豆秸、棉籽粕等栽培基质对金针菇生长和品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2021-0906

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以棉籽粕、蓖麻籽粕、菜籽粕为供试氮源，以豆秸、花生秧、棉花秸秆为供试碳源，进行金针菇（Flammulina filiformis）栽培试验，以明确不同碳、氮源对金针菇生长发育、产量、外观品质和营养成分的影响。试验结果表明：以25%豆秸为碳源时金针菇单瓶产量和生物学效率分别为405 g和122.73%，与对照（工厂生产配方）产量（408 g）和生物学效率（123.64%）相比无显著差异，以花生秧、棉花秸秆为碳源时产量和生物学效率较对照明显下降；分别以8%棉籽粕、13%蓖麻籽粕和10%菜籽粕栽培金针菇时单瓶产量分别为415.3、421.5和413.1 g，生物学效率分别为 125.85%、127.73%和125.17%；供试碳、氮源配方栽培子实体氨基酸总量在112.8 ~ 136.6 g · kg^-1，均高于对照的109.6 g · kg^-1。通过主成分分析，添加碳氮源处理子实体综合评分均高于对照。综上所述，以适量豆秸、棉籽粕、蓖麻籽粕、菜籽粕作为栽培基质金针菇可获得理想的产量和品质，降低成本、增加经济效益。

关键词: 金针菇, 栽培基质, 产量, 生物学效率, 营养物质

Abstract:

Soybean straw，peanut straw and cotton straw were used as carbon source，cottonseed meal，castor seed meal and rapeseed meal were applied as nitrogen sources respectively，to evaluate the effects of novel carbon and nitrogen sources on growth，yield，appearance quality and nutrient composition of Flammulina filiformis. For carbon sources，there was no significant difference in the single bottle yield and biological efficiency of the substrate with 25% soybean straw（405 g and 122.73%，respectively）and the control substrate（408 g，and 123.64%，respectively），while a significant reduction in yield was observed in the substrate which added peanut straw and cotton straw. For new nitrogen sources，the single bottle yield of fruiting body cultivated on the substrate added with 8% cottonseed meal，13% castor seed meal and 10% rapeseed meal，were 415.3 g，421.5 g and 413.1 g，respectively，the biological efficiency was 125.85%，127.73% and 125.17%，respectively. The total content of amino acids in fruiting bodies cultivated on the substrate added with any new carbon and nitrogen sources（112.8-136.6 g · kg^-1）was higher than that of the control（109.6 g · kg^-1）. By principal component analysis，the comprehensive score of fruiting body in treatment with new carbon and nitrogen source was higher than that in the control. In conclusion，the suitable addition of soybean straw，cottonseed meal，castor seed meal and rapeseed meal on Flammulina filiformis cultivaion substrate can obtain an ideal harvest，reduce the cost and increase economic benefit.

Key words: Flammulina filiformis, cultivation substrate, yield, biological efficiency, nutrient component

中图分类号:

S646.15

孙瑞祥, 杨树德, 杨鹏, 韩建东, 宫志远. 豆秸、棉籽粕等栽培基质对金针菇生长和品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2023, 50(1): 91-102.

SUN Ruixiang, YANG Shude, YANG Peng, HAN Jiandong, GONG Zhiyuan. Effects of Soybean Straw，Cottonseed Meal and Other Cultivation Substrates on Growth and Quality of Flammulina filiformis[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2023, 50(1): 91-102.

