老龄核桃园与葡萄园土壤对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2026-0255

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材，设置老龄核桃园、葡萄园土壤及与其相应的灭菌土壤4个处理，测定幼苗生长发育情况、土壤化感物质与致病菌种类，解析老龄园土对换茬栽植的平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，与灭菌土壤相比，未灭菌的老龄果园土壤处理显著抑制平邑甜茶幼苗的生长，表现为生物量、根系活力及根系保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性降低，丙二醛（MDA）含量升高，土壤细菌/真菌比值下降。对两种老龄果园土壤中化感物质及微生物群落进行分析发现，土壤中富集了对羟基苯甲酸（p-hydroxybenzoic acid）、苯丙酸（benzoic acid）、胡桃醌（juglone）、阿魏酸（ferulic acid）、没食子酸（gallic acid）等酚酸类化感物质，以及镰刀菌（Fusarium）、曲霉菌（Aspergillus）、链格孢菌（Alternaria）等潜在致病菌属。通过外源添加酚酸与接种验证试验发现，上述主要化感物质及致病菌均能显著抑制平邑甜茶幼苗生长。综上，老龄葡萄园与核桃园土壤中累积的化感物质和有害微生物是抑制后茬平邑甜茶幼苗生长的主要原因，这两种老果园均不适宜直接换茬栽植蔷薇科苹果。

关键词: 果园, 换茬更新, 化感物质, 致病菌

Abstract:

To investigate the impact of aged walnut and grape orchards soil on the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings，this study used M. hupehensis seedlings as test materials and set up four groups of treatments：aged walnut orchard soil，aged grape orchard soil，and their sterilized soil. The growth and development of the seedlings，soil allelopathic substances，and pathogenic bacteria types were measured to analyze the impact of aged orchard soils on the growth of M. hupehensis seedlings. The results showed that the untreated old walnut orchard soil and old grape orchard soil inhibited the growth of M. hupehensis seedlings，which was manifested by the decrease of biomass，root activity and the activity of root protective enzymes（SOD，POD，CAT），the increase of malondialdehyde（MDA）content，the decrease of soil bacteria/fungi ratio. The content of allelopathic substances and microbial community structure in two kinds of aged orchard soils were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the soil was enriched with allelopathic substances such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid，phenylpropionic acid，quercus quinone，ferulic acid and gallic acid，and potential pathogenic bacteria genus such as Fusarium，Aspergillus and Alternaria alternata. Further validation was conducted through exogenous addition allelopathic substances and inoculation pathogenic bacteria. The above mentioned allelopathic substances and pathogenic bacteria could significantly inhibit the growth of M. hupehensis seedlings. In conclusion，the main reason for the growth inhibition of the next crop seedings is the accumulation of phytochemicals and harmful microorganisms in the soil of aged vineyards and walnut orchards，neither is suitable for direct crop rotation planting of apple seedlings.

Key words: orchards, crop rotation, allelopathic substances, pathogenic bacteria

秦磊, 卢磊, 唐金, 于雅静, 尹承苗, 姜伟涛, 毛志泉. 老龄核桃园与葡萄园土壤对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(7): 2129-2143.

QIN Lei, LU Lei, TANG Jin, YU Yajing, YIN Chengmiao, JIANG Weitao, MAO Zhiquan. The Effects of Aged Walnut and Grape Orchards Soil on the Growth of Malus hupehensis Seedlings[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(7): 2129-2143.

图/表 14

表1 不同老龄果园土壤处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

Table 1 Effect of different aged soil treatments on growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings

处理	株高/cm	地径/mm	鲜质量/g	干质量/g
Treatment	Plant height	Ground diameter	Fresh weight	Dry weight
H1	44.67 ± 3.38 b	6.48 ± 0.11 b	53.82 ± 0.32 b	21.68 ± 3.12 b
H2	54.33 ± 3.53 a	7.37 ± 0.21 a	79.66 ± 0.57 a	31.15 ± 0.69 a
P1	47.23 ± 0.88 b	7.31 ± 0.04 b	68.82 ± 0.63 b	28.29 ± 2.31 b
P2	64.56 ± 1.20 a	10.09 ± 0.93 a	119.39 ± 3.56 a	47.02 ± 3.49 a

表2 不同老龄果园土壤处理对平邑甜茶幼苗根系的影响

Table 2 Effects of different aged soil treatments on root system of Malus hupehensis seedlings

