Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Leaf Phenotypic Traits of Hybrid Progenies Between Longan and Litchi

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0283

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (8): 2275-2288.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0283

• Genetic & Breeding · Germplasm Resources · Molecular Biology • Previous Articles Next Articles

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Leaf Phenotypic Traits of Hybrid Progenies Between Longan and Litchi

LIU Liqin¹, HU Xiaowen¹, LI Tianzi¹, LI Xiang¹, WANG Jiahui², XUE Zhong¹, ZHU Lifei¹, WANG Yi¹, ZHOU Jiannan¹, SHI Shengyou¹^,³^,^*()

¹ South Subtropical Crop Research Institution，CATAS；Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products， National Tropical Fruit Tree Germplasm Resource Nursery， Zhanjiang，Guangdong 524091
² Guangdong Ocean University，， Zhanjiang，Guangdong 524088， China
³ Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute， CATAS，Haikou 571101， China

Received:2026-03-14 Revised:2026-05-21 Online:2026-08-25 Published:2026-08-25
Contact: SHI Shengyou

Abstract

Abstract:

The genetic diversity of 20 phenotypic traits（10 qualitative traits and 10 quantitative traits）in leaves of 143 intergeneric hybrids between longan and litchi（including the parents）was analyzed. The results showed that hybrids exhibited rich genetic diversity in leaf traits. The 10 quantitative traits exhibited marked directional differentiation of heterosis，the number of leaflet pairs，leaflet thickness，petiole length，leaf length，and rachis length exhibited positive heterosis，whereas leaflet length，leaflet width，leaflet weight，leaflet perimeter，and leaflet area exhibited negative heterosis，showing significant differences in coefficients of variation（CV）and distinct gradient in genetic diversity. The diversity indices of the 10 qualitative traits ranged from 0.040 to 1.339. A total of 29 phenotypic variants were detected，among which leaf surface morphology，leaf tip shape，and leaf arrangement showed higher diversity. Correlation analysis identified 39 pairs of highly significant（P < 0.01）and 14 pairs of significant（P < 0.05）correlations between 20 phenotypic traits，revealing that the presence of complex genetic regulatory networks and ecological adaptation mechanisms among traits. Principal component analysis（PCA）revealed that the first seven principal components cumulatively accounted for a mere 69.70% of the total variance. Among them，quantitative traits associated with biomass accumulation（e.g.，leaf size and weight）exhibited dominant loadings，while qualitative traits（e.g.，shape and color）provided a basis for line classification，and other micromorphological characteristics served as supplementary references for identification. Cluster analysis divided 143 hybrids into 7 clusters at a Euclidean distance of 1.1，including：thin and few leaflets type，notched multi-leaflet type，broad-short leaf type，light-thin-small leaflet types，gigantifoliate type，large leaf type and normal leaf type（including lanceolate-thin-weakly undulate leaflet，elliptical thick leaflet，regular large-leaf，and small-thick leaflet），revealing hierarchical classification patterns of leaf morphology. These results provided a theoretical basis for the phenotypic evaluation and the breeding of new longan-litchi intergeneric hybrid cultivars.

Key words: longan, litchi, intergeneric hybridization, leaf, phenotypic trait, genetic diversity

LIU Liqin, HU Xiaowen, LI Tianzi, LI Xiang, WANG Jiahui, XUE Zhong, ZHU Lifei, WANG Yi, ZHOU Jiannan, SHI Shengyou. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Leaf Phenotypic Traits of Hybrid Progenies Between Longan and Litchi[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(8): 2275-2288.

