The Origin，Evolution，Research，and Industrial Development of Non- Heading Chinese Cabbage

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0549

Acta Horticulturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (3): 892-918.doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2025-0549

• Review • Previous Articles Next Articles

The Origin，Evolution，Research，and Industrial Development of Non- Heading Chinese Cabbage

ZHANG Changwei¹, LI Entong¹, WANG Wenlong¹, HOU Xilin¹^,²^,^*()

¹ National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Innovation and Utilization，Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China)，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China，Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops，Ministry of Education of China，College of Horticultural，Nanjing Agricultural University，Nanjing 210095，China
² Nanjing Tianliang Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd.，Nanjing 211162，China

Received:2025-06-19 Revised:2025-12-29 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-03-20
Contact: HOU Xilin

Abstract

Abstract:

The paper systematically outlines the innovation and application of non-heading Chinese cabbage germplasm resources，the molecular basis of key traits，breakthroughs in breeding techniques，and industrial development，while identifying existing challenges and shortcomings within the sector. It proposes a comprehensive strategy centered on germplasm innovation as the core driver，integrated with modern breeding technology upgrades，optimization of the seed industry system，and the integration of green pest control technologies across the entire industrial chain. This approach aims to promote the sustainable development of the non-heading Chinese cabbage industry.

Key words: non-heading Chinese cabbage, origin and evolution, germplasm resources, molecular breeding, industrial development

ZHANG Changwei, LI Entong, WANG Wenlong, HOU Xilin. The Origin，Evolution，Research，and Industrial Development of Non- Heading Chinese Cabbage[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(3): 892-918.

