苹果花叶病对‘弘前富士’苹果叶片光合作用及果实品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2026-0123

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在7年树龄的‘弘前富士’苹果果园中，选择无花叶症状（对照）和花叶症状明显的果树，探究苹果花叶病（apple mosaic disease，AMD）对叶片光合效率以及果实生长发育过程中关键品质指标的影响。结果表明，带有花叶症状叶片的净光合速率（P_n）较无症状对照显著下降，同时伴随胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）显著升高。在盛花后40 ~ 200 d，每30 d取样测定一次单果质量、果实纵、横径、果皮和果肉硬度、果皮色差及光泽度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸等指标。花叶病发生显著抑制了单果质量的增加与果实纵横径的膨大，加速了果皮硬度的下降，抑制了可滴定酸的降解，导致固酸比降低，果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮色差与光泽度与对照均无显著差异。

关键词: 苹果, 苹果花叶病, 苹果坏死花叶病毒, 光合作用, 果实品质

Abstract:

In a seven-year-old‘Hirosaki Fuji’apple orchard，apple trees without mosaic symptoms（control）and those with obvious mosaic symptoms were selected to investigate the effects of apple mosaic disease（AMD）on leaf photosynthetic efficiency and key quality during fruit growth and development. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate（P_n）of leaves exhibiting mosaic symptoms was significantly reduced compared with that of asymptomatic control leaves，accompanied by a significant increase in intercellular CO₂ concentration（C_i）. From 40 to 200 days after full bloom，measurements were taken every 30 days for indicators including single fruit mass，fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters，peel and flesh firmness，peel color difference and glossiness，soluble solids content，and titratable acidity. The occurrence of mosaic disease significantly inhibited the increase in single fruit mass and the expansion of fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters，accelerated the decline in peel firmness，and suppressed the degradation of titratable acidity，resulting in a reduced solid-to-acid ratio. However，no significant differences were observed between the diseased and control fruits in terms of soluble solids content，peel color difference，or glossiness.

Key words: apple, apple mosaic disease, apple necrotic mosaic virus, photosynthesis, fruit quality

骆张吉, 李好健, 李连震, 侯香婷, 董文, 孙平, 薛晓敏, 由春香, 张振鲁. 苹果花叶病对‘弘前富士’苹果叶片光合作用及果实品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(7): 2119-2128.

LUO Zhangji, LI Haojian, LI Lianzhen, HOU Xiangting, DONG Wen, SUN Ping, XUE Xiaomin, YOU Chunxiang, ZHANG Zhenlu. Effects of Apple Mosaic Disease on Leaves Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of‘Hirosaki Fuji’Apple[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(7): 2119-2128.

图/表 8

表1 苹果病毒检测所用引物及反应条件

Table 1 Primer sequences and reaction conditions for virus detection

引物名称 Primer name	引物序列（5′-3′） Primer sequence	目标片段/bp Product size	退火温度/℃ Annealing temperature
ApNMV-F ApNMV-R	ATGGTGTGCAATCGCTGTCA CATCGACCATAAGGATATCA	560	58
ACLSV-F ACLSV-R	TCTGCAAGAGAATTTCAGTT GTCTACAGGCTATTTATTATAAG	802	48
ASGV-F ASGV-R	CCCGCTGTTGGATTTGATACACCTC CTGCAAGACCGCGACCAAGTTT	488	58

图1 ‘弘前富士’苹果植株中ApNMV的PCR扩增 M：DNA marker DL2000；P：阳性对照；H2O：空白对照；2，4，6：带有花叶病的样品；1，3，5：无花叶症状的样品。下同

Fig. 1 PCR amplification of ApNMV in‘Hirosaki Fuji’apple plants M：DNA marker DL2000；P：Positive control；H2O：Blank control；2，4，6：Samples with mosaic disease；1，3，5：Samples without mosaic symptoms. The same below

图2 ‘弘前富士’苹果植株中ACLSV的PCR扩增

Fig. 2 PCR amplification of ACLSV in‘Hirosaki Fuji’apple plants

图3 ‘弘前富士’苹果植株中ASGV的PCR扩增结果

Fig. 3 PCR amplification of ASGV in‘Hirosaki Fuji’apple plants

图4 花叶病对叶片光合作用的影响 CK：无症状健康对照样品；AMD：花叶病样品。Tukey，P < 0.05。下同

Fig. 4 Effect of mosaic disease infection on leaf photosynthesis CK：Asymptomatic control samples；AMD：Mosaic disease samples. Tukey，P < 0.05. The same below

图5 苹果花叶病对‘弘前富士’苹果果实发育期间单果质量、纵径与横径、果形指数的影响以及果实对比约盛花后180 d摘袋。下同

Fig. 5 Effects of mosaic disease on single fruit weight，longitudinal and transverse diameters，fruit shape index，and fruit comparison of‘Hirosaki Fuji’apples during fruit development The fruit bags are removed at 180 days after full bloom. The same below

图6 苹果花叶病对‘弘前富士’苹果果实色差和光泽（不同测量角度）的影响

Fig. 6 Effects of mosaic disease on color difference and fruit shine（different measurement angle）of‘Hirosaki Fuji’apples

图7 苹果花叶病对‘弘前富士’苹果发育期间果皮和果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比的影响

Fig. 7 Effects of mosaic disease on peel/pulp firmness，soluble solids，titratable acidity，and TSS/TA ratio in‘Hirosaki Fuji’apples during development

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