图/表 10

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秸秆种类 Straw species	原料配方/% Raw material formula					原料C/N Material C/N	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
秸秆种类 Straw species	秸秆 Straw	玉米芯 Corn cob	米糠 Rice bran	麸皮 Wheat bran	豆皮 Soybean hulls	原料C/N Material C/N	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
豆秸 Soybean	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.4 a	0.72 ± 0.12 b	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	20	27	23	8	0	32.43	23 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.7 a	0.85 ± 0.15 a	389.07 ± 15.53 b	117.90 ± 4.71 b
	25	20	25	8	0	33.16	23 ± 1	15.4 ± 0.5 a	0.86 ± 0.21 a	405.02 ± 10.06 a	122.73 ± 3.05 a
	30	13	27	8	0	31.98	24 ± 1	14.8 ± 0.8 b	0.89 ± 0.25 a	383.35 ± 9.65 b	116.17 ± 2.92 b
	35	6	29	8	0	30.89	24 ± 1	14.6 ± 0.5 b	0.91 ± 0.18 a	369.82 ± 14.32 c	112.07 ± 4.34 c
花生秧 Peanut	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.5 a	0.72 ± 0.12 a	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	20	23	20	15	0	30.83	22 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.7 a	0.75 ± 0.17 a	378.20 ± 10.32 b	114.61 ± 3.13 b
	25	20	20	13	0	30.59	22 ± 1	15.3 ± 0.4 a	0.73 ± 0.22 a	360.58 ± 13.15 b	109.24 ± 3.98 b
	30	17	20	11	0	30.35	23 ± 1	14.6 ± 0.5 b	0.78 ± 0.15 a	339.83 ± 11.27 c	102.97 ± 3.42 c
	35	14	20	9	0	30.12	23 ± 1	14.1 ± 0.7 b	0.80 ± 0.23 a	330.75 ± 9.02 c	100.23 ± 2.73 c
棉柴 Cotton	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.4 a	0.72 ± 0.12 a	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	10	24	20	24	0	30.62	22 ± 1	15.7 ± 0.5 a	0.70 ± 0.27 a	393.82 ± 11.56 ab	119.34 ± 3.50 ab
	20	18	20	20	0	31.27	22 ± 1	15.3 ± 0.7 a	0.78 ± 0.35 a	388.15 ± 16.20 ab	117.62 ± 5.44 ab
	30	12	20	16	0	31.95	23 ± 1	15.1 ± 0.8 a	0.82 ± 0.22 a	364.78 ± 10.32 b	110.54 ± 3.13 b
	40	6	20	12	0	32.66	23 ± 1	14.5 ± 0.5 b	0.83 ± 0.20 a	352.37 ± 12.06 c	106.78 ± 3.65 c

秸秆种类 Straw species	原料配方/% Raw material formula					原料C/N Material C/N	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
秸秆种类 Straw species	秸秆 Straw	玉米芯 Corn cob	米糠 Rice bran	麸皮 Wheat bran	豆皮 Soybean hulls	原料C/N Material C/N	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
豆秸 Soybean	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.4 a	0.72 ± 0.12 b	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	20	27	23	8	0	32.43	23 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.7 a	0.85 ± 0.15 a	389.07 ± 15.53 b	117.90 ± 4.71 b
	25	20	25	8	0	33.16	23 ± 1	15.4 ± 0.5 a	0.86 ± 0.21 a	405.02 ± 10.06 a	122.73 ± 3.05 a
	30	13	27	8	0	31.98	24 ± 1	14.8 ± 0.8 b	0.89 ± 0.25 a	383.35 ± 9.65 b	116.17 ± 2.92 b
	35	6	29	8	0	30.89	24 ± 1	14.6 ± 0.5 b	0.91 ± 0.18 a	369.82 ± 14.32 c	112.07 ± 4.34 c
花生秧 Peanut	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.5 a	0.72 ± 0.12 a	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	20	23	20	15	0	30.83	22 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.7 a	0.75 ± 0.17 a	378.20 ± 10.32 b	114.61 ± 3.13 b
	25	20	20	13	0	30.59	22 ± 1	15.3 ± 0.4 a	0.73 ± 0.22 a	360.58 ± 13.15 b	109.24 ± 3.98 b
	30	17	20	11	0	30.35	23 ± 1	14.6 ± 0.5 b	0.78 ± 0.15 a	339.83 ± 11.27 c	102.97 ± 3.42 c
	35	14	20	9	0	30.12	23 ± 1	14.1 ± 0.7 b	0.80 ± 0.23 a	330.75 ± 9.02 c	100.23 ± 2.73 c
棉柴 Cotton	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.4 a	0.72 ± 0.12 a	408.00 ± 13.02 a	123.64 ± 3.95 a
straw	10	24	20	24	0	30.62	22 ± 1	15.7 ± 0.5 a	0.70 ± 0.27 a	393.82 ± 11.56 ab	119.34 ± 3.50 ab
	20	18	20	20	0	31.27	22 ± 1	15.3 ± 0.7 a	0.78 ± 0.35 a	388.15 ± 16.20 ab	117.62 ± 5.44 ab
	30	12	20	16	0	31.95	23 ± 1	15.1 ± 0.8 a	0.82 ± 0.22 a	364.78 ± 10.32 b	110.54 ± 3.13 b
	40	6	20	12	0	32.66	23 ± 1	14.5 ± 0.5 b	0.83 ± 0.20 a	352.37 ± 12.06 c	106.78 ± 3.65 c

