中国重要落叶果树果实品质和熟期育种研究进展

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0271

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国栽培面积66.67万hm²以上的落叶果树有苹果、梨、桃和葡萄4种，针对这些重要果树果实品质和熟期，国内几代遗传育种工作者经过几十年的协同创新和联合攻关，在优异种质评价挖掘与创制的基础上，创建了优质高效育种技术体系，育成了优质、耐贮、不同熟期、特色多样的苹果和梨系列优质新品种，育成了桃和葡萄早、中、晚熟期配套优质新品种；研发了新品种优质高效配套栽培技术体系，推动了自主研发新品种的大面积推广应用及产业优质高效发展，为保障优质水果的周年需求提供了重要支撑。

关键词: 落叶果树, 苹果, 梨, 桃, 葡萄, 品质, 熟期配套, 耐贮

Abstract:

In China，there are four kinds of important deciduous fruit trees with a cultivation area of over 666 700 hm²：apple，pear，peach and grape. According to the quality and maturity，several generations of domestic genetic breeders，after decades of collaborative innovation and joint research，created a high-quality and efficient breeding technology system on the basis of excellent germplasm evaluation and creation，and bred a series of high-quality new cultivars of apples and pears with high quality，storability，different maturity and diverse characteristics，and bred high-quality new cultivars of peaches and grapes in early，middle and late maturity. A high-quality and efficient supporting cultivation technology system for new cultivars has been developed，which has promoted the large-scale popularization and application of independent research and development of new cultivars and the high-quality and efficient development of the industry，and provided important support for ensuring the annual demand for high-quality fruits.

Key words: deciduous fruit trees, apple, pear, peach, grape, quality, maturity matching, storage tolerance

陈学森, 王楠, 彭福田, 毛志泉, 尹承苗, 姜远茂, 葛顺峰, 胡大刚, 李媛媛, 杜远鹏, 姚玉新, 张宗营. 中国重要落叶果树果实品质和熟期育种研究进展[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(1): 8-26.

CHEN Xuesen, WANG Nan, PENG Futian, MAO Zhiquan, YIN Chengmiao, JIANG Yuanmao, GE Shunfeng, HU Dagang, LI Yuanyuan, DU Yuanpeng, YAO Yuxin, ZHANG Zongying. Advances in Quality and Maturity Breeding of Important Deciduous Fruit Trees in China[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(1): 8-26.