Figures/Tables 6

References 105

[106]	Xu Hai, Song Bo, Fan Xiaoxue, Yuan Xihan, Chen Longzheng. 2017. Clone and expression analysis of heat resistance related gene BcPLDγ from non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities(Natural Sciences Edition), 35 (3):241-246. (in Chinese)
	徐海, 宋波, 樊小雪, 袁希汉, 陈龙正. 2017. 不结球白菜耐热相关基因BcPLDγ的克隆和表达分析. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 35 (3):241-246.
[107]	Xu Yuchao, Hou Xilin, Xu Weiwei, Shen Lulu, Zhang Shilin, Liu Shituo, Hu Chunmei. 2016. Cloning and expression analysis of anthocyanidin synthase gene BrcANS from purple non-heading Chinese cabbage. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 42 (6):850-859. (in Chinese)
	许玉超, 侯喜林, 徐玮玮, 沈露露, 张仕林, 刘世拓, 胡春梅. 2016. 紫色不结球白菜花色苷合酶基因BrcANS的克隆与表达分析. 作物学报, 42 (6):850-859.
[108]	Xuan Shuxin, Zhang Chenghe, Shen Shuxing, Liu Linpo, Zhu Haiyan. 2005. Tetraploid cabbage induction and its self-incompatibility. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,(2):258-259. (in Chinese)
	轩淑欣, 张成合, 申书兴, 柳霖坡, 祝海燕. 2005. 甘蓝自交不亲和系同源四倍体的获得及其亲和性. 农业生物技术学报,(2):258-259.
[109]	Yu Z H, Chen X S, Li Y, Shah R H A, Xiao D, Wang J J, Hou X L, Liu T K, Li Y. 2024. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 070 inhibits flowering in Pak-choi by indirectly impairing BcLEAFY expression. Plant Physiology, 195 (2):986-1004.
[110]	Yuan J P, Yu Z H, Lin T T, Wang L, Chen X, Liu T K, Wang J J, Hou X L, Li Y. 2020. BcERF070,a novel ERF(ethylene-response factor) transcription factor from non-heading Chinese cabbage,affects the accumulation of ascorbic acid by regulating ascorbic acid-related genes. Molecular Breeding, 40 (1):1-18.
[111]	Zhang Hui. 2013. Study on inheritance of clubroot resistance and creating of clubroot resistant material in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	张慧. 2013. 不结球白菜抗根肿病材料创制、抗性遗传及分子标记研究[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[112]	Zhang Shujuan. 2016. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of leaf development gene BrLOM2 in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University. (in Chinese)
	张淑娟. 2016. 不结球白菜叶发育基因BrLOM2的克隆与功能分析[硕士论文]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学.
[113]	Zhang Shuo. 2011. Gene cloning and expression profiling of ascorbic acid biosynthese in non-heading Chinese cabbage and functional analysis of BcPMI2[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
[1]	Arias T, Beilstein M A, Tang M, McKain M R, Pires J C. 2014. Diversification times among Brassica(Brassicaceae)crops suggest hybrid formation after 20 million years of divergence. American Journal of Botany, 101 (1):86-91. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1300312 URL
[2]	Bai A M, Zhao T Z, Li Y, Zhang F X, Wang H B, Sayyed H A S, Gong L, Liu T K, Wang Y H, Hou X L, Li Y. 2024. QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis reveal two major loci regulating green leaf color in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Theor Appl Genet,137:105.
[3]	Cao Shouchun, Hou Xilin. 2002. Study on the breeding and breeding technology of non-bulbling cabbage dwarf yellow inbred incompatibility line. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 25 (1):111-113. (in Chinese)
	曹寿椿, 侯喜林. 2002. 不结球白菜矮脚黄自交不亲和系选育及繁育技术的研究. 南京农业大学学报, 25 (1):111-113.
[4]	Cao Shouchun, Li Shijun. 1980. Breeding and utilisation of male sterile dual-purpose lines of bantam yellow cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,(1):59-68. (in Chinese)
	曹寿椿, 李式军. 1980. 矮脚黄白菜雄性不育两用系的选育与利用. 南京农学院学报,(1):59-68.
