Phenotypic Diversity Evaluation of Shoots and Leaves in 264 Pear Germplasm Accessions

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0325

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (5): 1237-1252.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0325

• Genetic & Breeding · Germplasm Resources · Molecular Biology • Next Articles

Phenotypic Diversity Evaluation of Shoots and Leaves in 264 Pear Germplasm Accessions

XU Huinan¹, GAO Mengjie¹, QI Kaijie¹, CUI Yanbo³, WU Xiao¹, TAO Shutian¹^,², ZHANG Shaoling¹^,²^,^**(), YIN Hao¹^,^**()

¹ Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China
² State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement， Nanjing Agriculural University， Nanjing 210095， China
³ Nanjing Ningcui Biological Seed Industry Company Limited， Nanjing 210095， China

Received:2025-07-17 Revised:2026-04-07 Online:2026-05-25 Published:2026-05-26
Contact: ZHANG Shaoling, YIN Hao

Abstract

Abstract:

Using 264 pear germplasm accessions preserved in the Pear Germplasm Repository of Nanjing Agricultural University as the research materials，22 descriptive traits，including one-year-old shoot color and lenticel density，and 10 quantitative traits，including petiole length and leaf length，were investigated. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index，coefficient of variation，comparative analyses of inter- and intra-population diversity，correlation analysis and principal component analysis of quantitative traits，and cluster analysis were conducted. The results showed that the diversity indices of the descriptive and quantitative traits ranged from 0.025 to 1.637 and from 2.004 to 2.087，the diversity of quantitative traits was markedly higher than that of descriptive traits. Among the descriptive traits，young leaf color had the highest diversity index（H' = 1.637）. The coefficients of variation of the 10 quantitative traits ranged from 11.18% to 36.56%，with leaf area showing the highest value（CV = 36.56%）. Both inter- and intra-population variation of the nine quantitative traits related to shoots and leaves were relatively high，indicating that both contributed substantially to the phenotypic diversity of pear germplasm resources. Based on the comprehensive analysis of correlation and principal component analysis，leaf area，one-year shoot length，and flower bud length can serve as important indicators for evaluating the variation in shoot and leaf traits. Cluster analysis divided the 264 pear germplasm accessions into five groups. Pyrus communis could be distinguished from most Oriental pears，whereas P. bretschneideri and P. pyrifolia within the Oriental pear group did not form independent clusters but showed an intermingled distribution.

Key words: pear, germplasm resources, shoot traits, leaf traits, phenotypic traits, genetic diversity

XU Huinan, GAO Mengjie, QI Kaijie, CUI Yanbo, WU Xiao, TAO Shutian, ZHANG Shaoling, YIN Hao. Phenotypic Diversity Evaluation of Shoots and Leaves in 264 Pear Germplasm Accessions[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(5): 1237-1252.

