不结球白菜的起源、进化、研究及产业发展

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0549

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

系统阐述了不结球白菜种质资源的创新与应用、主要性状的分子基础、育种技术的突破和产业发展等，并指出产业存在的问题和短板。提出了以种质创新为核心驱动力，并结合现代育种技术革新、种业体系优化、绿色防控技术集成且全产业链协同的方案，以促进不结球白菜产业可持续发展。

关键词: 不结球白菜, 起源与进化, 种质资源, 分子育种, 产业发展

Abstract:

The paper systematically outlines the innovation and application of non-heading Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，the molecular basis of key traits，breakthroughs in breeding techniques，and industrial development，while identifying existing challenges and shortcomings within the sector. It proposes a comprehensive strategy centered on germplasm innovation as the core driver，integrated with modern breeding technology upgrades，optimization of the seed industry system，and the integration of green pest control technologies across the entire industrial chain. This approach aims to promote the sustainable development of the non-heading Chinese cabbage industry.

Key words: non-heading Chinese cabbage, origin and evolution, germplasm resources, molecular breeding, industrial development

张昌伟, 厉恩铜, 王文龙, 侯喜林. 不结球白菜的起源、进化、研究及产业发展[J]. 园艺学报, 2026, 53(3): 892-918.

ZHANG Changwei, LI Entong, WANG Wenlong, HOU Xilin. The Origin，Evolution，Research，and Industrial Development of Non- Heading Chinese Cabbage[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(3): 892-918.

图/表 6

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物种、亚种、变种 Species，subspecies，variety	进化时间/MY Evolutionary time
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	~ 14.5
盐芥 Thellungiella parvula	~ 10.0
芸薹属 Brassica	~ 6.5
芸薹种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa)	~ 4.6
油菜 Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sarson Pain	~ 2.24
芜菁亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. rapifera	~ 1.95
不结球白菜亚种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis	~ 1.54
大白菜亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. pekinensis	~ 1.44
薹菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. tai-tsai	~ 1.63
普通白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis	~ 1.26
分蘖白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. multiceps	~ 1.05
乌塌菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis	~ 1.04
菜薹变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis	~ 0.94
菜心变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis	~ 0.92

物种、亚种、变种 Species，subspecies，variety	进化时间/MY Evolutionary time
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	~ 14.5
盐芥 Thellungiella parvula	~ 10.0
芸薹属 Brassica	~ 6.5
芸薹种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa)	~ 4.6
油菜 Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sarson Pain	~ 2.24
芜菁亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. rapifera	~ 1.95
不结球白菜亚种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis	~ 1.54
大白菜亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. pekinensis	~ 1.44
薹菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. tai-tsai	~ 1.63
普通白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis	~ 1.26
分蘖白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. multiceps	~ 1.05
乌塌菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis	~ 1.04
菜薹变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis	~ 0.94
菜心变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis	~ 0.92

材料 Material	基因组大小/Mb Assemble genome	基因数量 Number of genes	Contig N50/Mb	完整的基准通用单拷贝直系同源基因比例（C）/% Comple BUSCOs（C）	挂载率/% Mount rate	参考文献 References
苏州青Suzhouqing	405.33	48 158	2.83	97.90	91.67	Li et al.,2020
Pak Cho	370.42	45 363	2.82	98.10	98.50	Li et al.,2021
PC-fu	411.40	52 511	4.70	97.50	96.50	Xu et al.,2022
香青菜Xiangqingcai	466.11	47 570	15.15	99.40	99.75	Liu et al.,2023
紫菜薹Zicaitai	474.12	42 051	21.56	99.30	90.89	Ren et al.,2023
矮脚白Aijiaobai	441.72	49 308	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024
红山菜薹Hongshan Caitai	430.16	49 243	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024

