梨幼树到结果初期春施15N-尿素的利用及其在土壤的残留与损失

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2020-0110

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2014—2016年,以‘黄冠’梨为材料,采用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了从幼树期到结果初期梨树对春季施用氮素的吸收利用及土壤残留与损失情况。研究结果表明,幼树期（2014—2015年）梨树生长以中心干和粗根等树体骨干结构建立为主,生长量相对较小;进入结果初期（2016年）后树体生长表现为树体骨干结构建立为主,枝梢等营养器官生长与产量形成并存,生长量大幅增加。整个试验期间,树体贮藏器官的标记氮素吸收量较大,其中幼树期中心干吸收量最大,结果初期粗根吸收量最大。0 ~ 100 cm土层标记氮素残留量随土层深度和施用年限增加逐渐降低,其中,施用标记氮素后第1年（2014年）,土壤标记氮素残留量较高,残留率达63.61%,梨幼树对标记氮素利用率仅为3.25%。随后两年（2015—2016年）土壤残留量较低,树体对标记氮素利用率仅为0.51%和0.80%。试验结束时,幼树期到结果初期梨树对标记氮素的累计利用率为4.57%,土壤标记氮素残留量为20.34%,损失率达75.07%。

关键词: 梨, 幼树期, 结果初期, ¹⁵N-尿素, 吸收, 残留后效

Abstract:

To investigate the uptake and utilization of nitrogen and its residual and loss in the soil of ‘Huangguan’pear trees during the no-bearing stage to the young bearing stage,the growth of various organs and the uptake,residual and loss of labeled nitrogen at 0-100 cm soil layers were studied during the years of 2014-2016 with ¹⁵N tracer technique. The results showed that the growth of pear trees in the no-bearing stage（2014-2015）mainly displayed in the growth of the central trunk and coarse root with a lower growth rate. However,it showed that the establishment of tree structure,the growth of vegetative organs such as branches and shoots,and the formation of yield and quality coexisted in the young bearing stage. During the whole experiment period,the amount of labeled nitrogen absorbed by the storage organs of the tree was larger,among which absorption of the central trunk’s uptake was the largest in the no-bearing stage,while the amount of labeled nitrogen absorbed by the coarse roots was the largest among all tested organs in the young bearing stage. After the application of labeled nitrogen in the first year （2014）,the utilization rate of labeled nitrogen was 3.25% for the pear trees,while the residual rate of labeled nitrogen in 0-100 cm soil layer was higher accounting for 63.61%. In the following two years （2015-2016）,the residual amount of soil was lower,and the utilization rate of labeled nitrogen for pear trees was only 0.51% and 0.80%. By the end of the experiment,the utilization rate and residual rate of labeled nitrogen was 4.57% and 20.34% respectively,however,the three-year loss rate was as high as 75.07%.

Key words: pear, no bearing stage, young bearing stage, ¹⁵N-urea, uptake, residual effect

中图分类号:

S661.2

梁振旭, 孙明德, 武阳, 田海青, 杜瑞瑞, 赵艳艳, 刘松忠. 梨幼树到结果初期春施¹⁵N-尿素的利用及其在土壤的残留与损失[J]. 园艺学报, 2021, 48(1): 137-145.

LIANG Zhenxu, SUN Mingde, WU Yang, TIAN Haiqing, DU Ruirui, ZHAO Yanyan, LIU Songzhong. Utilization of ¹⁵N-urea Applied in Spring for Pear Trees and Its Residual in Soil and Loss from the No-bearing Stage to the Young Bearing Stage[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2021, 48(1): 137-145.

图/表 8

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土层/cm Soil layer	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	碱解氮/（mg · kg^-1） Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen	有效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus	有效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium	pH
0 ~ 20	18.3	75.8	128.4	102.2	7.80
20 ~ 40	18.7	58.4	237.3	90.4	7.90
40 ~ 60	11.2	48.1	82.3	74.7	8.07
60 ~ 80	9.4	38.7	70.6	55.1	8.09
80 ~ 100	8.1	32.5	53.8	49.9	8.13

土层/cm Soil layer	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	碱解氮/（mg · kg^-1） Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen	有效磷/（mg · kg^-1） Available phosphorus	有效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available potassium	pH
0 ~ 20	18.3	75.8	128.4	102.2	7.80
20 ~ 40	18.7	58.4	237.3	90.4	7.90
40 ~ 60	11.2	48.1	82.3	74.7	8.07
60 ~ 80	9.4	38.7	70.6	55.1	8.09
80 ~ 100	8.1	32.5	53.8	49.9	8.13

施氮日期 Date of N application	施氮量 N application rate			施磷量 P₂O₅ application rate	施钾量 K₂O application rate
施氮日期 Date of N application	未标记氮素施用量 Urea application rate	¹⁵N施用量 ¹⁵N-urea application rate	总施氮量 Total	施磷量 P₂O₅ application rate	施钾量 K₂O application rate
2014-04-26	16.16	1.38	17.54	8.77	17.54
2015-03-18	26.30	0	26.30	13.15	26.30
2016-03-20	35.08	0	35.08	17.54	35.08