Figures/Tables 12

References 31

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性状 Trait	英文缩写Abbreviation	分级标准 Grading standard
一年生枝颜色Color of one-year-old shoot	COS	1−绿黄色，2−灰褐色，3−黄褐色，4−绿褐色，5−红褐色，6−褐色， 7−紫褐色，8−黑褐色 1−Green yellow，2−Grey brown，3−Yellow brown，4−Green brown，5−Red brown，6−Brown，7−Purple brown，8−Black brown
一年生枝皮孔数量 Number of lenticels one-year-old shoot	NLO	1−无或极少，3−少，5−中，7−多 1−Absent or extremely few，3−Few，5−Medium，7−Many
叶芽姿态 Position of vegetative bud in relation to shoot	PVB	1−贴生，2−斜生，3−离生 1−Adpressed，2−Slightly held out，3−Markedly held out
叶芽顶端特征 Character of apex of vegetative bud	CAV	1−尖，2−钝，3−圆 1−Acute，2−Obtuse，3−Round
芽托大小Size of bud support	SBS	3−小，5−中，7−大 3−Small，5−Medium，7−Large
花芽茸毛Pubescence on flower bud	PFB	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
嫩枝茸毛Pubescence on young shoot	PYS	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
针刺Thorn	T	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
二次花现象Secondary flowering phenomenon	SFP	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
树势Tree vigor	TV	1−旺盛，2−中庸，3−弱 1−Vigorous，2−Moderate，3−Weak
秋梢生长量Number of autumnal shoot	AS	1−无（= 0），2−少（1 ~ 10），3−中（10 ~ 20），4−多（> 20） 1−Absent（= 0），2−Few（1 ~ 10），3−Medium（10 ~ 20），4−Many（> 20）
一年生枝组类型Annual branch type	ABT	1−极短（0 ~ 20 cm），2−短（20 ~ 40 cm），3−中（40 ~ 60 cm）， 4−长（60 ~ 80 cm），5−极长（> 80 cm） 1−Extremely short（0 ~ 20 cm），2−Short（20 ~ 40 cm），3−Medium（40 ~ 60 cm），4−Long（60 ~ 80 cm），5−Extremely long（> 80 cm）
幼叶颜色Color of young leaf	CYL	1−绿色，2−绿微着红色，3−绿着红色，4−红着绿色，5−红微着绿色， 6−红色 1−Green，2−Green tinged with red，3−Green suffused with red，4−Red suffused with green，5−Red tinged with green，6−Red
叶基形状Shape of leaf base	SLB	1−狭楔形，2−楔形，3−宽楔形，4−圆形，5−截形，6−心形 1−Narrow wedge-shaped，2−Wedge-shaped，3−Wide wedge-shaped，4−Round，5−Truncate，6−Cordate
叶片形状Leaf shape	LS	1−圆形，2−卵圆形，3−椭圆形，4−披针形 1−Round，2−Ovate，3−Elliptic，4−Lanceolate
叶尖形状Shape of leaf apex	SLA	1−渐尖，2−钝尖，3−急尖，4−长尾形 1−Gradually acuate，2−Obtuse，3−Sharp-acuate，4−Long-tail acuate
叶缘Leaf margin	LM	1−全缘，2−圆钝锯齿，3−锐锯齿，4−复锯齿 1−Entire，2−Crenate，3−Serrate，4−Biserrate
叶面伸展状态Status of leaf surface	SLS	1−平展，2−抱合，3−反卷，4−波浪 1−Flat，2−Enclasped，3−Back-rolled，4−Wavy
叶姿Latitude of leaf in relation to shoot	LLS	1−斜向上，2−水平，3−斜向下 1−Upwards，2−Outwards，3−Downwards
托叶Presence of stipules	PS	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
刺芒Seta on leaf margin	SLM	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
叶柄着色情况Petiole coloring	PC	0−无红色，1−有红色 0−Without red coloration，1−With red coloration

