肥料穴施位点对苹果细根生长、15N吸收利用及产量品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0280

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

摘要:为了明确苹果生产中合理的施肥位点,实现氮肥高效利用,于2018年和2019年,以6年生‘烟富3’/SH6/八棱海棠为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素标记技术,研究了根区有机无机肥料穴施位点[未施有机肥（对照）、条状沟施、1 ~ 4个穴施肥]对矮化中间砧苹果树根系生长、¹⁵N吸收利用和损失状况及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:各增施有机肥处理中,叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积以及细根总干质量均以3穴和4穴施肥处理最高,条状沟施处理最低。果实成熟期,3穴和4穴施肥处理相较于条状沟施处理显著提高了树体叶片、细根、粗根和果实的Ndff值。树体¹⁵N利用率表现为3穴 > 4穴 > 2穴 > 1穴 > 条状沟施 > 对照。¹⁵N损失率与¹⁵N利用率表现出相反趋势,以3穴和4穴施肥处理较低。与未施有机肥对照和条状沟施相比,3穴和4穴施肥处理的产量、单果质量和可溶性糖含量均显著提高。可见,在有机肥用量（5 kg）一定的条件下,无机肥配施3穴和4穴处理促进了树体细根的生长,有利于提高树体对¹⁵N的吸收,减少氮素损失,对提高果实产量和品质也产生了积极影响。

关键词: 苹果, 肥料, 穴施位点, 细根, ¹⁵N利用率, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

In order to clarify the reasonable fertilizer application site in apple production,realize the efficient utilization of nitrogen fertilizer. In 2018 and 2019,we studied the effects of hole application sites of organic and inorganic fertilizers in root zone（control without organic fertilizer application,strip furrow application and 1-4 hole application）on the root growth,¹⁵N uptake,utilization and loss,and fruit yield and quality of the 6-year-old‘Yanfu 3’/SH6/Malus robusta by using ¹⁵N isotope labeling technology. The results showed that among the treatments with increasing organic fertilizer,the chlorophyll content,leaf area and total dry weight of fine roots were the hightest in 3 and 4 hole fertilization treatments,and the lowest in strip furrow fertilization treatments. In the fruit ripening period,the Ndff values of leaves,fine roots,large roots and fruits were significantly increased by 3 and 4 hole fertilization compared with strip furrow fertilization. The utilization rate of ¹⁵N in trees was 3 holes > 4 holes > 2 holes > 1 hole > strip furrow > control. The loss rate of ¹⁵N showed an opposite trend to the utilization rate of ¹⁵N,fertilization in 3 and 4 holes was lower. Compared with the control and strip furrow fertilization treatments,the fruit yield,fruit weight and soluble sugar content of 3 and 4 hole fertilization treatments were significantly increased. It can be seen that under a certain condition of the amount of organic fertilizer（5 kg）combined with inorganic fertilizer,3 and 4 hole fertilization promoted the growth of fine roots,improved the uptake of ¹⁵N by trees,reduced nitrogen loss,and also had a positive effect on improving fruit yield and quality.

Key words: apple, fertilizer, site of hole application, fine root, utilization of ¹⁵N, yield, quality

中图分类号:

S661.1

刘照霞, 张鑫, 王璐, 马玉婷, 陈倩, 朱占玲, 葛顺峰, 姜远茂. 肥料穴施位点对苹果细根生长、¹⁵N吸收利用及产量品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(7): 1545-1556.

LIU Zhaoxia, ZHANG Xin, WANG Lu, MA Yuting, CHEN Qian, ZHU Zhanling, GE Shunfeng, JIANG Yuanmao. Effects of Fertilizer Hole Application Sites on Fine Root Growth,¹⁵N Absorption and Utilization,Yield and Quality of Apple Trees[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(7): 1545-1556.