[5]	Cao Shouchun, Li Shijun. 1981. Preliminary study on local varieties of cabbage. II. Study on main biological characteristics. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 4 (1):1-11. (in Chinese)
	曹寿椿, 李式军. 1981. 白菜地方品种的初步研究. II. 主要生物学特性的研究. 南京农学院学报, 4 (1):1-11.
[6]	Cao X W, Cui H M, Li J, Xiong A S, Hou X L, Li Y. 2016. Heritability and gene effects for tiller number and leaf number in non-heading Chinese cabbage using joint segregation analysis. Scientia Horticulturae,203:199-206.
[7]	Cao Xuewei. 2016. The formation mechanism and candidate genes identification of tillering in non-heading Chinese cabbage[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	曹学伟. 2016. 不结球白菜分蘖性状的发生机理及其候选基因挖掘[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[8]	Chen X F, Hou X L, Zhang J Y, Zheng J Q. 2008. Molecular characterization of two important antifungal proteins isolated by downy mildew infection in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Molecular Biology Reports,35:621-629.
[9]	Chen Yibo. 2009. Molecular markers of heat tolerance and cloning of heat tolerant gene fragement in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	陈以博. 2009. 不结球白菜耐热性分子标记及耐热基因片段的克隆[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[10]	Cheng F, Sun R F, Hou X L, Zheng H K, Zhang F L, Zhang Y Y, Liu B, Liang J L, Zhuang M, Liu Y X, Liu D Y, Wang X B, Li P X, Liu Y M, Lin K, Bucher J, Zhang N W, Wang Y, Wang H, Deng J, Liao Y C, Wei K Y, Zhang X M, Fu L X, Hu Y Y, Liu J S, Cai C C, Zhang S J, Zhang S F, Li F, Zhang H, Zhang J F, Guo N, Liu Z Y, Liu J, Sun C, Ma Y, Zhang H J, Cui Y, Freeling M R, Borm T, Bonnema G, Wu J, Wang X W. 2016. Subgenome parallel selection is associated with morphotype diversification and convergent crop domestication in Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. Nat Genet,48:1218-1224.
[11]	Cheng Ying. 2011. Cloning of salt stress-related genes and analysis of physiological characters in Brassica plants[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	程影. 2011. 芸薹属蔬菜耐盐基因STZ的克隆及生理性状分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[12]	Cui Hongmi, Cao Xuewei, Wang Jianjun, Xiong Aisheng, Hou Xilin, Li Ying. 2016. Effects of exogenous GR24 on the growth of axillary bud of non-heading Chinese Cabbage, 39 (3):366-372. (in Chinese)
[113]	张硕. 2011. 不结球白菜抗坏血酸合成相关基因的克隆与表达及BcPMI2的功能分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[114]	Zhang Zengcui, Hou Xilin, Cao Shouchun. 1999. Genetic analysis of vitamine C and soluble sugar contents in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 26 (3):32-36. (in Chinese)
	张增翠, 侯喜林, 曹寿椿. 1999. 不结球白菜维生素C和可溶性糖含量的遗传分析. 园艺学报, 26 (3):32-36.
[115]	Zhao D Y, Tang J, Ding X L. 2007. Analysis of volatile components during potherb mustard(Brassica juncea Coss)pickle fermentation using SPME-GC-MS. Food Science and Technology, 40 (3):439-447.
[116]	Zhao J, Wang X, Liu S, Chen L, Zhang Q. 2022. Genomic evidence reveals the Chinese Taihu region as the domestication cradle of non-heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Molecular Ecology, 31 (4):1123-1135.
[117]	Zheng Xueli. Xie Xinxin, Shao Guirong, Huang Jiandu, Chen Yujing. 2018. Identification of pathogens causing soft rot disease in non-heading Chinese cabbage‘Fuguan’. Subtropical Agriculture Research, 14 (1):48-54. (in Chinese).
	郑学立, 谢鑫鑫, 邵贵荣, 黄建都, 陈雨静. 2018. 不结球白菜‘福冠’软腐病病原菌鉴定. 亚热带农业研究, 14 (1):48-54.
[118]	Zhou Y F, Ye H Z, Liu E W, Tian J J, Song L P, Ren Z Y, Wang M, Sun Z H, Tang L G, Ren Z Y, Li J Q, Nie Q J, Wang A H, Wang K. 2024. The complexity of structural variations in Brassica rapa revealed by assembly of two complete T2T genomes. Science Bulletin, 69 (15):2346-2351.
