苹果开心树形树干高度对不同冠层部位叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0355

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以36年生、不同树干高度（对照0.8 ~ 1.0 m、低干1.2 ~ 1.5 m、中干1.5 ~ 1.8 m、高干1.8 ~ 2.1 m）的开心树形‘长富2号’苹果树为试材，研究树干高度对不同冠层部位叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响。结果表明：（1）冠层不同部位（1.5 m高处的东侧、西侧、内膛和2.5 m高处的内膛）均为高干的光合有效辐射（PAR）最高，分别比对照提高132.47%、178.29%、113.7%和32.37%。（2）与中干、低干和对照相比，高干叶片P_n-PAR响应的最大净光合速率以及光响应特征参数光饱和点、可利用光强范围和表观量子效率等均显著提高；与对照相比，高干和中干叶片的最大电子传递速率和磷酸丙糖利用速率显著提高。（3）光能捕获效率、光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数在各处理的外围（东侧）和内膛间均有显著差异且高干最高，非光化学淬灭在外围（东侧）各处理之间表现为高干、中干、低干均显著低于对照，内膛差异不显著。（4）1.5 m和2.5 m两个高度处，高干冠层各部位的单果质量和色度值a均显著高于对照；在2.5 m高度的东侧和西侧，高干可溶性固形物和固酸比显著高于对照，而果实酸度则显著低于对照；果皮叶绿素含量在不同部位间均表现为高干显著低于对照；果皮花色苷、总酚和总黄酮含量以及自由基清除能力总体上表现为东侧>西侧>内膛，其中高干东侧显著高于对照东侧。综上，苹果开心树形不同树干高度的叶片光合特性及果实品质在在冠层内呈现明显的空间异质性；高干叶片的光合速率、光合能力及光能利用效率均较强，因而果实综合品质（尤其是东侧）得到显著提升。

关键词: 苹果, 开心树形, 树干高度, 冠层部位, 光合特性, 果实品质

Abstract:

The current study aims to investigate the effects of trunk heights on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and fruit qualities at different canopy locations in Open-Central Canopy（OCC）of apple. By using the 36-year-old apple（Malus × domestica‘Nagafu 2’，grafted on the rootstock Malus robusta Rehd.）of OCC with trunk heights of 0.8-1.0 m（as the control，CK），1.2-1.5 m（low trunk treatment，LT），1.5-1.8 m（middle trunk treatment，MT），and 1.8-2.1 m（high trunk treatment，HT）as materials，changes of photosynthetically active radiation（PAR），diurnal changes and responses to PAR and intercellular CO₂ concentration（C_i）of leaf gas exchange，kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality indices at different canopy locations were measured and compared carefully. Results showed that PAR increased most significantly in different locations（at 1.5 m above ground in the east and west of outer-crown and 1.5 m and 2.5 m above ground in inner-crown）of HT with increment of 132.47%，178.29%，113.7% and 32.37% compared to those of CK，respectively. The maximum values of net photosynthetic rate（P_nmax,P）and characteristic parameters[light saturation point（LSP），light utilization range（LUR）and apparent quantum efficiency（AQE）]derived from the fitted-curves of P_n-PAR responses of HT were significantly higher than those of MT，LT and CK. In comparison with CK，maximum electron transport rate under saturated light intensity（J_max）and triose phosphate utilization rate（V_tpu）of HT & MT increased significantly. The average values of light energy capture efficiency（F_v'/F_m'），actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（Φ_PSⅡ）and photochemical quenching coefficient（q_P）were different significantly among all treatments and CK with the most significant increment in HT. Comparing to CK，the nonphotochemical quenching（NPQ）in the outer-crown of HT，MT，and LT was lower significantly. There was no significant difference among the inner-crown of HT，MT and LT. At the height of 1.5 m and 2.5 m above ground，single fruit weight and chromatic value a of HT were significantly higher than those of CK. At east and west sides of 2.5 m above ground，the soluble solids content and the ratio of solid to acid of HT were significantly higher than those of CK，while fruit acidity was lower than that of CK. The chlorophyll content in peel of HT was significantly lower than that of CK among different canopy locations. The anthocyanin content，total phenol content，total flavonoid content and capacity of scavenging free radical（FRAP，ABTS⁺ and DPPH）of peel in east side of HT were significantly higher than those of CK with the ranking of east side > west side > inner-crown. In summary，the leaf photosynthetic characteristics and fruit qualities of apple showed significant spatial heterogeneity in OCC with different trunk heights. The rate，capacity and efficiency of leaf photosynthesis as well as light energy utilization efficiency were significantly enhanced，thus the fruit qualities（especially the east side）were significantly boosted in open-central canopy with high trunk.