性状 Trait	英文缩写Abbreviation	分级标准 Grading standard
一年生枝颜色Color of one-year-old shoot	COS	1−绿黄色，2−灰褐色，3−黄褐色，4−绿褐色，5−红褐色，6−褐色， 7−紫褐色，8−黑褐色 1−Green yellow，2−Grey brown，3−Yellow brown，4−Green brown，5−Red brown，6−Brown，7−Purple brown，8−Black brown
一年生枝皮孔数量 Number of lenticels one-year-old shoot	NLO	1−无或极少，3−少，5−中，7−多 1−Absent or extremely few，3−Few，5−Medium，7−Many
叶芽姿态 Position of vegetative bud in relation to shoot	PVB	1−贴生，2−斜生，3−离生 1−Adpressed，2−Slightly held out，3−Markedly held out
叶芽顶端特征 Character of apex of vegetative bud	CAV	1−尖，2−钝，3−圆 1−Acute，2−Obtuse，3−Round
芽托大小Size of bud support	SBS	3−小，5−中，7−大 3−Small，5−Medium，7−Large
花芽茸毛Pubescence on flower bud	PFB	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
嫩枝茸毛Pubescence on young shoot	PYS	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
针刺Thorn	T	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
二次花现象Secondary flowering phenomenon	SFP	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
树势Tree vigor	TV	1−旺盛，2−中庸，3−弱 1−Vigorous，2−Moderate，3−Weak
秋梢生长量Number of autumnal shoot	AS	1−无（= 0），2−少（1 ~ 10），3−中（10 ~ 20），4−多（> 20） 1−Absent（= 0），2−Few（1 ~ 10），3−Medium（10 ~ 20），4−Many（> 20）
一年生枝组类型Annual branch type	ABT	1−极短（0 ~ 20 cm），2−短（20 ~ 40 cm），3−中（40 ~ 60 cm）， 4−长（60 ~ 80 cm），5−极长（> 80 cm） 1−Extremely short（0 ~ 20 cm），2−Short（20 ~ 40 cm），3−Medium（40 ~ 60 cm），4−Long（60 ~ 80 cm），5−Extremely long（> 80 cm）
幼叶颜色Color of young leaf	CYL	1−绿色，2−绿微着红色，3−绿着红色，4−红着绿色，5−红微着绿色， 6−红色 1−Green，2−Green tinged with red，3−Green suffused with red，4−Red suffused with green，5−Red tinged with green，6−Red
叶基形状Shape of leaf base	SLB	1−狭楔形，2−楔形，3−宽楔形，4−圆形，5−截形，6−心形 1−Narrow wedge-shaped，2−Wedge-shaped，3−Wide wedge-shaped，4−Round，5−Truncate，6−Cordate
叶片形状Leaf shape	LS	1−圆形，2−卵圆形，3−椭圆形，4−披针形 1−Round，2−Ovate，3−Elliptic，4−Lanceolate
叶尖形状Shape of leaf apex	SLA	1−渐尖，2−钝尖，3−急尖，4−长尾形 1−Gradually acuate，2−Obtuse，3−Sharp-acuate，4−Long-tail acuate
叶缘Leaf margin	LM	1−全缘，2−圆钝锯齿，3−锐锯齿，4−复锯齿 1−Entire，2−Crenate，3−Serrate，4−Biserrate
叶面伸展状态Status of leaf surface	SLS	1−平展，2−抱合，3−反卷，4−波浪 1−Flat，2−Enclasped，3−Back-rolled，4−Wavy
叶姿Latitude of leaf in relation to shoot	LLS	1−斜向上，2−水平，3−斜向下 1−Upwards，2−Outwards，3−Downwards
托叶Presence of stipules	PS	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
刺芒Seta on leaf margin	SLM	0−无，1−有 0−Absent，1−Present
叶柄着色情况Petiole coloring	PC	0−无红色，1−有红色 0−Without red coloration，1−With red coloration

一年生枝颜色 Color of one-year-old shoot	英国皇家园艺学会比色卡代码 Code in the Royal Horticultural Society’s colour chart
绿黄色Green yellow	199A，199B
灰褐色Grey brown	N200B，N200C
黄褐色Yellow brown	164A，165A，165B，166A，167A，N170A，171A，175A，175B，175C，177A，177B，N199B，N199C，N199D，200D
绿褐色Green brown	N199A
红褐色Red brown	176A，178A，178B，183A，183B
褐色Brown	200B，200C
紫褐色Purple brown	187A，187B
黑褐色Black brown	200A

一年生枝颜色 Color of one-year-old shoot	英国皇家园艺学会比色卡代码 Code in the Royal Horticultural Society’s colour chart
绿黄色Green yellow	199A，199B
灰褐色Grey brown	N200B，N200C
黄褐色Yellow brown	164A，165A，165B，166A，167A，N170A，171A，175A，175B，175C，177A，177B，N199B，N199C，N199D，200D
绿褐色Green brown	N199A
红褐色Red brown	176A，178A，178B，183A，183B
褐色Brown	200B，200C
紫褐色Purple brown	187A，187B
黑褐色Black brown	200A

性状 Trait	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	中位数 Median	平均数 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD	变异系数/% CV	多样性指数 H'
叶柄长度/cm Petiole length	2.22	8.19	4.97	4.95 ± 1.18	23.93	2.087
叶片长度/cm Leaf length	6.21	15.37	11.18	10.91 ± 2.17	19.90	2.049
叶片宽度/cm Leaf width	3.38	9.74	6.97	6.73 ± 1.42	21.16	2.055
叶面积/cm² Leaf area	13.43	93.61	51.52	49.47 ± 18.09	36.56	2.038
叶形指数 Leaf-shape index	1.17	2.32	1.62	1.64 ± 0.18	11.18	2.012
一年生枝长度/cm Length of one-year-old shoot	17.50	86.11	47.00	47.60 ± 11.97	25.15	2.066
一年生枝粗度/mm Thickness of one-year-old shoot	3.07	9.51	5.12	5.18 ± 0.88	16.98	2.004
节间长度/cm Length of internode	1.92	5.48	3.95	3.88 ± 0.76	19.68	2.057
花芽长度/mm Length of flower bud	3.40	14.40	9.28	9.10 ± 2.22	24.41	2.075
花芽粗度/mm Thickness of flower bud	2.30	6.46	4.35	4.29 ± 0.79	18.53	2.085