材料 Material	基因组大小/Mb Assemble genome	基因数量 Number of genes	Contig N50/Mb	完整的基准通用单拷贝直系同源基因比例（C）/% Comple BUSCOs（C）	挂载率/% Mount rate	参考文献 References
苏州青Suzhouqing	405.33	48 158	2.83	97.90	91.67	Li et al.,2020
Pak Cho	370.42	45 363	2.82	98.10	98.50	Li et al.,2021
PC-fu	411.40	52 511	4.70	97.50	96.50	Xu et al.,2022
香青菜Xiangqingcai	466.11	47 570	15.15	99.40	99.75	Liu et al.,2023
紫菜薹Zicaitai	474.12	42 051	21.56	99.30	90.89	Ren et al.,2023
矮脚白Aijiaobai	441.72	49 308	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024
红山菜薹Hongshan Caitai	430.16	49 243	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024

性状 Character	水平 Level	品种 Cultivar	参考文献 Reference
耐寒 Cold-resistant	极强 Extremely strong	南京白叶、无锡黑麻菜、扬州二青子、黑叶四月慢，等 Nanjing Baiye，Wuxi Heimacai，Yangzhou Erqingzi，Heiye Siyueman，etc.	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,2001；方智远,2017
	强Strong	南京矮脚黄、四月白、无锡三月白、常州三月白、苏州上海菜、四月白、扬州大头青、三月慢、毛叶白油菜、杭州蚕白菜、合肥四月青，等 Nanjing Aijiaohuang，Siyuebai，Wuxi Sanyuebai，Changzhou Sanyuebai，Suzhou Shanghaicai，Siyuebai，Yangzhou Datouqing，Sanyueman，Maoye Baiyoucai，Hangzhou Canbaicai，Hefei Siyueqing，etc
	中等 Medium	南京二白、高桩、青大头、小圆菜、黑油菜、常州白梗菜、五月慢、杭州半早儿，等 Nanjing Erbai，Gaozhuang，Qingdatou，Xiaoyuancai，Heiyoucai，Changzhou Baigengcai，Wuyueman，Hangzhou Banzaoer，etc.
抗高温高湿 Resistant to high temperature and high humidity	中等 Medium	南京高桩、二白、常州白梗菜、苏州白叶、苏州青、杭州火白菜、荷叶白、佛山乌白菜、黑叶高脚白菜，等 Nanjing Gaozhuang，Erbai，Changzhou Baigengcai，Suzhou Baiye，Suzhouqing，Hangzhou Huobaicai，Heyebai，Foshan Wubaicai，Heiye Gaojiao Baicai，etc.
抗病 Disease resistance	极强 Extremely strong	常州雪克青，等 Changzhou Xuekeqing，etc.
	强Strong	常州乌塌菜，等 Changzhou Wutacai，etc.
	中等Medium	常州短白梗，等 Changzhou Duanbaigeng，etc.
熟性 Ripeness	极早熟Very Early-maturing	广东矮脚乌、江门白菜，等 Guangdong Aijiaowu，Jiangmen Baicai，etc.
熟性 Ripeness	早熟 Early-maturing	南京矮脚黄、高桩、苏州青、上海矮箕白菜，等 Nanjing Aijiaohuang，Gaozhuang，Suzhouqing，Shanghai Aiji Baicai，etc.
硝酸盐含量 Nitrate content	较低 Lower	早生华京、绿冠、上海青、热优2号、矮脚奶白菜，等 Zaosheng Huajing，Lüguan，Shanghaiqing，Reyou 2，Aijiao Naibaicai，etc.	汪李平等,2004；邵贵荣等,2006
耐抽薹 Late-bolting	极强 Extremely strong	上海五月慢，等 Shanghai Wuyueman，etc.	方智远,2017
	强Strong	上海四月慢、南京四月白，等 Shanghai Siyueman，Nanjing Siyuebai，etc.
	中等 Medium	上海三月慢、无锡三月白，等 Shanghai Sanyueman，Wuxi Sanyuebai，etc.