Key words: apple, open-central canopy, trunk height, canopy location, photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality

程小改, 万源, 林琭, 谢鹏, 李志强, 李谧, 王鹏鹏, 牛自勉. 苹果开心树形树干高度对不同冠层部位叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(3): 671-692.

CHENG Xiaogai, WAN Yuan, LIN Lu, XIE Peng, LI Zhiqiang, LI Mi, WANG Pengpeng, NIU Zimian. Influences of Trunk Heights on Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Qualities at Different Canopy Locations in Open-Central Canopy of Apple[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(3): 671-692.

图/表 14

图1 开心树形不同树干高度的冠层部位光合有效辐射（PAR）日均值变化

Fig. 1 Changes in daily means of photosynthetically active radiation（PAR）at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图2 开心树形不同树干高度的冠层部位叶片净光合速率（Pn）日变化不同小写字母表示差异显著（P < 0.05）。下同

Fig. 2 Diurnal changes of leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn）at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences（P < 0.05）. The same below

图3 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和瞬时蒸腾速率（Tr）的光响应曲线

Fig. 3 Light response curves of leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn），stomatal conductance（Gs），intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）and instantaneous transpiration rate（Tr）at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图4 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位叶片Pn-PAR响应曲线的特征参数差异 Amax：最大净光合速率；AQE：表观量子效率；LSP：光饱和点；LCP：光补偿点；LUR：可利用光强范围；Rd：暗呼吸速率

Fig. 4 Differences of characteristic parameters derived from Pn-PAR response curves at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights Amax：Maximum net photosynthetic rate；AQE：Apparent quantum efficiency；LSP：Light saturation point；LCP：Light compensation point；LUR：Light utilization range；Rd：Dark respiration rate

图5 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位的叶片净光合速率（Pn）对胞间CO2浓度（Ci）的响应曲线

Fig. 5 Response curves of leaf net photosynthetic rate（Pn）to intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图6 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位的叶片Pn-Ci响应曲线特征参数差异 Vcmax-Rubisco酶活性限制下的最大羧化速率，Jmax-饱和光强下的最大电子传递速率，Vtpu-磷酸丙糖利用速率，Kc-Rubisco对CO2的米氏常数，Ko-Rubisco对O2的米氏常数，Γ*-光下暗呼吸的CO2补偿点

Fig.6 Differences of characteristic parameters derived from Pn-Ci response curves at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights Vcmax-maximum carboxylation rate under the restriction of Rubisco，Jmax-maximum rate of electron transfer under light saturation，Vtpu-supplying rate of triose phosphate，Kc-Michaelis constant of Rubisco to CO2，Ko-Michaelis constant of Rubisco to O2，Γ*-CO2 compensation point of dark respiration under light

图7 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位的叶片荧光淬灭动力学曲线

Fig. 7 Kinetics curves of Fv′/Fm′，qP，NPQ and ΦPSII during the process of fluorescence quenching at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图8 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位的果实外观品质差异

Fig. 8 Differences in appearance qualities of fruits at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图9 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层不同部位的果皮色度值差异

Fig. 9 Differences in chromatic value of peels at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图10 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层部位的果实

Fig. 10 Fruits at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图11 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层不同部位果实内在品质差异

Fig. 11 Differences in internal qualities of fruits at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights.

图12 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层不同部位的果皮色素含量差异

Fig. 12 Differences of pigment content in peel at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights

图13 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层不同部位果皮和果肉的总酚和总黄酮含量差异 GAE：没食子酸当量；RE：芦丁当量

Fig. 13 Differences in contents of total phenols and total flavonoids in peel and flesh at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights. GAE：Gallic acid equivalent；RE：Rutin equivalent

图14 开心树形不同树干高度及冠层不同部位的果皮和果肉的抗氧化能力差异 TE：水溶性维生素E当量

Fig. 14 Differences in antioxidant capacity of peel and flesh at different canopy locations in open-central canopy with different trunk heights TE：Trolox E quivalent

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