Figures/Tables 7

References 33

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材料 Material	参数 Parameter	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	小叶对数 Number of leaflet pairs	小叶厚度/mm Leaflet thickness	小叶长度/cm Leaflet length	小叶宽度/cm Leaflet width	小叶质量/g Leaflet weight
母本 Female parent	平均值 Average value	4.25	0.22	12.34	4.03	0.74
父本 Male parent	平均值 Average value	3.00	0.15	11.23	3.32	0.53
	中亲值 Mid-parent value	3.63	0.19	11.79	3.68	0.64
杂交群体 Hybrid population	最小值 Min	3.65	0.17	6.33	2.27	0.23
	最大值 Max	5.20	0.27	13.51	5.31	1.05
	平均值 Average value	4.56	0.22	10.00	3.28	0.51
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.32	0.02	1.38	0.47	0.12
	超高亲比例/% Ultra-high parent ratio	84.40	47.52	6.38	4.96	2.84
	双亲间比例/% Proportion between parents	15.60	52.48	12.06	39.72	39.72
	超低亲比例/% Ultra-low parent ratio	0.00	0.00	81.56	55.32	57.45
	杂种优势率/% Heterosis rate	25.79	18.92	-15.15	-10.75	-19.69
	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	7.00	8.21	13.78	14.28	24.24
	多样性指数 Diversity index	2.04	2.01	2.08	2.03	1.99
	F值 F value	5.34	5.98	7.52	4.39	5.82
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	V6	V7	V8	V9	V10
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	叶柄长度/cm Petiole length	叶片长度/cm Leaf length	叶轴长度/cm Rachis length	小叶周长/cm Leaflet perimeter	小叶面积/cm² Leaflet area
母本 Female parent	平均值 Average value	5.97	25.99	14.99	25.59	27.33
父本 Male parent		2.20	15.43	5.77	21.34	15.65
	中亲值 Mid-parent value	4.09	20.71	10.38	23.46	21.49
杂交群体	最小值 Min	3.18	13.67	8.84	14.44	9.20
Hybrid population	最大值 Max	7.36	29.07	18.01	36.28	52.06
	平均值 Average value	5.05	21.80	12.90	21.74	19.82
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.76	3.09	1.77	3.66	6.31
	超高亲比例/% Ultra-high parent ratio	10.64	7.80	10.64	14.89	9.93
	双亲间比例/% Proportion between parents	88.65	90.78	89.36	37.59	63.12
	超低亲比例/% Ultra-low parent ratio	0.71	1.42	0	47.52	26.95
	杂种优势率/% Heterosis rate	23.62	5.26	24.28	-7.35	-7.77
	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	15.05	14.18	13.75	16.81	31.84
	多样性指数 Diversity index	2.00	2.07	1.22	2.03	0.95
	F值 F value	8.43	9.36	7.52	14.10	13.70