[119]	Zhong Cheng, Tian Xin, Tang Qiwei, Sun Qinglin. 2023. Effect of EMS mutagenesis on the callus effect and heat resistance of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Tillage & Cultivation, 43 (1):30-34,42. (in Chinese)
	钟程, 田鑫, 唐其蔚, 孙庆林. 2023. EMS诱变对不结球白菜愈伤效果及其抗热性的影响. 耕作与栽培, 43 (1):30-34,42.
[120]	Zhu Bo. 2008. Cloning and charaeterization of transcription factors in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis and functional analysis of heat and cold regulated proteins involved in abiotic stress [Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agriculture University. (in Chinese)
	朱波. 2008. 不结球白菜抗逆相关转录因子的克隆及耐热耐寒相关蛋白的功能鉴定[博士论文]. 南京:南京农业大学.
[121]	Zhu Hongfang, Li Xiaofeng, Zhu Yuying, Hou Ruixian, Guo Xinxin. 2014. Inheritance of anthocyanin contents in purple leaves of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 30 (31):141-146. (in Chinese).
	朱红芳, 李晓锋, 朱玉英, 侯瑞贤, 郭欣欣. 2014. 不结球白菜紫色叶片花青素相对含量的遗传分析. 中国农学通报, 30 (31):141-146.
[122]	Zou Hongyu, Li Ying, Wan Jinglin, Hou Xilin. 2022. Effects of plasma active water on yield and quality of non-heading Chinese cabbage at mature period. Changjiang Vegetables,(18):21-25. (in Chinese).
	邹宏宇, 李英, 万京林, 侯喜林. 2022. 等离子体活性水对不结球白菜成熟期产量和品质的影响. 长江蔬菜,(18):21-25.
[12]	崔红米, 曹学伟, 王建军, 熊爱生, 侯喜林, 李英. 2016. 外源GR24对不结球白菜腋芽生长的影响. 南京农业大学学报, 39 (3):366-372.
[13]	Daxenbichler M E, VanEtten C H, Williams P H. 1979. Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables. Analysis of 14 varieties of Chinese cabbage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 27 (1):34-37. pmid: 762327
[14]	Deng Yun, Zhang Shuning, Sun Minhong, Zhang Zhenchao. 2006. Colchicine was used to create high-quality,heat-resistant homologous tetraploid non-bulbs of cabbage. Wuhan Botanical Research, 24 (2):159-162. (in Chinese)
	邓云, 张蜀宁, 孙敏红, 张振超. 2006. 采用秋水仙碱创制优质、抗热同源四倍体不结球白菜. 武汉植物学研究, 24 (2):159-162.
[15]	Dong Huijie. 2015. Cloning and Bioinformatics analysis of anthocyanins biosynthesis key genes in Bok Choy [M. D. dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	董慧杰. 2015. 不结球白菜花青苷合成关键基因克隆及生物信息学分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[16]	Duan Weike. 2016. Evolutionary patterns of ascorbic acid and flowering related genes and QTL mapping analysis in Brassiaca rapa[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	段伟科. 2016. 白菜类作物抗坏血酸和开花相关基因的系统进化及QTL定位分析[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[17]	Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 2001. Chronicles of Chinese vegetable varieties. Volume I. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press:350-420. (in Chinese)
	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所. 2001. 中国蔬菜品种志. 上卷. 北京:中国农业科技出版社:350-420.
[18]	Fang Zhiyuan. 2017. China vegetable breeding. Beijing:China Agriculture Press:453-454. (in Chinese)
	方智远. 2017. 中国蔬菜育种学. 北京:中国农业出版社:453-454.
[19]	Feng Yan, Hou Xilin, Ma Jingfan, Yang Xuedong. 2010. Effects of turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)infection on photosynthetic and fluorescent characteristics of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26 (3):508-511. (in Chinese)
	冯岩, 侯喜林, 马景蕃, 杨学东. 2010. 芜菁花叶病毒侵染对不结球白菜光合及荧光特性的影响. 江苏农业学报, 26 (3):508-511.
[20]	Geng Jianfeng, Hou Xilin, Zhang Xiaowei, Jiang Wusheng, Yuan Yuxiang. 2007. Analysis of key factors influencing the culture of free microspores in Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 34 (1):111-116. (in Chinese)
	耿建峰, 侯喜林, 张晓伟, 蒋武生, 原玉香. 2007. 影响白菜游离小孢子培养关键因素分析. 园艺学报, 34 (1):111-116.
