果树芽变机制研究进展

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0630

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

芽变主要是芽分生组织细胞中的遗传物质发生改变，在果树上经常发生，大多数的芽变为劣变，少数为优变。芽变研究一般从表型和生理指标的比较着手，后续结合分子机制进行研究。对分子机制的检测手段主要有SSR等分子标记检测、转座子的插入缺失检测、InDel突变检测、DNA甲基化检测、高通量测序检测、MITE序列检测等，比较分析芽变与对照差异位点。通过对不同果树果实色泽、成熟期、树形等主要特征变异类型进行归纳总结，分析芽变发生性状变异机制，以期为解析果树芽变发生的分子机制及后续的分子标记辅助育种提供参考。

关键词: 果树, 芽变, 分子机制

Abstract:

The bud sport mainly result from genetic changes in bud meristem cells，which often occurs on tree fruit，most bud sports are inferior mutants for cultivation，and a few become elite cultivar. Present studies on bud sport generally start with morphological and physiological investigation，and then combine molecular methods to elucidate the mechanism. The methods to detect the presence of mutations mainly include DNA markers such as SSRs and other molecular marker，transposon InDel detection，InDel mutation detection，DNA methylation detection，high-throughput sequencing detection，MITEs sequence detection，etc. Both similarities and differences are detected in various types of bud sports among tree species. By summarizing the color，ripening stage，canopy shape，tree vigor，and other horticultural characteristics of fruit trees，the possible mechanism of bud sport was analyzed. This paper can provide a reference for analyzing the molecular mechanism of bud sport in tree fruits and subsequent marker-assisted breeding.

Key words: tree fruit, bud sports, molecular mechanism

黄奕琦, 朱玉琴, 杜肇轩, 徐丰, 陈小怡, 杨国顺, 许延帅. 果树芽变机制研究进展[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(7): 1547-1564.

HUANG Yiqi, ZHU Yuqin, DU Zhaoxuan, XU Feng, CHEN Xiaoyi, YANG Guoshun, XU Yanshuai. Progress on Bud Sport of Tree Fruit[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(7): 1547-1564.

图/表 2

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变异性状 Variability trait	物种 Species	母本/芽变品种（株系） Maternal plant/Bud sports cultivar or lines
果实颜色Fruit color	柑橘Citrus sinensis	伦晚/宗橙 Lane late/Zong Cheng
	柑橘Citrus grandis	琯溪蜜柚/红肉蜜柚 Guanxi Miyou/Red Pomelo
	柑橘Citrus reticulata	不知火/柠檬不知火 Buzhihuo/Lemon Buzhihuo
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	意大利/红高 Italia/Benitaka
		意大利/奥山红宝石 Italia/Ruby Okuyama
		亚历山大/红亚历山大Muscat of Alexandria/Flame Muscat
	梨Pyrus ussuriensis	南果梨/南红梨 Nanguo/Nanhong
	梨Pyrus bretschneideri	砀山酥梨/锈酥 Dangshan Suli/Xiu Su
	梨Pyrus communis	巴梨/红巴梨 Bartlett/Red Bartlett
果形Fruit shape	苹果Malus × domestica	龙丰/大龙丰 Long Feng/Big Longfeng
	梨Pyrus ussurienssis	苹果梨/早苹梨Apple Pear/Earlier Apple Pear
	梨Pyrus communis	鸭梨/怀来大鸭梨 Yali/Huailai Big Yali
		砀山酥/金冠梨 Dangshansu/Golden Delicious Pear
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	无核白/长粒无核白 Thompson Seedless/Long Fruit Thompson Seedless
		玫瑰香/平度玫瑰香 Muscat Hamburg/Pingdu Muscat Hamburg
	葡萄Vitis labrusca	康拜尔/康太 Campbell/Kangtai
成熟期Fruit ripening period	苹果Malus × domestica	长富2号/烟农早富 Changfu 2/Yannong Zaofu
	梨Pyrus communis	巴梨/早巴梨 Bartlett Pear/Earlier Bartlett Pear
		鸭梨/早鸭梨 Yali/Earlier Yali
	柑橘Citrus sphaerocarpa	大分早生/橘湘早Dafen Zaosheng/Juxiang Earlier
		宫川/由良 Miyagawa Wase/Youliang
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	山东大紫/大粒六月紫 Shandong Dazi/June Purple
		夏黑/早夏香 Summer Black/Zaoxiaxiang 夏黑/天工墨玉 Summer Black/Tiangong Moyu
		京亚/洛浦早生 Jingya/Luopu Zaosheng
无核Seedless	柑橘Citrus unshiu	椪柑/华柑4号 Citrus reticulata Blanco/Huagan 4
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	先锋/瑞锋无核 Xianfeng/Ruifeng Seedless
		无核白/绿宝石 Thompson Seedless/Lübaoshi Seedless
树形Tree shape	梨Pyrus communis	鸭梨/垂枝鸭梨 Yali/Chuizhi Yali
		巴梨/矮巴梨 Bartlett/Dwarf
		丰水梨/廊坊08号梨 Fengshui/Langfang 08
	苹果Malus × domestica	苹果梨/东宁5号大梨 Apple pear/Dongning 5 Big Pear
		红富士/长富2号 Red Fuji/Red Fuji 2
		长富2号/新红1号 Red Fuji 2/Xinhong 1
		红将军/八仙早富 Red General/Baxian Zaofu