材料 Material	参数 Parameter	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	小叶对数 Number of leaflet pairs	小叶厚度/mm Leaflet thickness	小叶长度/cm Leaflet length	小叶宽度/cm Leaflet width	小叶质量/g Leaflet weight
母本 Female parent	平均值 Average value	4.25	0.22	12.34	4.03	0.74
父本 Male parent	平均值 Average value	3.00	0.15	11.23	3.32	0.53
	中亲值 Mid-parent value	3.63	0.19	11.79	3.68	0.64
杂交群体 Hybrid population	最小值 Min	3.65	0.17	6.33	2.27	0.23
	最大值 Max	5.20	0.27	13.51	5.31	1.05
	平均值 Average value	4.56	0.22	10.00	3.28	0.51
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.32	0.02	1.38	0.47	0.12
	超高亲比例/% Ultra-high parent ratio	84.40	47.52	6.38	4.96	2.84
	双亲间比例/% Proportion between parents	15.60	52.48	12.06	39.72	39.72
	超低亲比例/% Ultra-low parent ratio	0.00	0.00	81.56	55.32	57.45
	杂种优势率/% Heterosis rate	25.79	18.92	-15.15	-10.75	-19.69
	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	7.00	8.21	13.78	14.28	24.24
	多样性指数 Diversity index	2.04	2.01	2.08	2.03	1.99
	F值 F value	5.34	5.98	7.52	4.39	5.82
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	V6	V7	V8	V9	V10
材料 Material	参数 Parameter	叶柄长度/cm Petiole length	叶片长度/cm Leaf length	叶轴长度/cm Rachis length	小叶周长/cm Leaflet perimeter	小叶面积/cm² Leaflet area
母本 Female parent	平均值 Average value	5.97	25.99	14.99	25.59	27.33
父本 Male parent		2.20	15.43	5.77	21.34	15.65
	中亲值 Mid-parent value	4.09	20.71	10.38	23.46	21.49
杂交群体	最小值 Min	3.18	13.67	8.84	14.44	9.20
Hybrid population	最大值 Max	7.36	29.07	18.01	36.28	52.06
	平均值 Average value	5.05	21.80	12.90	21.74	19.82
	标准差 Standard deviation	0.76	3.09	1.77	3.66	6.31
	超高亲比例/% Ultra-high parent ratio	10.64	7.80	10.64	14.89	9.93
	双亲间比例/% Proportion between parents	88.65	90.78	89.36	37.59	63.12
	超低亲比例/% Ultra-low parent ratio	0.71	1.42	0	47.52	26.95
	杂种优势率/% Heterosis rate	23.62	5.26	24.28	-7.35	-7.77
	变异系数/% Coefficient of variation	15.05	14.18	13.75	16.81	31.84
	多样性指数 Diversity index	2.00	2.07	1.22	2.03	0.95
	F值 F value	8.43	9.36	7.52	14.10	13.70

性状代号 No.	描述型性状 Qualitative traits	变异类型/类 Variation type/class	性状描述及赋值 Description and code	株数 Number of plants	占比/% Proportion	多样性指数 The diversity indice
V11	着生方式 Leaf arrangement	3	对生Opposite（1）	56	39.16	1.04
			近对生Subopposite（2）	63	44.06
			互生Alternate （3）	24	16.78
V12	叶片形状 Leaf shape	2	长椭圆形Long elliptic（1）	115	80.42	0.62
V12	叶片形状 Leaf shape	2	披针形Lanceolate（2）	28	19.58	0.62
V13	叶面形态 Leaf surface morphology	5	浅内卷Slightly involute（1）	11	7.69	1.04
			深内卷Deeply involute（2）	2	1.40
			平展Smooth（3）	95	66.43
			浅外卷Slightly revolute（4）	33	23.08
			深外卷Deeply revolute（5）	2	1.40
V14	叶面皱褶 Leaf wrinkles	2	无Absent（1）	88	61.54	0.69
V14	叶面皱褶 Leaf wrinkles	2	有Present（9）	55	38.46	0.69
V15	叶尖形状 Leaf tip shape	4	急尖Acute cuspidate（1）	40	27.97	1.34
			渐尖Slowly cuspidate（2）	36	25.17
			短钝尖Short blunt cuspidate（3）	52	36.36
			长钝尖Long blunt cuspidate（4）	15	10.49
V16	叶基形状 Leaf bases shape	2	短楔形Short wedge（1）	86	60.14	0.69
V16	叶基形状 Leaf bases shape	2	长锲形Long wedge（2）	57	39.86	0.69
V17	叶缘波状 Margin repandous	3	无或极弱Absent or very weak（1）	111	77.62	0.70
			弱Weak（3）	31	21.68
			中Middle（5）	1	0.70
V18	叶缘缺刻 Margin incised	2	无Absent（1）	139	97.20	0.12
V18	叶缘缺刻 Margin incised	2	有Present（9）	4	2.80	0.12
V19	叶面颜色 Foliar color	3	浅绿Light green（3）	5	3.50	0.12
			绿Green（5）	40	27.97
			深绿Dark green（7）	98	68.53
V20	叶背颜色 Abaxial surface color	3	黄绿Yellowish green（3）	2	1.40	0.04
			浅绿Light green（5）	50	34.97
			绿Green（7）	91	63.64