Phenotypic Diversity Evaluation of Shoots and Leaves in 264 Pear Germplasm Accessions

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性状 Trait	西洋梨 Pyrus communis （n = 55）	白梨 P. bretschneiderir （n = 49）	砂梨 P. pyrifolia （n = 96）	新疆梨 P. sinkiangensis （n = 5）	秋子梨 P. ussuriensis （n = 27）	均值 Mean
叶柄长度 Petiole length	22.00	18.88	20.17	23.63	25.23	21.98
叶片长度 Leaf length	13.70	16.38	12.63	14.00	15.61	14.46
叶片宽度 Leaf width	16.70	15.58	13.32	9.98	16.43	14.40
叶面积 Leaf area	28.51	28.64	20.89	19.06	31.58	25.74
叶形指数 Leaf-shape index	7.60	8.79	14.49	13.25	10.61	10.95
一年生枝长度 Length of one-year-old shoot	20.67	24.40	25.14	21.16	23.99	23.07
一年生枝粗度 Thickness of one-year-old shoot	9.83	11.00	15.74	9.96	10.28	11.36
节间长度 Length of internode	15.06	8.77	12.93	19.82	10.48	13.41
花芽长度 Length of flower bud	24.00	19.12	15.79	32.62	22.44	22.79
花芽粗度 Thickness of flower bud	16.25	14.14	13.64	10.38	14.62	13.81
均值 Mean	17.43	16.57	16.47	17.39	18.13	—

性状 Trait	方差分量 Variance components				方差分量百分比/% Percentage of variance components			表型分化系数/% Phenotype differentition coefficient (V_ST)
性状 Trait	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within populations		随机误差 Random errors	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within populations	随机误差 Random errors	表型分化系数/% Phenotype differentition coefficient (V_ST)
叶柄长度Petiole length	0.47	0.99		2.14	13.09	27.56	59.35	32.21
叶片长度Leaf length	2.77	2.42		1.16	43.58	38.11	18.31	53.35
叶片宽度Leaf width	1.21	0.98		0.58	43.70	35.29	21.01	55.32
叶面积Leaf area	185.56	162.21		89.14	42.47	37.13	20.40	53.36
一年生枝长度 Length of one-year-old shoot	9.32	61.23		513.47	1.60	10.48	87.92	13.21
一年生枝粗度 Thickness of one-year-old shoot	0.29	0.35		0.91	18.64	22.53	58.83	45.27
节间长度Length of internode	0.39	0.19		0.30	45.04	21.23	33.73	67.97
花芽长度Length of flower bud	2.56	2.86		1.28	38.18	42.71	19.11	47.20
花芽粗度Thickness of flower bud	0.28		0.35	0.26	31.37	39.28	29.35	44.40
均值 Mean	—		—	—	30.85	30.48	38.67	45.81

性状 Trait	主成分 Principal components
性状 Trait	1	2	3
叶柄长度 Petiole length	0.84	0.05	0.08
叶片长度 Leaf length	0.82	0.36	0.19
叶片宽度 Leaf width	0.87	0.32	0.18
叶面积 Leaf area	0.89	0.34	0.20
一年生枝长度 Length of one-year-old shoot	0.11	-0.14	0.94
一年生枝粗度 Thickness of one-year-old shoot	0.35	0.44	0.47
节间长度 Length of internode	0.47	0.51	0.51
花芽长度 Length of flower bud	0.20	0.92	0.03
花芽粗度 Thickness of flower bud	0.28	0.91	-0.07
特征值 Eigen value	5.115	1.377	0.900
贡献率/% Contribution rate	56.838	15.301	10.003
累计贡献率/% Cumulative contribution rate	56.838	72.139	82.142

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