施氮日期 Date of N application	施氮量 N application rate			施磷量 P₂O₅ application rate	施钾量 K₂O application rate
施氮日期 Date of N application	未标记氮素施用量 Urea application rate	¹⁵N施用量 ¹⁵N-urea application rate	总施氮量 Total	施磷量 P₂O₅ application rate	施钾量 K₂O application rate
2014-04-26	16.16	1.38	17.54	8.77	17.54
2015-03-18	26.30	0	26.30	13.15	26.30
2016-03-20	35.08	0	35.08	17.54	35.08

采样日期 Sampling data	叶片 Leaf	短梢 Short shoot	中长梢 Medium and long shoot	一年生枝 1-Year branch	二年生枝 2-Year branch	中心干 Trunk	粗根 Coarse root	细根 Fine root	果实 Fruit	单株总量 Total Biomass
2014-03	—	—	—	—	—	35.8 a	34.2 a	—	—	70.0 ± 7.4
2014-11	7.3 e	2.1 f	25.8 c	—	—	81.1 a	45.8 b	16.4 d	—	178.4 ± 12.1
2015-11	57.3 d	5.2 g	91.0 c	29.1 e	—	428.5 a	217.6 b	18.5 f	—	847.0 ± 19.7
2016-08	348.5 c	39.1 f	146.7 e	317.6 d	34.9 f	634.8 b	863.3 a	24.0 g	368.7 c	2 777.4 ± 96.1

梨幼树到结果初期春施¹⁵N-尿素的利用及其在土壤的残留与损失

Utilization of ¹⁵N-urea Applied in Spring for Pear Trees and Its Residual in Soil and Loss from the No-bearing Stage to the Young Bearing Stage

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年份 Year	叶片 Leaf	短梢 Short shoot	中长梢 Medium and long shoot	一年生枝 1-Year branch	二年生枝 2-Year branch	中心干 Trunk	粗根 Coarse root	细根 Fine root	果实 Fruit
2014	6.7	1.9	23.8	—	—	41.8	10.7	15.1	—
2015	7.5	0.5	9.8	4.4	—	52.0	25.7	0.3	—
2016	15.1	1.8	2.9	14.9	1.8	10.7	33.4	0.3	19.1

采样日期 Sampling data	叶片 Leaf	短梢 Short shoot	中长梢 Medium and long shoot	一年生枝 1-Year branch	二年生枝 2-Year branch	中心干 Trunk	粗根 Coarse root	细根 Fine root	果实 Fruit
2014-11	1.919 d	2.566 a	2.603 a	—	—	2.127 c	2.038 cd	2.369 b	—
2015-11	0.485 d	0.558 c	0.413 e	0.444 de	—	0.593 b	0.589 b	0.632 a	—
2016-08	0.168 g	0.187 f	0.165 g	0.186 f	0.294 b	0.262 c	0.226 d	0.302 a	0.201 e

采样日期 Sampling data	叶片 Leaf	短梢 Short shoot	中长梢 Medium and long shoot	一年生枝 1-Year branch	二年生枝 2-Year branch	中心干 Trunk	粗根 Coarse root	细根 Fine root	果实 Fruit	单株总量 Total Biomass
2014-11	1.54 e	0.70 e	8.30 c	—	—	17.26 a	12.32 b	4.48 d	—	44.79 ± 3.42
2015-11	4.57 c	0.42 d	4.52 c	1.53 d	—	22.16 a	15.72 b	1.36 d	—	50.28 ± 4.87
2016-08	12.40 b	0.60 e	1.90 de	4.40 d	0.58 e	9.42 c	23.73 a	0.64 e	2.16 de	55.85 ± 5.05

年份 Year	¹⁵N吸收与利用 ¹⁵N Uptake and utilization							¹⁵N残留 ¹⁵N Residual
年份 Year	年吸收/mg Annual uptake	累计吸收/mg Total uptake		年利用率/% Annual utilization percentage		累计利用率/% Total utilization percentage		残留量/mg Residual	残留率/% Residual percentage
2014	44.79 ± 3.42	—		3.25 ± 0.07		—		877.8 ± 6.7	63.61 ± 0.48
2015	7.08 ± 1.13	51.87 ± 6.22		0.51 ± 0.05		3.77 ± 0.26		497.1 ± 12.4	36.02 ± 0.90
2016	11.24 ± 2.05	63.11 ± 5.47		0.80 ± 0.09		4.57 ± 0.48		280.7 ± 15.5	20.34 ± 1.13
年份 Year	¹⁵N损失 ¹⁵N Loss
年份 Year	年损失/mg Annual loss		累计损失/mg Total loss		年损失率/% Annual loss percentage		累计损失率/% Total loss percentage
2014	457.4 ± 8.4		—		33.12 ± 0.61		—
2015	373.6 ± 9.7		831.3 ± 67.2		27.10 ± 1.08		60.22 ± 4.26
2016	205.2 ± 11.2		10 036.2 ± 94.4		14.86 ± 0.85		75.07 ± 3.93

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