变异性状 Variability trait	物种 Species	母本/芽变品种（株系） Maternal plant/Bud sports cultivar or lines
果实颜色Fruit color	柑橘Citrus sinensis	伦晚/宗橙 Lane late/Zong Cheng
	柑橘Citrus grandis	琯溪蜜柚/红肉蜜柚 Guanxi Miyou/Red Pomelo
	柑橘Citrus reticulata	不知火/柠檬不知火 Buzhihuo/Lemon Buzhihuo
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	意大利/红高 Italia/Benitaka
		意大利/奥山红宝石 Italia/Ruby Okuyama
		亚历山大/红亚历山大Muscat of Alexandria/Flame Muscat
	梨Pyrus ussuriensis	南果梨/南红梨 Nanguo/Nanhong
	梨Pyrus bretschneideri	砀山酥梨/锈酥 Dangshan Suli/Xiu Su
	梨Pyrus communis	巴梨/红巴梨 Bartlett/Red Bartlett
果形Fruit shape	苹果Malus × domestica	龙丰/大龙丰 Long Feng/Big Longfeng
	梨Pyrus ussurienssis	苹果梨/早苹梨Apple Pear/Earlier Apple Pear
	梨Pyrus communis	鸭梨/怀来大鸭梨 Yali/Huailai Big Yali
		砀山酥/金冠梨 Dangshansu/Golden Delicious Pear
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	无核白/长粒无核白 Thompson Seedless/Long Fruit Thompson Seedless
		玫瑰香/平度玫瑰香 Muscat Hamburg/Pingdu Muscat Hamburg
	葡萄Vitis labrusca	康拜尔/康太 Campbell/Kangtai
成熟期Fruit ripening period	苹果Malus × domestica	长富2号/烟农早富 Changfu 2/Yannong Zaofu
	梨Pyrus communis	巴梨/早巴梨 Bartlett Pear/Earlier Bartlett Pear
		鸭梨/早鸭梨 Yali/Earlier Yali
	柑橘Citrus sphaerocarpa	大分早生/橘湘早Dafen Zaosheng/Juxiang Earlier
		宫川/由良 Miyagawa Wase/Youliang
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	山东大紫/大粒六月紫 Shandong Dazi/June Purple
		夏黑/早夏香 Summer Black/Zaoxiaxiang 夏黑/天工墨玉 Summer Black/Tiangong Moyu
		京亚/洛浦早生 Jingya/Luopu Zaosheng
无核Seedless	柑橘Citrus unshiu	椪柑/华柑4号 Citrus reticulata Blanco/Huagan 4
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	先锋/瑞锋无核 Xianfeng/Ruifeng Seedless
		无核白/绿宝石 Thompson Seedless/Lübaoshi Seedless
树形Tree shape	梨Pyrus communis	鸭梨/垂枝鸭梨 Yali/Chuizhi Yali
		巴梨/矮巴梨 Bartlett/Dwarf
		丰水梨/廊坊08号梨 Fengshui/Langfang 08
	苹果Malus × domestica	苹果梨/东宁5号大梨 Apple pear/Dongning 5 Big Pear
		红富士/长富2号 Red Fuji/Red Fuji 2
		长富2号/新红1号 Red Fuji 2/Xinhong 1
		红将军/八仙早富 Red General/Baxian Zaofu