添加种类 Add species	原料配方/% Raw material formula					原料C/N Material C/N	污染率/% Contamina- tion rate	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting Body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
添加种类 Add species	粕类 meal	玉米芯 Corn cob	米糠 Rice bran	麸皮 Wheat bran	豆皮 Soybean hulls	原料C/N Material C/N	污染率/% Contamina- tion rate	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting Body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
棉籽粕 Cotton-	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.12	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.6 a	0.72 ± 0.19 a	408.00 ± 12.06 a	123.64 ± 3.65 a
seed	8	40	10	20	0	34.14	0.35 ± 0.08	21 ± 1	15.8 ± 0.4 a	0.73 ± 0.11 a	415.30 ± 10.32 a	125.85 ± 3.12 a
meal	11	40	10	17	0	32.32	1.04 ± 0.20	23 ± 1	13.2 ± 0.5 b	0.85 ± 0.15 a	383.43 ± 11.47 b	116.18 ± 3.47 b
	14	40	10	14	0	30.77	3.12 ± 0.27	23 ± 1	12.0 ± 0.6 b	0.88 ± 0.17 a	365.75 ± 10.56 c	110.82 ± 3.20 c
蓖麻籽粕	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.10	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.5 a	0.72 ± 0.08 ab	408.00 ± 10.59 b	123.64 ± 3.21 b
Castor	10	40	10	18	0	34.51	0.11 ± 0.08	23 ± 1	15.2 ± 0.3 a	0.65 ± 0.10 ab	402.51 ± 8.69 b	121.97 ± 2.63 b
seed	13	40	10	15	0	33.25	0.35 ± 0.09	22 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.8 a	0.62 ± 0.05 b	421.50 ± 6.01 a	127.73 ± 1.82 a
meal	16	40	10	12	0	32.11	1.04 ± 0.23	23 ± 1	13.8 ± 0.7 b	0.80 ± 0.09 a	382.53 ± 11.51 c	115.91 ± 3.49 c
菜籽粕 Rapeseed	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.15	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.82 a	0.72 ± 0.11 a	408.00 ± 6.51 a	123.64 ± 1.97 a
meal	8	40	10	20	0	34.45	0.35 ± 0.12	21 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.75 a	0.75 ± 0.15 a	399.65 ± 9.65 b	121.09 ± 2.92 b
	10	40	10	18	0	33.53	0.35 ± 0.16	21 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.79 a	0.74 ± 0.09 a	413.10 ± 11.50 a	125.17 ± 3.49 a
	12	40	10	16	0	32.68	1.39 ± 0.21	22 ± 1	15.1 ± 1.04 a	0.79 ± 0.13 a	401.32 ± 10.36 ab	121.59 ± 3.14 ab

添加种类 Add species	原料配方/% Raw material formula					原料C/N Material C/N	污染率/% Contamina- tion rate	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting Body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
添加种类 Add species	粕类 meal	玉米芯 Corn cob	米糠 Rice bran	麸皮 Wheat bran	豆皮 Soybean hulls	原料C/N Material C/N	污染率/% Contamina- tion rate	菌丝满瓶/d Full colonized	子实体高/cm Fruiting Body height	菌盖直径/cm Pileus diameter	第一潮菇单瓶产量/g The first flush of mushroom yield	生物学效率/% Biological efficiency
棉籽粕 Cotton-	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.12	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.6 a	0.72 ± 0.19 a	408.00 ± 12.06 a	123.64 ± 3.65 a
seed	8	40	10	20	0	34.14	0.35 ± 0.08	21 ± 1	15.8 ± 0.4 a	0.73 ± 0.11 a	415.30 ± 10.32 a	125.85 ± 3.12 a
meal	11	40	10	17	0	32.32	1.04 ± 0.20	23 ± 1	13.2 ± 0.5 b	0.85 ± 0.15 a	383.43 ± 11.47 b	116.18 ± 3.47 b
	14	40	10	14	0	30.77	3.12 ± 0.27	23 ± 1	12.0 ± 0.6 b	0.88 ± 0.17 a	365.75 ± 10.56 c	110.82 ± 3.20 c
蓖麻籽粕	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.10	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.5 a	0.72 ± 0.08 ab	408.00 ± 10.59 b	123.64 ± 3.21 b
Castor	10	40	10	18	0	34.51	0.11 ± 0.08	23 ± 1	15.2 ± 0.3 a	0.65 ± 0.10 ab	402.51 ± 8.69 b	121.97 ± 2.63 b
seed	13	40	10	15	0	33.25	0.35 ± 0.09	22 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.8 a	0.62 ± 0.05 b	421.50 ± 6.01 a	127.73 ± 1.82 a
meal	16	40	10	12	0	32.11	1.04 ± 0.23	23 ± 1	13.8 ± 0.7 b	0.80 ± 0.09 a	382.53 ± 11.51 c	115.91 ± 3.49 c
菜籽粕 Rapeseed	0（对照 Control）	30	20	25	3	33.74	0.69 ± 0.15	22 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.82 a	0.72 ± 0.11 a	408.00 ± 6.51 a	123.64 ± 1.97 a
meal	8	40	10	20	0	34.45	0.35 ± 0.12	21 ± 1	15.5 ± 0.75 a	0.75 ± 0.15 a	399.65 ± 9.65 b	121.09 ± 2.92 b
	10	40	10	18	0	33.53	0.35 ± 0.16	21 ± 1	15.6 ± 0.79 a	0.74 ± 0.09 a	413.10 ± 11.50 a	125.17 ± 3.49 a
	12	40	10	16	0	32.68	1.39 ± 0.21	22 ± 1	15.1 ± 1.04 a	0.79 ± 0.13 a	401.32 ± 10.36 ab	121.59 ± 3.14 ab