处理 Treatment	根长/cm Root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface	根体积/cm³ Root volume	根尖数 Root tips	根系活力/ （μmol · h^-1 · g^-1FW）
处理 Treatment	根长/cm Root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface	根体积/cm³ Root volume	根尖数 Root tips	Root active
H1	1 157.80 ± 113.11 b	174.31 ± 75.22 b	10.90 ± 4.28 b	2 175.23 ± 107.91 b	34.93 ± 2.21 b
H2	2 268.47 ± 101.36 a	239.61 ± 59.30 a	21.96 ± 2.16 a	4 526.48 ± 131.07 a	54.72 ± 1.49 a
P1	2 173.21 ± 117.11 b	190.45 ± 35.07 b	10.59 ± 3.12 b	2 175.39 ± 138.01 b	42.51 ± 1.17 b
P2	3 523.57 ± 101.36 a	286.91 ± 41.38 a	23.03 ± 3.27 a	5 516.87 ± 114.30 a	71.09 ± 1.56 a

表3 不同老龄果园土壤处理对平邑甜茶幼苗根系保护性酶活性和MDA含量的影响

Table 3 Effects of different aged orchard treatments on protective enzyme activities and MDA content in root systems of Malus hupehensis seedlings

处理Treatment	SOD/（U · min^-1 · g^-1FW）	POD/（U · min^-1 · g^-1FW）	CAT/（U · min^-1 · g^-1FW）	MDA/（μmol · g^-1FW）
H1	82.91 ± 0.21 b	13.62 ± 0.52 b	12.45 ± 0.97 b	1.09 ± 0.06 a
H2	107.20 ± 0.68 a	23.17 ± 0.61 a	27.37 ± 1.60 a	0.52 ± 0.02 b
P1	102.26 ± 0.83 b	16.33 ± 0.21 b	15.62 ± 1.14 b	1.12 ± 0.12 a
P2	133.87 ± 0.65 a	28.46 ± 0.84 a	26.36 ± 1.53 a	0.42 ± 0.27 b

表4 不同处理对老龄果园土壤中可培养微生物数量的影响

Table 4 Effects of different treatments on the number of cultivatable microorganisms in aged orchard soil

处理 Treatment	细菌/（×10⁵ CFU · g^-1） Bacteria	真菌/（×10³ CFU · g^-1） Fungi	细菌与真菌比值 The ratio of bacteria and fungi
H1	36.67 ± 1.52 a	27.00 ± 1.67 a	135.81 ± 1.51 b
H2	9.67 ± 0.36 b	3.00 ± 0.21 b	322.33 ± 3.59 a
P1	27.67 ± 1.33 a	22.12 ± 0.72 a	125.09 ± 1.36 b
P2	6.67 ± 0.52 b	3.00 ± 0.15 b	222.33 ± 2.52 a

图1 不同地区老龄核桃园（A）和葡萄园（B）的土壤真菌群落组成 NH：泰安市满庄镇老龄核桃园；YH：淄博市沂源县老龄核桃园；NP：泰安市满庄镇老龄葡萄园；YP：淄博市沂源县老龄葡萄园；PP：烟台市蓬莱区老龄葡萄园

Fig. 1 Composition of soil fungal communities in aged walnut orchards（A）and vineyards（B）across different regions NH：The aged walnut orchard in Manzhuang Town，Tai’an City；YH：The aged walnut orchard in Yiyuan County，Zibo City；NP：The aged vineyard in Manzhuang Town，Tai’an City；YP：The aged vineyard in Yiyuan County，Zibo City；PP：The aged vineyard in Penglai District，Yantai City

图2 老龄核桃园植株根际土壤及病根中分离纯化的真菌

Fig. 2 Isolation and purification of fungi from rhizosphere soil and diseased roots of aged walnut orchards

图3 老龄核桃园土壤中致病菌的鉴定 A：用无菌蒸馏水处理的对照；B：接种棘孢曲霉；C：接种尖孢镰刀菌（isolate GY20）；D：棘孢曲霉菌丝培养形态；E：尖孢镰刀菌（isolate GY20）菌丝培养形态；F：尖孢镰刀菌（isolate GY20）孢子形态；G：棘孢曲霉孢子形态

Fig. 3 Identification of pathogenic bacteria in soil of old walnut orchard A：Control treated with sterile distilled water；B：Inoculate with Aspergillus spinosus；C：Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum isolate GY20；D：Culture on potato-dextrose agar medium of Aspergillus spinosus；E：Culture on potato-dextrose agar medium of Fusarium oxysporum isolate GY20；F：Spore morphology of Fusarium oxysporum isolate GY20；G：Spore morphology of Aspergillus spinosus

图4 棘孢曲霉（A）和尖孢镰刀菌（B）系统发育树

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree of isolated strains of Aspergillus aculeatus（A）and Fusarium oxysporum（B）

图5 老龄葡萄园植株根际土壤及病根中分离纯化的45株真菌

Fig. 5 Isolation and purification of 45 fungi from rhizosphere soil and diseased roots of aged grapevines

