂（贝莱雅农用微生物菌剂，含贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌，有效活菌数100.00亿 · mL^-1），测定土壤基本理化性质和果实品质，同时采用高通量测序技术分析各处理根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性，研究化肥减施配施微生物菌剂对葡萄园土壤微细菌群落结构和果实品质的影响。结果表明，化肥减施配施菌剂处理没有改变土壤细菌门的种类和优势菌群，有益菌变形菌门为优势菌门，但化肥减施配施菌剂改变了菌群的相对丰度，化肥减施20%和30%土壤中的变形菌门相对丰度高于对照，化肥减施20%配施菌剂的相对丰度最高是35.90%。化肥减施10%、20%、30%配施菌剂后土壤酸杆菌门相对丰度（7.67%、11.64%、13.59%）均低于对照（15.64%）。适当的化肥减施配施微生物菌剂可以增加土壤Chao1指数和香农指数，提高土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性。化肥减施配施菌剂可不同程度降低土壤pH值、速效氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷含量，提高了土壤全氮含量；改善果实着色，提升果实品质。化肥减施20%配施300倍液贝莱雅菌剂的果实色泽指数、可溶性固形物含量、产量均最高，分别是4.20、18.54 °Brix、52.59 kg · hm^-2，整体效果较好。

关键词: 葡萄, 果园, 化肥减施, 微生物菌剂, 细菌群落结构, 果实品质

Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reduced chemical fertilizer（10%，20%，30% reduction）application combined with microbial inoculants（Beilaiya agricultural microbial agent containing Bacillus velezensis，B. subtilis，and B. licheniformis，with an effective viable count of 10.0 × 10⁹ CFU · mL^-1）on soil physicochemical properties and fruit quality in the 10-year-old vineyard，meanwhile，high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze structural diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities under different treatments. The results showed that reduced chemical fertilizer combined with microbial inoculants did not alter bacterial phyla composition or dominant bacterial communities in soil. Proteobacteria，the beneficial phylum，remained dominant. However，the reduced chemical fertilizer combined with microbial inoculants changed the relative abundance of bacterial communities. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in soils with 20% and 30% fertilizer reduction was higher than that in the control. The highest relative abundance reached 35.90% under 20% fertilizer reduction combined with microbial inoculants. The relative abundance of soil Acidobacteria under 10%，20% and 30% fertilizer reduction combined with microbial inoculants was lower than the control（15.64%），reaching 7.67%，11.64% and 13.59%. Reduced chemical fertilizer combined with microbial inoculants decreased soil pH，available nitrogen，total potassium，total phosphorus and available phosphorus to varying degrees，while increasing soil total nitrogen content. Meanwhile，fruit coloration and comprehensive quality were significantly improved. Among all treatments，the 20% fertilizer reduction coupled with 300-fold dilution microbial inoculants achieved the maximum fruit color index of red grape（CIRG）value，soluble solids content and yield，which were 4.20，18.54 °Brix and 52.59 kg · hm^-2，respectively.

Key words: grape, orchard, chemical fertilizer reduction, microbial inoculant, community structure, berry quality

户金鸽, 白世践, 孙瑞峰, 郑利剑, 沙勇龙, 伍国红. 化肥减施配施菌剂对葡萄园土壤细菌群落多样性及果实品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(8): 2400-2414.

HU Jin’ge, BAI Shijian, SUN Ruifeng, ZHENG Lijian, SHA Yonglong, WU Guohong. Effects of Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Microbial Inoculants on Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Berry Quality in Vineyard[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(8): 2400-2414.