图/表 5

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育种单位 Breeding organization	品种名称及其组合 Cultivar and its combination	包含的主要种质 Main germplasm included	果实发育/d Fruit development	主要特性 Main characteristics
山东省果树研究所 Shandong Provincial Fruit Tree Research Institute	鲁丽（藤木1号 × 嘎啦） Luli（Tengmu 1 × Gala）	多花海棠（821Vf），桔苹，元帅，金帅Begonia polyflorum（821Vf），Juping，Delicious，Golden Delicious	110	早熟，抗病，优质 Early maturing，disease resistant，high quality
中国农科院郑州果树所Zhengzhou Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	华硕（美国八号 × 华冠）Huashuo（US 8 × Huaguan）	桔苹，国光，金帅，元帅 Juping，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	110	早熟，个大 Early maturing，big fruit
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	幸红（红脆1号 × 嘎啦）Xinghong（Red Crispy 1 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	140	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	福红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Fuhong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	170	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	美红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Meihong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	140	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	满红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Manhong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	150	果肉花青苷含量高 High anthocyanin content in fruit pulp
烟台现代果业发展公司Yantai Modern Fruit Development Co.，Ltd	馨元萃（信浓黄 × 津轻）Xinyuancui （Xinnonghuang × Jinqing）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	145	味甜、香味浓、耐贮 Sweet taste，strong aroma，and durable storage
中国农科院果树所Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	华红（金冠 × 惠） Huahong（Golden Delicious × Hui）	国光，金帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious	150	优质、中晚熟、耐贮High quality，medium to late maturity，and storage resistance
	华庆（金冠 × 华富） Huaqing（Golden Delicious × Huafu）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	140	优质、中晚熟、耐贮 High quality，medium to late maturity，and storage resistance
	华淼（华红 × 蜜脆） Huamiao（Huahong × Honey Crisp）	国光，金帅，脆肉 Ralls，Golden delicious，Macoun	140	优质、中晚熟High quality，medium to late maturity
青岛农业大学 Qingdao Agricultural University	福九红（新世界 × 粉红女士）Fu Jiuhong（Xinshijie × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	165	优质、中熟、耐贮、抗病High quality，medium maturity，storage resistance，disease resistance
青岛农业大学 Qingdao Agricultural University	福星（新世界 × 粉红女士）Fuxing（Xinshijie × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮、抗病High quality，medium maturity，storage resistance，disease resistance
西北农林科技大学 Northwest A & F University	瑞雪（秦富1号 × 粉红女士）Ruixue（Qinfu 1× Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，and resistant to storage
	瑞香红（秦富1号 × 粉红女士）Ruixianghong（Qinfu 1 × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	185	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，and resistant to storage
	瑞阳（秦冠 × 富士） Ruiyang（Qinguan × Fuji）	国光，金帅，元帅Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，resistant to storage
	秦脆（华红 × 蜜脆） Qincui（Huahong × Honey Crispy）	国光，金帅，元帅，脆肉 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious， Macoun	170	肉脆好吃、晚熟、耐贮The pulp is crispy and delicious，late maturing，and resistant to storage
沈阳农业大学Shenyang Agricultural University	寒富（东光 × 富士） Hanfu（Dongguang × Fuji）	国光，元帅，东光Ralls，Delicious，Dongguang	180	晚熟、抗寒、耐贮Late maturing，cold resistant，resistant to storage
辽宁农科院果树所Fruit Tree Research Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences	岳阳红（富士 × 东光） Yueyanghong（Fuji × Dongguang）	国光，元帅，东光 Ralls，Delicious，Dongguang	145	中晚熟、抗寒、耐贮Medium to late maturity，cold resistance，and storage resistance

育种单位 Breeding organization	品种名称及其组合 Cultivar and its combination	包含的主要种质 Main germplasm included	果实发育/d Fruit development	主要特性 Main characteristics
山东省果树研究所 Shandong Provincial Fruit Tree Research Institute	鲁丽（藤木1号 × 嘎啦） Luli（Tengmu 1 × Gala）	多花海棠（821Vf），桔苹，元帅，金帅Begonia polyflorum（821Vf），Juping，Delicious，Golden Delicious	110	早熟，抗病，优质 Early maturing，disease resistant，high quality
中国农科院郑州果树所Zhengzhou Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	华硕（美国八号 × 华冠）Huashuo（US 8 × Huaguan）	桔苹，国光，金帅，元帅 Juping，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	110	早熟，个大 Early maturing，big fruit
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	幸红（红脆1号 × 嘎啦）Xinghong（Red Crispy 1 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	140	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	福红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Fuhong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	170	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	美红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Meihong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	140	红肉脆肉，有营养，好吃 Red pulp，crispy pulp，nutritious and delicious
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	满红（CSR6R6 × 嘎啦）Manhong（CSR6R6 × Gala）	新疆红肉苹果，国光，金帅，元帅Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana，Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	150	果肉花青苷含量高 High anthocyanin content in fruit pulp
烟台现代果业发展公司Yantai Modern Fruit Development Co.，Ltd	馨元萃（信浓黄 × 津轻）Xinyuancui （Xinnonghuang × Jinqing）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	145	味甜、香味浓、耐贮 Sweet taste，strong aroma，and durable storage
中国农科院果树所Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	华红（金冠 × 惠） Huahong（Golden Delicious × Hui）	国光，金帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious	150	优质、中晚熟、耐贮High quality，medium to late maturity，and storage resistance
	华庆（金冠 × 华富） Huaqing（Golden Delicious × Huafu）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden Delicious，Delicious	140	优质、中晚熟、耐贮 High quality，medium to late maturity，and storage resistance
	华淼（华红 × 蜜脆） Huamiao（Huahong × Honey Crisp）	国光，金帅，脆肉 Ralls，Golden delicious，Macoun	140	优质、中晚熟High quality，medium to late maturity
青岛农业大学 Qingdao Agricultural University	福九红（新世界 × 粉红女士）Fu Jiuhong（Xinshijie × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	165	优质、中熟、耐贮、抗病High quality，medium maturity，storage resistance，disease resistance
青岛农业大学 Qingdao Agricultural University	福星（新世界 × 粉红女士）Fuxing（Xinshijie × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮、抗病High quality，medium maturity，storage resistance，disease resistance
西北农林科技大学 Northwest A & F University	瑞雪（秦富1号 × 粉红女士）Ruixue（Qinfu 1× Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，and resistant to storage
	瑞香红（秦富1号 × 粉红女士）Ruixianghong（Qinfu 1 × Pink Lady）	国光，金帅，元帅 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	185	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，and resistant to storage
	瑞阳（秦冠 × 富士） Ruiyang（Qinguan × Fuji）	国光，金帅，元帅Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious	180	优质、晚熟、耐贮High quality，late maturing，resistant to storage
	秦脆（华红 × 蜜脆） Qincui（Huahong × Honey Crispy）	国光，金帅，元帅，脆肉 Ralls，Golden delicious，Delicious， Macoun	170	肉脆好吃、晚熟、耐贮The pulp is crispy and delicious，late maturing，and resistant to storage
沈阳农业大学Shenyang Agricultural University	寒富（东光 × 富士） Hanfu（Dongguang × Fuji）	国光，元帅，东光Ralls，Delicious，Dongguang	180	晚熟、抗寒、耐贮Late maturing，cold resistant，resistant to storage
辽宁农科院果树所Fruit Tree Research Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences	岳阳红（富士 × 东光） Yueyanghong（Fuji × Dongguang）	国光，元帅，东光 Ralls，Delicious，Dongguang	145	中晚熟、抗寒、耐贮Medium to late maturity，cold resistance，and storage resistance

