苹果容器苗在连作土壤上的生长表现及其根区土壤环境特征

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0038

园艺学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 1-10.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0038

• 研究论文 • 下一篇

苹果容器苗在连作土壤上的生长表现及其根区土壤环境特征

陈冉¹, 苏厚文¹, 姜伟涛¹, 李前进², 陈学森¹, 沈向¹, 尹承苗¹, 毛志泉¹^,^*()

¹山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,作物生物学国家重点试验室,山东泰安 271018
²洛川县苹果产业研发中心,陕西洛川 727400

收稿日期:2021-05-18 修回日期:2021-06-23 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-01-24
通讯作者: 毛志泉 E-mail:mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-27);国家自然科学基金项目(32072510);山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目(SD2019ZZ008);泰山学者资助项目(ts20190923);山东省高等学校青创科技支持计划项目(2019KJF020);山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2020MC131);山东省水果创新团队项目(SDAIT-06-07)

The Growth of Apple Container Seedlings in Replanted Soil and Characteristics of Soil Environment

CHEN Ran¹, SU Houwen¹, JIANG Weitao¹, LI Qianjin², CHEN Xuesen¹, SHEN Xiang¹, YIN Chengmiao¹, MAO Zhiquan¹^,^*()

¹College of Horticulture Science and Engineering,Shandong Agricultural University,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology,Tai'an,Shandong 271018,China
²Luochuan Apple Industry Research and Development Center,Luochuan,Shaanxi 727400,China

Received:2021-05-18 Revised:2021-06-23 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-01-24
Contact: MAO Zhiquan E-mail:mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以苹果红露/M9-T337为试材,用小、中、大3种规格（上部直径分别为10、20和30 cm,底部直径为8、16和24 cm,高均为30 cm）容器育苗,将其连同基质一起移栽入25年老龄苹果园树穴中,以裸根苗为对照,分别在6个月和18个月后观察苗木生长和根区土壤环境特征。结果表明：带基质的容器苗均不同程度地改善了连作土壤环境,生长量增加,其中以大容器效果最为显著,中等容器次之,二者差异较小。2019年9月,中等容器的株高、地径、鲜质量和干质量分别比裸根苗对照增加111.3%、25.1%、85.3%、82.8%,大容器增加210.3%、52.5%、189.6%、171.8%;中等容器苗和大容器苗连同基质移栽提高了根长、根表面积、根体积;提高了根系保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性;同时增加叶片叶绿素的含量,促进叶片的光合作用;提高了根区土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,减少了尖孢镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌数量。2020年趋势与2019年较为一致。综上,3种规格带基质的容器苗均可以优化连作土壤环境,促进幼树的生长,有效缓解苹果连作障碍,但随着容器规格的增大育苗成本显著提高,因此在老果园更新建园时根据情况选择带基质的中等容器苗。

关键词: 苹果, 容器苗, 连作障碍, 土壤环境

Abstract:

Taking apple Honglu/M9-T337 as experimental material,container seedlings were cultivated in containers of small,medium and large sizes with upper diameter of 10 cm,20 cm and 30 cm,lower diameter of 8 cm,16 cm and 24 cm,and height of 30 cm,respectively. The container seedlings were transplanted into 25-year-old apple orchards together with substrates. Bare root seedlings were used as control. The growth of seedlings and soil environmental characteristics of root zone were observed after six months and 18 months. The results showed that the three kinds of container seedlings improved the soil environment and promoted the growth of saplings in different degrees,and the effect of large container seedlings with substrate was the most significant,followed by medium container seedlings with substrate. In September 2019,the plant height,ground diameter,fresh weight and dry weight increased by 210.3%,52.5%,189.6%,171.8% and 111.3%,25.1%,85.3%,82.8% respectively compared with the bare root seedlings;The root length,root surface area and root volume of medium container seedlings and large container seedlings transplanted with substrate were increased;The activities of SOD,POD,and CAT were increased;At the same time,it increased the content of chlorophyll and promoted the photosynthesis of leaves;The activities of urease,invertase,phosphatase and catalase in root zone soil were increased,and the gene copy numbers of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani were decreased. The trend in September 2020 is consistent with that in September 2019. In conclusion,the three specifications of container seedlings can optimize the replant soil environment and promote the growth of young trees,and the large container seedlings with substrate have the best effect,which can effectively alleviate the apple replant obstacles. However,with the increase of container specifications,the cost of seedling raising increases significantly. Therefore,the medium container seedlings with substrate should be selected according to the situation in the old orchard and the new orchard.

Key words: apple, container seedling, replant disease, soil environment

中图分类号:

S661.1

陈冉, 苏厚文, 姜伟涛, 李前进, 陈学森, 沈向, 尹承苗, 毛志泉. 苹果容器苗在连作土壤上的生长表现及其根区土壤环境特征[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(1): 1-10.