图/表 10

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化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	坐果期 Fruiting period			膨大期 Expansion period			转色期 Veraison period
化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）
对照Control	17.37	6.98	—	26.63	12.50	12.00	—	12.50	12.00
10	15.33	7.28	—	21.26	11.97	12.00	—	11.97	12.00
20	13.89	5.58	—	18.90	9.99	12.00	—	9.99	12.00
30	12.16	4.84	—	16.58	8.75	12.00	—	8.75	12.00

化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	坐果期 Fruiting period			膨大期 Expansion period			转色期 Veraison period
化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）	氮素N/（g · m^-2）	磷酸P₂O₅/（g · m^-2）	钾素K₂O/（g · m^-2）
对照Control	17.37	6.98	—	26.63	12.50	12.00	—	12.50	12.00
10	15.33	7.28	—	21.26	11.97	12.00	—	11.97	12.00
20	13.89	5.58	—	18.90	9.99	12.00	—	9.99	12.00
30	12.16	4.84	—	16.58	8.75	12.00	—	8.75	12.00

化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	pH	有机质/% Organic matter	全氮/（mg · kg^-1） Total nitrogen	速效氮/（mg · kg^-1） Available nitrogen
对照Control	8.20 ± 0.04 a	2.79 ± 0.04 b	670.30 ± 25.36 c	76.55 ± 1.02 a
10	8.12 ± 0.03 a	4.58 ± 0.81 a	850.30 ± 12.18 a	61.85 ± 1.54 b
20	8.08 ± 0.03 a	4.14 ± 0.24 a	804.82 ± 23.50 ab	53.37 ± 1.82 c
30	7.61 ± 0.51 b	2.35 ± 0.05 b	761.97 ± 15.90 b	76.49 ± 1.11 a
化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	全钾/（mg · kg^-1） Total potassium	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium	全磷/% Total phosphorus	速效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus
对照Control	3 046.88 ± 172.75 a	66.87 ± 4.23 a	0.10 ± 0.01 a	7.73 ± 1.74 a
10	2 904.15 ± 405.27 ab	61.27 ± 9.63 a	0.07 ± 0.03 ab	5.58 ± 0.21 a
20	2 732.02 ± 130.89 ab	61.70 ± 9.95 a	0.04 ± 0.01 b	5.73 ± 0.68 a
30	2 374.68 ± 221.51 b	69.18 ± 8.90 a	0.06 ± 0.00 ab	6.38 ± 0.16 a

化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	pH	有机质/% Organic matter	全氮/（mg · kg^-1） Total nitrogen	速效氮/（mg · kg^-1） Available nitrogen
对照Control	8.20 ± 0.04 a	2.79 ± 0.04 b	670.30 ± 25.36 c	76.55 ± 1.02 a
10	8.12 ± 0.03 a	4.58 ± 0.81 a	850.30 ± 12.18 a	61.85 ± 1.54 b
20	8.08 ± 0.03 a	4.14 ± 0.24 a	804.82 ± 23.50 ab	53.37 ± 1.82 c
30	7.61 ± 0.51 b	2.35 ± 0.05 b	761.97 ± 15.90 b	76.49 ± 1.11 a
化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	全钾/（mg · kg^-1） Total potassium	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium	全磷/% Total phosphorus	速效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus
对照Control	3 046.88 ± 172.75 a	66.87 ± 4.23 a	0.10 ± 0.01 a	7.73 ± 1.74 a
10	2 904.15 ± 405.27 ab	61.27 ± 9.63 a	0.07 ± 0.03 ab	5.58 ± 0.21 a
20	2 732.02 ± 130.89 ab	61.70 ± 9.95 a	0.04 ± 0.01 b	5.73 ± 0.68 a
30	2 374.68 ± 221.51 b	69.18 ± 8.90 a	0.06 ± 0.00 ab	6.38 ± 0.16 a

化肥减施比例/% Rate of fertilizer reduction	原始序列 Raw tags	优化序列数 Clean tags	覆盖度 Coverage
对照Control	79 944 ± 84 a	74 090 ± 224 a	0.9986 ± 0.0001 a
10	80 001 ± 77 a	73 415 ± 297 a	0.9975 ± 0.0016 a
20	79 962 ± 286 a	74 349 ± 292 a	0.9986 ± 0.0002 a
30	80 072 ± 70 a	74 170 ± 164 a	0.9994 ± 0.0004 a