[21]	Halkier B, Gershenzon J. 2006. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57 (1):303-333. doi: 10.1146/arplant.2006.57.issue-1 URL
[22]	Han Mingxuan. 2024. Analysis of reactive oxygen species andcellular autophagy response in non heading Chinese cabbage under salt stress[M. D. Dissertation]. Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. (in Chinese)
	韩明轩. 2024. 盐胁迫下不结球白菜活性氧和细胞自噬响应分析[硕士论文]. 福州: 福建农林大学.
[23]	He Ying. 2024. Molecular basis of mutagenesis of mutants of major traits in low-temperature plasma[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	何盈. 2024. 低温等离子体诱变不结球白菜主要性状突变体的分子基础[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[24]	Hou Hualan. 2020. Characterization and functional analysis of genes associated with leaf curvature in non-heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis)[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	侯华兰. 2020. 不结球白菜叶片弯曲相关基因的鉴定和功能分析[博士论文]. 南京:南京农业大学.
[25]	Hou X L, Cao S C, He Y K. 2004. Creation of a new germplasm of CMS non-heading Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturea, 637 (1):75-81.
[26]	Hou Xilin, Cao Shouchun, She Jianming, Lu Weizhong. 2001a. Nuclear inactivation of hypocotyl protoplasts in OguCMS of non-bulbs cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 24 (3):116-117. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 曹寿椿, 佘建明, 陆维忠. 2001a. 不结球白菜OguCMS下胚轴原生质体的核失活研究. 南京农业大学学报, 24 (3):116-117.
[27]	Hou Xilin, Cao Shouchun, She Jianming, Lu Weizhong. 2002. Effects of iodoacetamide and rhodamine on mitochondrial inactivation of protoplasts in non-bulbous cabbage. Chinese Vegetables,(4):18-19. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 曹寿椿, 佘建明, 陆维忠. 2002. 碘乙酰胺和罗丹明对不结球白菜子叶原生质体线粒体失活效果的影响. 中国蔬菜,(4):18-19.
[28]	Hou Xilin, Cao Shouchun, She Jianming, Lu Weizhong. 2001b. Asymmetric electrofusion of protoplasts to obtain non-spherical cabbage cytoplasmic hybrids. Acta HOrticulturae Sinica, 28 (6):532-537. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 曹寿椿, 佘建明, 陆维忠. 2001b. 原生质体非对称电融合获得不结球白菜胞质杂种. 园艺学报, 28 (6):532-537.
[29]	Hou Xilin, Cao Shouchun, Zhang Shuning, Zhang Zengcui, Wang Jianjun, Sun Hongxia. 2005. Breeding of a new variety of high-quality non-bulb cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 28 (3):30-33. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 曹寿椿, 张蜀宁, 张曾翠, 王建军, 孙红霞. 2005. 优质不结球白菜新品种暑绿的选育. 南京农业大学学报, 28 (3):30-33.
[30]	Hou Xilin, Li Ying, Huang Feiyi. 2020. New advances in molecular biology of main characters and breeding technology in non heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 47 (9):1663-1677. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 李英, 黄菲艺. 2020. 不结球白菜(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis)主要性状及育种技术的分子生物学研究新进展. 园艺学报, 47 (9):1663-1677.
[31]	Hou Xilin, Li Ying, Liu Tongkun. 2022. Research progress in genetics,breeding and molecular biology of non-balling cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 45 (5):864-873. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 李英, 刘同坤. 2022. 不结球白菜遗传育种与分子生物学研究进展. 南京农业大学学报, 45 (5):864-873.
[32]	Hou Xilin, Shen Qi, Zhang Jihong, Wang Jianjun, Wang Xiansheng, Xu Yan, Shi Gongjun, Li Huayong, Wu Yan, Wang Yanping, Dai Jian. 2012. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness,uniformity and stability-Non-heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino):NY/T 2223-2012. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 沈奇, 张继红, 王建军, 王显生, 徐岩, 史公军, 李华勇, 吴燕, 王艳平, 戴剑. 2012. 植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南不结球白菜:NY/T 2223-2012. 北京: 中国农业出版社.