CHEN Ran, SU Houwen, JIANG Weitao, LI Qianjin, CHEN Xuesen, SHEN Xiang, YIN Chengmiao, MAO Zhiquan. The Growth of Apple Container Seedlings in Replanted Soil and Characteristics of Soil Environment[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(1): 1-10.

图/表 9

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容器苗 Container seedling	移栽处理 Transplanting treatment	容器规格Container size
容器苗 Container seedling	移栽处理 Transplanting treatment	高度/cm Height	上部直径/cm The upper diameter	底部直径/cm The bottom diameter
裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	裸根Bare root	30	20	16
小容器苗 Small container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	10	8
中等容器苗 Medium container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	20	16
大容器苗 Large container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	30	24

容器苗 Container seedling	移栽处理 Transplanting treatment	容器规格Container size
容器苗 Container seedling	移栽处理 Transplanting treatment	高度/cm Height	上部直径/cm The upper diameter	底部直径/cm The bottom diameter
裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	裸根Bare root	30	20	16
小容器苗 Small container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	10	8
中等容器苗 Medium container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	20	16
大容器苗 Large container seedling	带基质 With substrate	30	30	24

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	株高/cm Plant height	地径/mm Ground diameter	鲜质量/g Fresh weight	干质量/g Dry weight
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	25.30 ± 2.08 d	6.82 ± 0.45 c	29.97 ± 1.61 d	13.00 ± 0.75 d
	小容器苗Small container seedling	42.83 ± 1.28 c	7.74 ± 0.34 bc	41.06 ± 1.93 c	17.53 ± 0.78 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	53.47 ± 2.57 b	8.53 ± 0.21 b	55.52 ± 3.58 b	23.76 ± 0.90 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	78.50 ± 2.95 a	10.40 ± 0.71 a	86.79 ± 2.30 a	35.33 ± 1.00 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	110.67 ± 4.50 c	16.40 ± 0.69 d	133.70 ± 4.59 d	56.23 ± 1.42 d
	小容器苗Small container seedling	143.67 ± 2.65 b	19.67 ± 0.58 c	167.83 ± 3.34 c	65.17 ± 1.51 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	185.17 ± 3.71 a	22.77 ± 0.18 b	218.33 ± 7.57 b	81.50 ± 1.79 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	204.67 ± 3.86 a	24.33 ± 0.27 a	244.23 ± 6.58 a	91.30 ± 1.67 a

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	株高/cm Plant height	地径/mm Ground diameter	鲜质量/g Fresh weight	干质量/g Dry weight
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	25.30 ± 2.08 d	6.82 ± 0.45 c	29.97 ± 1.61 d	13.00 ± 0.75 d
	小容器苗Small container seedling	42.83 ± 1.28 c	7.74 ± 0.34 bc	41.06 ± 1.93 c	17.53 ± 0.78 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	53.47 ± 2.57 b	8.53 ± 0.21 b	55.52 ± 3.58 b	23.76 ± 0.90 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	78.50 ± 2.95 a	10.40 ± 0.71 a	86.79 ± 2.30 a	35.33 ± 1.00 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	110.67 ± 4.50 c	16.40 ± 0.69 d	133.70 ± 4.59 d	56.23 ± 1.42 d
	小容器苗Small container seedling	143.67 ± 2.65 b	19.67 ± 0.58 c	167.83 ± 3.34 c	65.17 ± 1.51 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	185.17 ± 3.71 a	22.77 ± 0.18 b	218.33 ± 7.57 b	81.50 ± 1.79 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	204.67 ± 3.86 a	24.33 ± 0.27 a	244.23 ± 6.58 a	91.30 ± 1.67 a

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	根长/cm Roots length	根表面积/cm² Roots surface	根体积/cm³ Roots volume
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	1 175.78 ± 107.64 c	952.65 ± 89.71 c	532.84 ± 90.23 c
	小容器苗Small container seedling	1 812.46 ± 231.02 b	1 421.83 ± 151.27 bc	870.67 ± 99.26 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	2 230.57 ± 181.18 b	1 706.43 ± 136.12 b	1 063.31 ± 84.59 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	2 922.18 ± 226.16 a	2 320.58 ± 223.76 a	1 429.38 ± 126.55 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	3 341.32 ± 164.95 d	2 670.21 ± 76.19 d	1 659.19 ± 95.82 d
	小容器苗Small container seedling	4 555.54 ± 143.65 c	3 707.07 ± 70.96 c	2 348.24 ± 54.71 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	5 812.23 ± 159.46 b	4 485.64 ± 84.35 b	3 361.87 ± 86.53 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	6 489.85 ± 140.57 a	5 063.13 ± 50.83 a	3 919.31 ± 134.51 a

苹果容器苗在连作土壤上的生长表现及其根区土壤环境特征

The Growth of Apple Container Seedlings in Replanted Soil and Characteristics of Soil Environment