图/表 7

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处理 Treatment	叶绿素 SPAD		叶面积/cm² Leaf area		净光合速率/（CO₂µmol · m^-2· s^-1） P_n
处理 Treatment	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
对照 Control	43.62 ± 1.53 d	45.28 ± 2.00 d	23.09 ± 1.02 d	22.42 ± 0.51 d	12.80 ± 0.95 d	11.80 ± 0.57 d
条状沟施Strip furrow	47.48 ± 1.18 c	48.15 ± 0.56 c	24.68 ± 0.51 c	24.02 ± 0.55 c	14.30 ± 1.41 cd	12.93 ± 0.74 c
1穴 One hole	51.57 ± 2.41 b	49.63 ± 1.53 c	26.54 ± 0.76 b	25.64 ± 1.08 b	15.60 ± 0.79 c	14.27 ± 0.40 b
2穴 Two holes	54.51 ± 1.07 b	52.84 ± 1.69 b	27.49 ± 1.06 ab	26.15 ± 0.24 b	15.90 ± 0.56 bc	14.90 ± 0.56 ab
3穴 Three holes	58.19 ± 1.15 a	55.86 ± 1.40 a	28.51 ± 0.68 a	27.84 ± 0.91 a	18.27 ± 0.80 a	15.63 ± 0.51 a
4穴 Four holes	57.73 ± 2.30 a	54.07 ± 1.39 ab	27.99 ± 0.48 a	27.66 ± 0.75 a	17.60 ± 1.06 ab	15.93 ± 0.81 a