育种单位 Breeding organization	品种名称Cultivar	杂交组合 Hybrid combination	果实发育/d Fruit development	主要特点 Main features	育种年份Breeding year
原浙江农业大学园艺系 Former Department of Horticulture， Zhejiang Agricultural University	黄花 Huanghua	今村夏 × 早三花 Imamuranatsu × Zao Sanhua	130	早熟、抗病、品质优、货架期长 Early maturity，disease resistance，excellent quality，and long shelf life	1962
中国农业科学院果树研究所 Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	早酥 Zaosu	苹果梨 × 身不知 Apple-pear × Mishirazi	110	早熟、抗逆、优质Early maturity，strong stress resistance，and excellent quality	1969
河北省农林科学院 Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences	黄冠 Huangguan	雪花梨 × 新世纪 Xuehua pear × Shinseiki	120	外观优、货架期长、极丰产 Excellent appearance，long shelf life，and extremely high yield	1996
浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所 Institute of Horticulture，Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	翠冠 Cuiguan	杭青 × 新世纪 Hangqing × Shinseiki	100	早熟、品质优 Early maturity and excellent quality	1999
山西省农业科学院果树研究所 Fruit Tree Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences	玉露香 Yu Luxiang	库尔勒香梨 × 雪花梨 Kurle Aroma Pear × Xuehua Li	140	品质优、耐贮藏 Excellent quality and storage resistance	2003
中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 Zhengzhou Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	中梨1号 Zhongli 1	新世纪 × 早酥 Shinseiki × Zaosu	100	早熟、品质优 Early maturity and excellent quality	2005

育种单位 Breeding organization	品种名称Cultivar	杂交组合 Hybrid combination	果实发育/d Fruit development	主要特点 Main features	育种年份Breeding year
原浙江农业大学园艺系 Former Department of Horticulture， Zhejiang Agricultural University	黄花 Huanghua	今村夏 × 早三花 Imamuranatsu × Zao Sanhua	130	早熟、抗病、品质优、货架期长 Early maturity，disease resistance，excellent quality，and long shelf life	1962
中国农业科学院果树研究所 Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	早酥 Zaosu	苹果梨 × 身不知 Apple-pear × Mishirazi	110	早熟、抗逆、优质Early maturity，strong stress resistance，and excellent quality	1969
河北省农林科学院 Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences	黄冠 Huangguan	雪花梨 × 新世纪 Xuehua pear × Shinseiki	120	外观优、货架期长、极丰产 Excellent appearance，long shelf life，and extremely high yield	1996
浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所 Institute of Horticulture，Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences	翠冠 Cuiguan	杭青 × 新世纪 Hangqing × Shinseiki	100	早熟、品质优 Early maturity and excellent quality	1999
山西省农业科学院果树研究所 Fruit Tree Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences	玉露香 Yu Luxiang	库尔勒香梨 × 雪花梨 Kurle Aroma Pear × Xuehua Li	140	品质优、耐贮藏 Excellent quality and storage resistance	2003
中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 Zhengzhou Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	中梨1号 Zhongli 1	新世纪 × 早酥 Shinseiki × Zaosu	100	早熟、品质优 Early maturity and excellent quality	2005