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取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	叶绿素a Chlorophyll a	叶绿素b Chlorophyll b	类胡萝卜 Carotenoid
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	13.45 ± 0.32 c	7.04 ± 0.15 d	2.95 ± 0.03 b
	小容器苗Small container seedling	14.13 ± 0.31 c	7.50 ± 0.11 c	3.06 ± 0.03 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	16.31 ± 0.22 b	8.22 ± 0.07 b	3.64 ± 0.04 a
	大容器苗Large container seedling	17.72 ± 0.25 a	8.72 ± 0.15 a	3.67 ± 0.10 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	13.85 ± 0.45 c	7.25 ± 0.05 c	3.15 ± 0.03 b
	小容器苗Small container seedling	14.71 ± 0.35 c	7.41 ± 0.07 c	3.24 ± 0.08 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	16.91 ± 0.08 b	8.25 ± 0.13 b	3.73 ± 0.04 a
	大容器苗Large container seedling	18.15 ± 0.08 a	8.61 ± 0.06 a	3.89 ± 0.06 a

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	P_n/ （µmol · m^-2· s^-1）	C_i/ （µmol · mol^-1）	T_r/ （µmol · m^-2· s^-1）	G_s/ （µmol · m^-2· s^-1）
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	4.03 ± 0.30 c	150.67 ± 8.51 c	5.97 ± 0.56 d	11.33 ± 1.45 c
	小容器苗Small container seedling	5.53 ± 0.20 b	183.00 ± 5.51 b	9.10 ± 0.68 c	18.33 ± 2.03 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	6.50 ± 0.23 b	217.67 ± 8.82 a	15.97 ± 0.78 b	23.00 ± 2.65 ab
	大容器苗Large container seedling	8.63 ± 0.54 a	239.67 ± 6.64 a	19.57 ± 0.50 a	29.00 ± 2.08 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	7.50 ± 0.38 c	152.00 ± 7.21 d	5.63 ± 0.43 c	18.33 ± 1.76 c
	小容器苗Small container seedling	9.17 ± 0.35 b	177.00 ± 7.55 c	7.60 ± 0.40 b	25.00 ± 2.08 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	11.07 ± 0.49 a	221.00 ± 8.08 b	9.40 ± 0.17 a	32.00 ± 1.73 a
	大容器苗Large container seedling	11.80 ± 0.17 a	245.00 ± 3.46 a	10.50 ± 0.46 a	35.00 ± 1.53 a

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	脲酶/ （mg · g^-1· d^-1） Urease	中性磷酸酶 / （mg · g^-1· d^-1） Neutral phosphatase	蔗糖酶/ （mg · g^-1· d^-1） Sucrase	过氧化氢酶/ （mL · g^-1） Catalase
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	0.43 ± 0.04 c	20.59 ± 0.85 c	27.42 ± 1.13 c	2.36 ± 0.06 c
	小容器苗Small container seedling	0.47 ± 0.00 c	24.23 ± 0.43 b	28.61 ± 1.22 c	2.41 ± 0.10 c
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	0.78 ± 0.05 b	32.89 ± 0.97 a	36.50 ± 0.76 b	3.16 ± 0.03 b
	大容器苗Large container seedling	1.00 ± 0.03 a	33.57 ± 1.39 a	45.21 ± 1.80 a	4.77 ± 0.09 a
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	0.34 ± 0.01 c	20.59 ± 0.30 c	23.11 ± 0.65 c	2.21 ± 0.06 c
	小容器苗Small container seedling	0.38 ± 0.02 c	21.18 ± 0.17 c	25.13 ± 0.78 c	2.58 ± 0.05 b
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	0.54 ± 0.01 b	23.74 ± 0.26 b	31.31 ± 0.76 b	3.14 ± 0.02 a
	大容器苗Large container seedling	0.64 ± 0.01 a	26.00 ± 0.43 a	35.89 ± 0.50 a	3.19 ± 0.02 a

取样时间（Y-M） Sampling time	容器苗 Container seedling	细菌/（×10⁵CFU · g^-1） Bacteria	真菌/（× 10³CFU · g^-1） Fungi	细菌与真菌比值 Bacterial to fungal ratio
2019-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	11.67 ± 1.45 c	64.67 ± 5.04 a	18.04
	小容器苗Small container seedling	14.67 ± 1.76 bc	47.33 ± 4.10 b	30.99
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	18.67 ± 2.19 b	43.00 ± 2.31 b	43.41
	大容器苗Large container seedling	26.00 ± 2.08 a	42.67 ± 2.96 b	60.94
2020-09	裸根苗（对照）Bare root seeding（Control）	9.00 ± 1.53 c	64.67 ± 4.81 a	13.92
	小容器苗Small container seedling	20.00 ± 2.52 b	52.00 ± 2.31 a	38.46
	中等容器苗Medium container seedling	27.67 ± 2.03 a	36.67 ± 2.60 b	75.45
	大容器苗Large container seedling	32.00 ± 1.73 a	28.00 ± 4.04 c	114.29

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The Growth of Apple Container Seedlings in Replanted Soil and Characteristics of Soil Environment

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