性状代号 No.	描述型性状 Qualitative traits	变异类型/类 Variation type/class	性状描述及赋值 Description and code	株数 Number of plants	占比/% Proportion	多样性指数 The diversity indice
V11	着生方式 Leaf arrangement	3	对生Opposite（1）	56	39.16	1.04
			近对生Subopposite（2）	63	44.06
			互生Alternate （3）	24	16.78
V12	叶片形状 Leaf shape	2	长椭圆形Long elliptic（1）	115	80.42	0.62
V12	叶片形状 Leaf shape	2	披针形Lanceolate（2）	28	19.58	0.62
V13	叶面形态 Leaf surface morphology	5	浅内卷Slightly involute（1）	11	7.69	1.04
			深内卷Deeply involute（2）	2	1.40
			平展Smooth（3）	95	66.43
			浅外卷Slightly revolute（4）	33	23.08
			深外卷Deeply revolute（5）	2	1.40
V14	叶面皱褶 Leaf wrinkles	2	无Absent（1）	88	61.54	0.69
V14	叶面皱褶 Leaf wrinkles	2	有Present（9）	55	38.46	0.69
V15	叶尖形状 Leaf tip shape	4	急尖Acute cuspidate（1）	40	27.97	1.34
			渐尖Slowly cuspidate（2）	36	25.17
			短钝尖Short blunt cuspidate（3）	52	36.36
			长钝尖Long blunt cuspidate（4）	15	10.49
V16	叶基形状 Leaf bases shape	2	短楔形Short wedge（1）	86	60.14	0.69
V16	叶基形状 Leaf bases shape	2	长锲形Long wedge（2）	57	39.86	0.69
V17	叶缘波状 Margin repandous	3	无或极弱Absent or very weak（1）	111	77.62	0.70
			弱Weak（3）	31	21.68
			中Middle（5）	1	0.70
V18	叶缘缺刻 Margin incised	2	无Absent（1）	139	97.20	0.12
V18	叶缘缺刻 Margin incised	2	有Present（9）	4	2.80	0.12
V19	叶面颜色 Foliar color	3	浅绿Light green（3）	5	3.50	0.12
			绿Green（5）	40	27.97
			深绿Dark green（7）	98	68.53
V20	叶背颜色 Abaxial surface color	3	黄绿Yellowish green（3）	2	1.40	0.04
			浅绿Light green（5）	50	34.97
			绿Green（7）	91	63.64