育种单位 Breeding organization	品种名称 Cultivar	杂交组合 Hybrid combination	果实类型 Fruit type	果实发育/d Fruit development	主要特点 Main features
中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 Zhengzhou Institute of Fruit Trees，CAAS	中油桃4号 Zhong Youtao 4	瑞光2号 × 五月火 Ruiguang 2 × May fire	油桃 Nectarine	72	早熟、优质、抗裂 Premature，high-quality，crack resistant
	中蟠桃11号 Zhong Pantao 11	红珊瑚 × 91-4-18（NJN78 × 奉化蟠桃） Hongshanhu × 1-4-18 （NJN78 × Fenghua Pantao）	黄肉毛蟠桃 Yellow-flesh hairy peento	120	硬溶质，风味浓甜，耐运输 Hard solute，rich and sweet fruit flavor，resistant to transportation
	中油蟠7号 Zhong Youpan 7	98-4-32 × 砧1-3（多代杂交聚合）98-4-32 × Zhen 1-3 （Multi generation hybrid polymerization）	黄肉油蟠桃 Yellow-flesh nectarine peento	115	果实扁平，厚度大，硬溶质，浓甜The fruit is flat，thick，hard solute，and has a strong and sweet flavor
	春美 Chunmei	89-3-16 × SD9238	白肉毛桃 White-flesh hairy peach	82	早熟、全红、大果 Early maturing，full red，large fruit type
江苏省农业科学院园艺研究所 Institute of Horticulture，Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences	霞脆 Xiacui	雨花2号 × 77-1-6 Yuhua 2 × 77-1-6	白肉毛桃 White-flesh hairy peach	95	不溶质、耐贮运、粘核Non solute，resistant to storage and transportation，sticky core
	金霞油蟠桃 Jinxia You Pantao	霞光 × 油蟠桃品系NF Xiaguang × Nectarine peento strain NF	黄肉油蟠桃 Yellow-flesh nectarine peento	114	风味甜浓、品质佳 Sweet and strong flavor with good quality
北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所 Forestry Fruit Tree Research Institute of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences	瑞光39号 Ruiguang 39	华玉 × 顶香 Huayu × Dingxiang	白肉油桃 White-flesh nectarine	132	硬溶质，汁液多，风味浓甜 Hard solute，rich in juice，with a strong and sweet flavor
	瑞蟠21号 Ruipan 21	幻想 × 瑞蟠4号 Fantasia × Ruipan 4	白肉蟠桃 White-flesh peento	160	果大，风味佳，硬溶质，耐贮运Large fruit type，good flavor，hard solute，and resistant to storage and transportation
上海市农业科学院林木果树研究所 Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute	锦春 Jinchun	锦绣 × 沪油桃018 Jinxiu × Huyoutao 018	黄肉毛桃 Yellow-flesh hairy peach	80	优质、早熟、花粉量大 High quality，early maturity，high pollen content
	锦绣 Jinxiu	白花 × 云暑1号 Baihua × Yunshu 1	黄肉毛桃 Yellow-flesh hairy peach	138	鲜食加工兼用，香味浓，质优Used for both fresh food processing and processing，with a strong aroma and excellent quality
山东农业大学 Shandong Agricultural University	沂蒙霜红 Yimeng Shuanghong	寒香蜜 × 桃王九九和冬雪蜜Hanxiangmi × Taowang Jiujiu and Dongxuemi	白肉毛桃 White-flesh hairy peach	200	果个大，品质优 Big fruit，excellent quality