[33]	Hou Xilin, Song Xiaoming. 2012. Research and utilization of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino(non-heading Chinese cabbage)germplasm resources. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 35 (5):35-42. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 宋小明. 2012. 不结球白菜种质资源的研究与利用. 南京农业大学学报, 35 (5):35-42.
[34]	Hou Xilin, Zhang Changwei, Li Ying, Liu Tongkun. 2022. Innovation and application of key techniques in Jiangsu cabbage industry chain. Changjiang Vegetables,(24):18-21. (in Chinese)
	侯喜林, 张昌伟, 李英, 刘同坤. 2022. 江苏小白菜产业链关键技术的创新与应用. 长江蔬菜,(24):18-21.
[35]	Hu Rong. 2015. Characterization and functional analysis of BcCAMTA transcription factor family in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	胡荣. 2015. 不结球白菜BcCAMTA转录因子家族鉴定和功能分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[36]	Huang Hexi, Wang Yan, Xu Yuchao, Xu Weiwei, Liu Shituo, Hou Xilin, Hu Chunmei. 2015. Cloning and expression analysis of a stamen petalody-associated BoAP3 gene from non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 38 (5):748-756. (in Chinese)
	黄和喜, 王岩, 许玉超, 徐玮玮, 刘世拓, 侯喜林, 胡春梅. 2015. 不结球白菜雄蕊瓣化相关AP3基因的克隆和表达分析. 南京农业大学学报, 38 (5):748-756.
[37]	Huang Zhinan. 2016. Detection and analyses of plant type related genes in non-heading Chinese cabbage[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	黄志楠. 2016. 不结球白菜株型性状相关基因挖掘及分析[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[38]	Jia Qianyi, Tao Xinyi, Wei Yanxin, Nian Yuhong, Ding Xinru, Zhu Bo. 2024. Effects of high temperature stress on physiological indices of non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings and related gene screening. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 52 (17):140-148. (in Chinese)
	贾婧怡, 陶心怡, 魏艳欣, 年雨虹, 丁心茹, 朱波. 2024. 高温胁迫对不结球白菜幼苗生理指标的影响及相关基因筛选. 江苏农业科学, 52 (17):140-148.
[39]	Jiang Ming, Cao Jiashu. 2009. Isolation and expression analysis of anther-specific gene BcACT from Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis,syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis. Zhejiang University Journal(Agriculture & Life Sciences),35 (6):591-598. (in Chinese)
	蒋明, 曹家树. 2009. 白菜花药特异基因BcACT的克隆与表达分析. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 35(6):591-598.
[40]	Jiang Shude, Chen Hugen, Yang Xuemei, Yin Yulai, Dong Jianming. 2002. Transbreeding of male sterile lines of Ogura sterile source and non-bulbs of Chinese cabbage. Chinese Vegetables,(5):28-29. (in Chinese)
	蒋树德, 陈虎根, 杨雪梅, 尹渝来, 董建明. 2002. Ogura不育源不结球白菜雄性不育系的转育. 中国蔬菜,(5):28-29.
[41]	Lee Y R, Ko K S, Lee H E, Lee E S, Han K, Yoo J Y, Vu B N, Choi H N, Lee Y N, Hong J C, Lee K O, Kim D S. 2023. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HY5 gene editing reduces growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa) under ER stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24 (17):13105. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713105 URL
[42]	Li Fan. 1993. A brief discussion on the origin and development of the cultivated plants in China. Agricultural Archaeology,(1):49-55,22. (in Chinese)
	李璠. 1993. 中国栽培植物起源与发展简论. 农业考古,(1):49-55,22.
[43]	Li Ju. 2012. Expressional analysis of TCP family transcriptional factor BcBRC1 gene and tillering trait genetic analysis in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	李菊. 2012. 不结球白菜TCP家族转录因子基因BcBRC1的表达分析及分蘖性状遗传分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[44]	Li P, Su T B, Zhang B, Li P R, Xin X Y, Yue X Z, Cao Y Y, Wang W H, Zhao X Y, Yu Y J. 2020. Identification and fine mapping of qSB.A09,a major QTL that controls shoot branching in Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino. Theor Appl Genet,133:1055-1068.