图6 老龄葡萄园土壤中致病菌的鉴定 A：用无菌蒸馏水处理的对照；B：接种链格孢菌；C：接种尖孢镰刀菌（isolate A1S3-D6）；D：链格孢菌菌丝培养形态；E：尖孢镰刀菌（isolate A1S3-D6）菌丝培养形态；F：尖孢镰刀菌（isolate A1S3-D6）孢子形态；G：链格孢菌孢子形态

Fig. 6 Identification of pathogenic bacteria in soil of old grapevines orchard A：Control treated with sterile distilled water；B：Inoculate with Alternaria alternata；C：Inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum isolate A1S3-D6；D：Culture on potato-dextrose agar medium of Alternaria alternata；E：Culture on potato-dextrose agar medium of Fusarium oxysporum isolate A1S3-D6；F：Spore morphology of Fusarium oxysporum isolate A1S3-D6；G：Spore morphology of Alternaria alternate

图7 链格孢菌（A）和尖孢镰刀菌（B）系统发育树

Fig. 7 Phylogenetic tree of isolated strains of Alternaria alternata（A）and Fusarium oxysporum（B）

表5 接种不同核桃园和葡萄园土壤致病真菌对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

Table 5 Effects of inoculating pathogenic fungi from walnut and grape orchard soil on the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings

土壤	处理	株高/cm	鲜质量/g	干质量/g	致病力/%
Soil	Treatment	Plant height	Fresh weight	Dry weight	Disease intensity
	对照 Control	15.87 ± 1.91 a	3.11 ± 0.21 a	1.54 ± 0.07 a	—
核桃园Walnut orchard	YS-H2-4	10.47 ± 0.34 b	2.19 ± 0.17 b	1.13 ± 0.09 b	100.00
核桃园Walnut orchard	YS-H2-5	8.67 ± 0.29 c	1.04 ± 0.24 c	0.67 ± 0.06 c	97.21
葡萄园Grape orchard	YY-P1-18	9.06 ± 0.65 c	1.18 ± 0.63 c	0.74 ± 0.15 c	87.45
葡萄园Grape orchard	YY-P2-22	10.33 ± 0.57 b	2.13 ± 0.09 b	1.09 ± 0.04 b	75.39

表6 老龄核桃园（H）和葡萄园（P）土壤中的化感物质含量

Table 6 Allelochemicals content in soils of aged walnut orchard（H）and grape orchard（P）

土壤 Soil	化感物质/（mg · kg^-1）Allelochemicals
	胡桃醌 Juglone	阿魏酸 Ferulic acid	绿原酸 Chlorogenic acid	没食子酸 Gallic acid	对羟基苯甲酸p-Hydroxyben- zoic acid	水杨酸 Salicylic acid	苯甲酸 Benzoic acid	苯丙酸 Phenylpro- pionic acid	香草酸 Vanillic acid	丁香酸 Syringate
	H	2.21 ± 0.83	4.13 ± 0.15	3.18 ± 0.18	2.41 ± 0.21	—	—	—	—	1.01 ± 0.06	0.87 ± 0.03
P	—	—	—	—	2.09 ± 0.97	3.23 ± 0.52	4.91 ± 0.73	2.12 ± 0.16	—	—

表7 老龄核桃园和葡萄园土壤主要化感物质对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

Table 7 Effects of main allelopathic substances in the soil of aged walnut orchard and grape orchard on the growth of Malus hupehensis seedlings

土壤	处理	株高/cm	鲜质量/g	干质量/g
Soil	Treatment	Plant height	Fresh weight	Dry weight
对照Control	CK	14.28 ± 1.22 a	4.01 ± 0.11 a	1.86 ± 0.13 a
核桃园Walnut orchard	HT	9.13 ± 0.23 c	2.72 ± 0.26 bc	0.92 ± 0.11 c
	A	12.41 ± 0.98 ab	3.31 ± 0.17 b	1.39 ± 0.05 b
	L	11.67 ± 0.32 b	3.16 ± 0.61 b	1.27 ± 0.07 b
	M	11.39 ± 0.77 b	3.21 ± 0.53 b	1.22 ± 0.10 b
	T1	7.74 ± 0.34 d	2.11 ± 0.42 c	0.81 ± 0.03 c
葡萄园Grape orchard	D	10.65 ± 0.37 b	3.13 ± 0.43 b	1.07 ± 0.11 d
	S	11.12 ± 0.41 b	3.42 ± 0.17 b	1.52 ± 0.08 b
	BJ	11.35 ± 0.39 b	2.97 ± 0.32 b	1.21 ± 0.02 c
	BB	9.27 ± 0.62 c	1.99 ± 0.22 c	0.73 ± 0.07 e
	T2	7.97 ± 0.25 d	1.37 ± 0.16 d	0.68 ± 0.13 e

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