性状 Trait	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5	V6	V7	V8	V9	V10
V1	1.00
V2	0.02	1.00
V3	0.06	-0.11	1.00
V4	-0.01	-0.07	0.68^**	1.00
V5	0.06	0.13	0.81^**	0.72^**	1.00
V6	0.20^*	0.07	0.58^**	0.39^**	0.49^**	1.00
V7	0.25^**	-0.07	0.85^**	0.57^**	0.69^**	0.83^**	1.00
V8	0.47^**	0.00	0.67^**	0.42^**	0.56^**	0.87^**	0.90^**	1.00
V9	0.07	-0.05	0.67^**	0.46^**	0.58^**	0.40^**	0.61^**	0.49^**	1.00
V10	0.08	-0.02	0.61^**	0.52^**	0.62^**	0.37^**	0.58^**	0.46^**	0.95^**	1.00
V11	0.10	-0.04	0.09	0.16	0.09	0.08	0.14	0.15	0.10	0.14
V12	-0.07	-0.08	0.00	-0.15	-0.10	-0.01	0.02	-0.04	-0.05	-0.10
V13	0.03	-0.07	0.03	0.00	-0.02	0.14	0.08	0.11	0.03	0.01
V14	0.13	-0.04	0.17^*	0.23^**	0.21^*	0.25^**	0.21^*	0.25^**	0.13	0.13
V15	0.01	0.12	-0.17^*	-0.07	-0.07	-0.13	-0.13	-0.10	-0.04	-0.01
V16	-0.08	-0.07	-0.08	-0.16	-0.19^*	-0.03	-0.06	-0.09	-0.12	-0.18^*
V17	-0.03	-0.18^*	-0.18^*	-0.14	-0.25^**	-0.09	-0.14	-0.12	-0.09	-0.12
V18	0.10	-0.01	-0.07	-0.02	-0.04	-0.04	-0.04	-0.03	-0.17^*	-0.15
V19	-0.09	0.08	0.11	0.11	0.19^*	0.03	0.08	0.02	0.03	0.05
V20	-0.03	-0.02	-0.03	-0.03	0.03	-0.05	-0.05	-0.08	-0.15	-0.11
性状 Trait	V11	V12	V13	V14	V15	V16	V17	V18	V19	V20
V11	1.00
V12	-0.14	1.00
V13	0.02	0.06	1.00
V14	0.03	-0.06	0.04	1.00
V15	0.13	-0.16^*	-0.09	-0.12	1.00
V16	-0.06	0.25^**	0.18^*	-0.12	-0.14	1.00
V17	-0.08	0.18^*	-0.02	-0.02	0.00	0.16	1.00
V18	0.11	0.02	0.09	0.04	-0.18^*	0.04	-0.09	1.00
V19	0.05	0.06	0.12	0.09	-0.09	0.00	0.07	-0.20^*	1.00
V20	-0.19^*	-0.01	-0.20^*	0.13	-0.24^**	0.15	0.08	-0.12	0.35^**	1.00

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Leaf Phenotypic Traits of Hybrid Progenies Between Longan and Litchi

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代号	特征向量 Feature vector
No.	Prin1	Prin2	Prin3	Prin4	Prin5	Prin6	Prin7
V1	0.097	-0.066	0.390	0.308	0.368	-0.174	0.024
V2	-0.006	-0.176	-0.099	0.350	0.102	0.585	-0.279
V3	0.375	0.083	-0.064	-0.104	-0.123	-0.007	-0.070
V4	0.304	-0.037	-0.171	-0.016	-0.258	-0.077	0.100
V5	0.353	-0.015	-0.190	0.070	-0.164	0.100	-0.067
V6	0.317	0.119	0.237	0.131	0.193	0.123	-0.073
V7	0.390	0.099	0.135	0.004	0.094	0.019	-0.055
V8	0.353	0.055	0.278	0.144	0.247	0.013	-0.039
V9	0.326	-0.071	-0.147	-0.316	0.041	-0.054	-0.046
V10	0.324	-0.113	-0.190	-0.265	0.011	-0.060	-0.008
V11	0.077	-0.257	0.126	-0.015	-0.083	0.008	0.594
V12	-0.040	0.368	0.141	-0.302	0.048	0.122	-0.221
V13	0.030	0.141	0.303	-0.157	-0.123	0.447	0.408
V14	0.124	0.116	0.020	0.350	-0.066	-0.301	0.227
V15	-0.050	-0.434	-0.098	-0.099	0.402	0.128	0.149
V16	-0.076	0.388	0.175	-0.215	-0.006	0.231	-0.010
V17	-0.091	0.265	0.003	-0.254	0.383	-0.299	0.206
V18	-0.033	-0.048	0.405	0.133	-0.543	-0.098	-0.026
V19	0.047	0.306	-0.348	0.188	0.066	0.306	0.453
V20	-0.033	0.415	-0.324	0.384	0.033	-0.148	-0.005
特征值 Eigenvalue	5.611	1.818	1.652	1.402	1.218	1.139	1.108
贡献率/% contribution rate/%	28.06	9.09	8.30	7.01	6.09	5.70	5.50
累计贡献率% Accumulative contribution rate/%	28.06	37.15	45.40	52.42	58.51	64.20	69.70

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