[45]	Li P R, Su T B, Zhao X Y, Wang W H, Zhang D S, Yu Y J, Bayer P E, Edwards D, Yu S C, Zhang F L. 2021. Assembly of the non-heading pak choi genome and comparison with the genomes of heading Chinese cabbage and the oilseed yellow sarson. Plant Biotechnol J, 9 (5):966-976.
[46]	Li Renjie, Yuan Lingyun, Chen Guohu, Hou Jinfeng, Huang Xingxue, Wang Chenggang. 2023. ‘Wanlü 1’,a new non heading Chinese cabbage cultivar with low temperature and bolting resistance. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 50 (S1):41-42. (in Chinese)
	李仁杰, 袁凌云, 陈国户, 侯金锋, 黄兴学, 汪承刚. 2023. 耐低温抽薹不结球白菜新品种‘皖绿1号’. 园艺学报, 50 (S1):41-42.
[47]	Li X Y, Qian Q, Fu Z M, Wang Y H, Xiong G S, Zeng D L, Wang X Q, Liu X F, Teng S, Hiroshi F, Yuan M, Luo D, Han B, Li J Y. 2003. Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 422 (6932):618-621.
[48]	Li Y, Tao Y, Bai A M, Wang H B, Yu Z H, Liu T K, Hou X L, Li Y. 2025. Genome-wide analysis of the NF-Y gene family in non-heading Chinese cabbage and the involvement of BcNF-YA8 in ABA-mediated flowering regulation. Horticultural Plant Journal, 11 (2):661-679.
[49]	Li Yan, Wang Xuehua, Chen Zhongwen, Duan Weike, Hou Xilin, Li Ying. 2016. Homologous cloning and expression analysis of ascorbic acid biosynthesis gene BcGME under stress from non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 39 (2):205-212. (in Chinese)
	李妍, 王雪花, 陈忠文, 段伟科, 侯喜林, 李英. 2016. 不结球白菜抗坏血酸合成基因BcGME的同源克隆及胁迫下的表达分析. 南京农业大学学报, 39 (2):205-212.
[50]	Li Yanxiao, Peng Haitao, Guan Wei, Xu Xiaohai, Li Ying, Hou Xilin. 2012. Cloning and expression analysis of glutathione reductase gene NhccGR1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 35 (3):7-12. (in Chinese)
	李彦肖, 彭海涛, 管苇, 许小海, 李英, 侯喜林. 2012. 不结球白菜谷胱甘肽还原酶基因NhccGR1的克隆与表达分析. 南京农业大学学报, 35 (3):7-12.
[51]	Lin Tingting, Wang Jianjun, Wang Li, Chen Xuan, Hou Xilin, Li Ying. 2014. Genetic analysis of vitamin C content in non-heading Chinese cabbage with major genes and polygenes. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 40 (10):1733-1739. (in Chinese)
	林婷婷, 王建军, 王立, 陈暄, 侯喜林, 李英. 2014. 不结球白菜维生素C含量主基因 + 多基因遗传分析. 作物学报, 40 (10):1733-1739.
[52]	Lin Wenyuan. 2023. Molecular mechanism of BcBZR1 gene regulating leafinclination angle in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	林文媛. 2023. BcBZR1基因调控不结球白菜叶倾角的分子机理[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[53]	Liu Chang. 2018. Genome-wide association study and iTRAQ analysis of TuMV resistance on non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	刘畅. 2018. 不结球白菜抗TuMV的全基因组关联分析和iTRAQ分析[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[54]	Liu Dongrang, Hou Xilin, Xiao Dong. 2019. Cloning and expression analysis of disease-related gene BcSGT1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 27 (3):402-410. (in Chinese)
	刘东让, 侯喜林, 肖栋. 2019. 不结球白菜抗病相关基因BcSGT1的克隆及表达分析. 农业生物技术学报, 27 (3):402-410.
[55]	Liu Gaofeng. 2017. QTL analysis for non-heading Chinese cabbage heat tolerance and DNA methylome analysis under high temperature stress[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	刘高峰. 2017. 不结球白菜耐热性QTL定位及高温胁迫下DNA甲基化组的分析[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[56]	Liu Houli. 1985. Rapeseed genetics and breeding. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press:556-559. (in Chinese)
	刘后利. 1985. 油菜的遗传和育种. 上海:上海科学技术出版社:556-559.
[57]	Liu H J, Wang H, Zhou Y P. 1995. Comparison of karyotype and C-banding pattern between two autotetraploids and two diploids Chinese cabbage varieties. Acta Horticulture,402:87-94.
