Effects of Chlormequat Chloride on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Apple Plants

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0749

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (9): 2679-2692.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0749

• Cultivation · Physiology & Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Effects of Chlormequat Chloride on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Apple Plants

WANG Hongguo¹, ZHANG Xiuying², LIU Zhaoxia³, LIU Jingquan¹, LÜ Mengxue¹, ZHANG Ruirui¹, JIANG Han¹, ZHU Zhanling¹^,^*(), GE Shunfeng¹^,^*(), JIANG Yuanmao¹^,^*()

¹ College of Horticulture Science and Engineering， Shandong Agricultural University，Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province，Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production of Shandong Province，Tai’an， Shandong 271018， China
² Apple Industry Development Center of Zhaotong， Zhaotong， Yunnan 657000， China
³ Science and Education Base Management Center， Shandong Agricultural University，Tai’an， Shandong 271018， China

Received:2026-03-25 Revised:2026-05-07 Online:2026-09-20 Published:2026-09-20
Contact: ZHU Zhanling, GE Shunfeng, JIANG Yuanmao

Abstract

Abstract:

To elucidate the mechanism of chlormequat chloride（CCC）in regulating the growth and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of apple rootstocks，the effects of different CCC concentrations（0，150，300，450，and 600 mg · L^-1）on seedling growth，photosynthesis，¹⁵N uptake，¹³C distribution，and key enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism of one-year-old dwarfing apple rootstock G935 were investigated in a hydroponic experiment by applying ¹⁵N and ¹³C isotope labeling techniques. The results showed that，compared with the control，CCC application reduced plant height，leaf area，and aboveground biomass by 14.43%-38.20%，1.29%-18.90%，and 2.52%-13.16%，respectively，while it increased stem diameter，root length，belowground biomass，and root-to-shoot ratio by 9.55%-38.22%，4.59%-12.80%，8.47%-55.08%，and 6.67%-73.33%，respectively. Leaf net photosynthetic rate（P_n） exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing CCC concentration，reaching its maximum under 300 mg · L^-1 treatment，which was 22.02% higher than that of the control. The activities of key enzymes，including sucrose synthase，sucrose phosphate synthase，nitrate reductase，glutamate synthase，and glutamine synthetase，all followed a similar trend-increasing initially and then declining-with the highest levels observed under 300 mg · L^-1treatment. Furthermore，300 mg · L^-1 treatment enhanced the accumulation of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in the whole plant and increased their allocation to the root system. Compared with the control，the leaf C/N ratio and ¹⁵N use efficiency under 300 mg · L^-1treatment increased by 3.80% and 45.31%，respectively. In conclusion，the application of 300 mg · L^-1 CCC improved photosynthetic capacity，enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolic enzyme activities，promoted the uptake and utilization of ¹⁵N and ¹³C，and optimized the allocation of carbon and nitrogen，thereby facilitating root growth and increasing the root-to-shoot ratio and C/N ratio in apple plants.

Key words: apple, chlormequat chloride, ¹⁵N, ¹³C, carbon-nitrogen ratio, photosynthetic capacity

CLC Number:

S661.1

WANG Hongguo, ZHANG Xiuying, LIU Zhaoxia, LIU Jingquan, LÜ Mengxue, ZHANG Ruirui, JIANG Han, ZHU Zhanling, GE Shunfeng, JIANG Yuanmao. Effects of Chlormequat Chloride on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Apple Plants[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(9): 2679-2692.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on the growth of apple seeding The data in the figure are expressed as mean ± standard error（n = 3）. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P < 0.05. The same below

Fig. 2 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on root morphology of apple seeding

Fig. 3 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on carbon，nitrogen content and carbon-nitrogen ratio in different organs of apple seedling

Fig. 4 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of apple seeding

Fig. 5 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on carbon metabolism，utilization and distribution of apple seedling

Fig. 6 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on NR activity in apple seedling

Fig. 7 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on GS and GOGAT in apple seedling

Fig. 8 Effects of different concentrations of CCC on 15N utilization（A）and distribution（B）in apple seedling

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Effects of Chlormequat Chloride on Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Apple Plants

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