碳源 Carbon source	蛋白质 Protein	脂肪 Fat	总糖 Total sugar	灰分 Ash	天冬氨酸 Asp	苏氨酸 Thr	丝氨酸 Ser	谷氨酸 Glu
对照Control	186.2 ± 1.2 b	18.4 ± 0.6 b	330.1 ± 16.1 a	71.4 ± 1.1 a	9.3 ± 0.2 b	5.7 ± 0.1 b	6.1 ± 0.1 b	20.9 ± 0.4 c
25%豆秸 25% Soybean straw	182.1 ± 1.5 b	22.0 ± 0.8 a	281.3 ± 14.2 c	60.1 ± 0.9 b	9.7 ± 0.2 b	5.7 ± 0.1 b	6.2 ± 0.1 b	20.2 ± 0.4 c
20%花生秧 20% Peanut straw	201.4 ± 2.0 a	22.1 ± 0.5 a	295.2 ± 13.7 b	70.3 ± 1.4 a	10.8 ± 0.2 a	6.4 ± 0.1 a	6.8 ± 0.1 a	22.4 ± 0.5 b
20% 棉柴 20% Cotton straw	191.3 ± 1.3 a	20.2 ± 1.1 ab	261.5 ± 13.2 c	73.2 ± 1.5 a	10.6 ± 0.2 a	6.5 ± 0.2 a	7.0 ± 0.1 a	23.7 ± 0.4 a
碳源 Carbon source	甘氨酸 Gly	丙氨酸 Ala	缬氨酸 Val	蛋氨酸 Met	异亮氨酸 Ile	亮氨酸 Leu	酪氨酸 Tyr	苯丙氨酸 Phe
对照Control	5.4 ± 0.1 b	8.2 ± 0.2 a	5.5 ± 0.1 b	7.8 ± 0.1 a	4.6 ± 0.1 b	8.2 ± 0.2 b	5.8 ± 0.1 b	3.5 ± 0.1 c
25%豆秸 25% Soybean straw	5.4 ± 0.1 b	7.6 ± 0.2 b	6.3 ± 0.1 a	8.1 ± 0.2 a	5.2 ± 0.1 a	8.4 ± 0.2 b	5.8 ± 0.1 b	4.8 ± 0.1 a
20% 花生秧 20% Peanut straw	5.9 ± 0.1 a	7.9 ± 0.2 b	6.0 ± 0.1 a	4.8 ± 0.1 b	5.1 ± 0.1 a	9.0 ± 0.2 a	7.5 ± 0.2 a	4.9 ± 0.1 a
20%棉柴 20% Cotton straw	6.0 ± 0.1 a	8.7 ± 0.2 a	6.2 ± 0.1 a	7.8 ± 0.1 a	5.1 ± 0.1 a	9.3 ± 0.1 a	7.0 ± 0.2 a	4.3 ± 0.1 b
碳源 Carbon source	赖氨酸 Lys	组氨酸 His	精氨酸 Arg	脯氨酸 Pro	氨基酸总量 Total amino acids	必需氨基酸含量 Essential amino acid content	必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值/% Ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids
对照Control	6.7 ± 0.2 b	2.4 ± 0.1 b	3.9 ± 0.1 b	5.6 ± 0.1 b	109.6 ± 2.2 d	42.0 ± 0.8 b	38.32 ± 0.7 b
25% 豆秸 25% Soybean straw	6.8 ± 0.1 b	2.5 ± 0.1 b	3.9 ± 0.1 b	6.2 ± 0.2 a	112.8 ± 2.4 c	45.3 ± 0.9 a	40.16 ± 0.8 a
20% 花生秧 20% Peanut straw	7.6 ± 0.2 a	2.4 ± 0.1 b	4.3 ± 0.1 a	3.8 ± 0.1 c	115.6 ± 2.5 b	43.8 ± 0.5 b	37.89 ± 0.4 b
20% 棉柴 20% Cotton straw	7.6 ± 0.2 a	2.9 ± 0.1 a	4.6 ± 0.1 a	6.0 ± 0.1 a	123.3 ± 1.8 a	46.8 ± 1.1 a	37.96 ± 0.9 b