处理 Treatment	叶绿素 SPAD		叶面积/cm² Leaf area		净光合速率/（CO₂µmol · m^-2· s^-1） P_n
处理 Treatment	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
对照 Control	43.62 ± 1.53 d	45.28 ± 2.00 d	23.09 ± 1.02 d	22.42 ± 0.51 d	12.80 ± 0.95 d	11.80 ± 0.57 d
条状沟施Strip furrow	47.48 ± 1.18 c	48.15 ± 0.56 c	24.68 ± 0.51 c	24.02 ± 0.55 c	14.30 ± 1.41 cd	12.93 ± 0.74 c
1穴 One hole	51.57 ± 2.41 b	49.63 ± 1.53 c	26.54 ± 0.76 b	25.64 ± 1.08 b	15.60 ± 0.79 c	14.27 ± 0.40 b
2穴 Two holes	54.51 ± 1.07 b	52.84 ± 1.69 b	27.49 ± 1.06 ab	26.15 ± 0.24 b	15.90 ± 0.56 bc	14.90 ± 0.56 ab
3穴 Three holes	58.19 ± 1.15 a	55.86 ± 1.40 a	28.51 ± 0.68 a	27.84 ± 0.91 a	18.27 ± 0.80 a	15.63 ± 0.51 a
4穴 Four holes	57.73 ± 2.30 a	54.07 ± 1.39 ab	27.99 ± 0.48 a	27.66 ± 0.75 a	17.60 ± 1.06 ab	15.93 ± 0.81 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量/（kg · plant^-1） Yield	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	可溶性糖/% Soluble sugar	可滴定酸/% Titratable acid	糖酸比 Sugar/acid
2018	对照 Control	19.18 ± 0.46 d	213.15 ± 1.89 d	12.18 ± 0.25 d	0.44 ± 0.004 c	27.72 ± 0.79 d
	条状沟施 Strip furrow	20.98 ± 1.24 c	224.32 ± 3.83 c	12.91 ± 0.13 c	0.45 ± 0.010 bc	28.50 ± 0.37 cd
	1穴 One hole	21.34 ± 0.70 c	223.19 ± 4.15 c	13.00 ± 0.17 c	0.44 ± 0.004 c	29.29 ± 0.60 bc
	2穴 Two holes	22.32 ± 0.75 bc	232.53 ± 3.82 b	13.63 ± 0.50 b	0.46 ± 0.011 ab	29.31 ± 0.64 bc
	3穴 Three holes	24.97 ± 1.31 a	251.16 ± 2.02 a	14.30 ± 0.36 a	0.47 ± 0.008 a	30.63 ± 0.45 a
	4穴 Four holes	23.92 ± 1.25 ab	244.12 ± 8.59 a	14.20 ± 0.20 a	0.47 ± 0.006 a	30.36 ± 0.58 ab
2019	对照 Control	18.06 ± 1.09 d	197.01 ± 9.24 d	11.17 ± 0.33 d	0.43 ± 0.100 c	26.24 ± 1.34 d
	条状沟施 Strip furrow	19.56 ± 0.54 c	212.64 ± 5.84 c	12.07 ± 0.13 c	0.43 ± 0.006 bc	28.00 ± 0.64 c
	1穴 One hole	19.65 ± 0.59 c	219.96 ± 7.22 bc	12.47 ± 0.16 c	0.44 ± 0.001 b	28.56 ± 0.31 c
	2穴 Two holes	20.26 ± 0.48 bc	222.18 ± 5.42 bc	13.09 ± 0.28 b	0.45 ± 0.004 a	29.31 ± 0.35 bc
	3穴 Three holes	21.82 ± 1.00 a	235.47 ± 8.26 a	13.93 ± 0.36 a	0.45 ± 0.002 a	30.72 ± 0.62 a
	4穴 Four holes	21.35 ± 1.06 ab	231.77 ± 6.02 ab	13.76 ± 0.21 a	0.45 ± 0.002 a	30.41 ± 0.57 ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量/（kg · plant^-1） Yield	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	可溶性糖/% Soluble sugar	可滴定酸/% Titratable acid	糖酸比 Sugar/acid
2018	对照 Control	19.18 ± 0.46 d	213.15 ± 1.89 d	12.18 ± 0.25 d	0.44 ± 0.004 c	27.72 ± 0.79 d
	条状沟施 Strip furrow	20.98 ± 1.24 c	224.32 ± 3.83 c	12.91 ± 0.13 c	0.45 ± 0.010 bc	28.50 ± 0.37 cd
	1穴 One hole	21.34 ± 0.70 c	223.19 ± 4.15 c	13.00 ± 0.17 c	0.44 ± 0.004 c	29.29 ± 0.60 bc
	2穴 Two holes	22.32 ± 0.75 bc	232.53 ± 3.82 b	13.63 ± 0.50 b	0.46 ± 0.011 ab	29.31 ± 0.64 bc
	3穴 Three holes	24.97 ± 1.31 a	251.16 ± 2.02 a	14.30 ± 0.36 a	0.47 ± 0.008 a	30.63 ± 0.45 a
	4穴 Four holes	23.92 ± 1.25 ab	244.12 ± 8.59 a	14.20 ± 0.20 a	0.47 ± 0.006 a	30.36 ± 0.58 ab
2019	对照 Control	18.06 ± 1.09 d	197.01 ± 9.24 d	11.17 ± 0.33 d	0.43 ± 0.100 c	26.24 ± 1.34 d
	条状沟施 Strip furrow	19.56 ± 0.54 c	212.64 ± 5.84 c	12.07 ± 0.13 c	0.43 ± 0.006 bc	28.00 ± 0.64 c
	1穴 One hole	19.65 ± 0.59 c	219.96 ± 7.22 bc	12.47 ± 0.16 c	0.44 ± 0.001 b	28.56 ± 0.31 c
	2穴 Two holes	20.26 ± 0.48 bc	222.18 ± 5.42 bc	13.09 ± 0.28 b	0.45 ± 0.004 a	29.31 ± 0.35 bc
	3穴 Three holes	21.82 ± 1.00 a	235.47 ± 8.26 a	13.93 ± 0.36 a	0.45 ± 0.002 a	30.72 ± 0.62 a
	4穴 Four holes	21.35 ± 1.06 ab	231.77 ± 6.02 ab	13.76 ± 0.21 a	0.45 ± 0.002 a	30.41 ± 0.57 ab

肥料穴施位点对苹果细根生长、¹⁵N吸收利用及产量品质的影响

Effects of Fertilizer Hole Application Sites on Fine Root Growth,¹⁵N Absorption and Utilization,Yield and Quality of Apple Trees

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