[58]	Liu Huiji, Cao Shouchun, Wang Hua, Xiao Shouhua, Zhou Lili. 1990. Breeding of a new variety of Chinese cabbage with dwarf yellow tetraploid non-balling in Nannong. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 13 (2):33-40. (in Chinese)
	刘惠吉, 曹寿椿, 王华, 肖守华, 周黎丽. 1990. 南农矮脚黄四倍体不结球白菜新品种的选育. 南京农业大学学报, 13 (2):33-40.
[59]	Liu Kunyu. 2017. Construction of genetic linkage map of non-heading Chinese cabbage and indentification of plant type phenotypic traits[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	刘坤宇. 2017. 不结球白菜遗传连锁图谱构建及其株型表型性状的鉴定[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[60]	Liu Lin. 2008. Mechanism and inheritance of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	刘琳. 2008. 不结球白菜芜菁花叶病毒病抗性机制及其遗传规律研究[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[61]	Liu Luping, Liu Gaofeng, Jiang Cheng, Hou Xilin. 2022. Cloning,subcellular localisation and functional analysis of heat-tolerance-related gene BcNAC036in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 45 (4):647-655. (in Chinese)
	刘路平, 刘高峰, 蒋程, 侯喜林. 2022. 不结球白菜耐热相关基因BcNAC036的克隆、亚细胞定位及功能分析. 南京农业大学学报, 45 (4):647-655.
[62]	Liu Shuping. 2024. Study on bolting and flowering characteristics and gibberellins response of non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. (in Chinese)
	刘书萍. 2024. 不结球白菜抽薹开花特性分析及赤霉素响应研究[硕士论文]. 福州: 福建农林大学.
[63]	Liu T K, Li Y, Duan W K, Huang F Y, Hou X L. 2017. Cold acclimation alters DNA methylation patterns and confers tolerance to heat and increases growth rate in Brassica rapa. J Exp Bot, 68 (5):1213-1224.
[64]	Liu T K, Li Y, Zhang C W, Qian Y, Wang Z, Hou X L. 2012. Overexpression of FLOWERING LOCUS C,isolated from non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino),influences fertility in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol Rep,30:1444-1449.
[65]	Liu Z K, Fu Y H, Wang H, Zhang Y P, Han J J, Wang Y Y, Shen S Q, Li C J, Jiang M M, Yang X M, Song X M. 2023. The high-quality sequencing of the Brassica rapa‘XiangQingCai’genome and exploration of genome evolution and genes related to volatile aroma. Hortic Res, 10 (10):uhad187.
[66]	Lu Xiaobin. 2012. Effect of shading and KH2PO4 leaf spray on anthocyanin accumulation in purple non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	卢晓彬. 2012. 遮荫和叶面喷施KH2PO4对紫色不结球白菜花青苷积累的影响[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[67]	Ma Chengying. 2009. Functional Analysis of GLDH and APX genes,associated with asxorbate acid biosynthesis and metabolism,in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	马成英. 2009. 不结球白菜维生素C合成代谢相关基因GLDH和APX功能鉴定[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[68]	Ma Mengmeng, Gu Minfeng, Yan Jun. 2020. Analysis of influencing factors of yield and quality of Chinese cabbage“Yellow Rose”based on orthogonal experiments. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 48 (5):48-50. (in Chinese)
	马萌萌, 顾闽峰, 晏军. 2020. 基于正交试验的小白菜“黄玫瑰”产量和品质影响因素分析. 安徽农业科学, 48 (5):48-50.
[69]	Mabry M E, Turner-Hissong S D, Gallagher E Y, McAlvay A C, An H, Edger P P, Moore J D, Pink D A C, Teakle, G R, Stevens C J, Barker G, Labate J, Fuller D Q, Allaby R G, Beissinger T, Decker J E, Gore M A, Pires J C. 2021. The evolutionary history of wild,domesticated,and feral Brassica oleracea(Brassicaceae). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38 (10):4419-4434.
[70]	Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2023. 2022. National vegetable production and marketing analysis. Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.
	农业农村部. 2023. 2022年全国蔬菜产销分析. 北京: 中华人民共和国农业农村部. (in Chinese)
[71]	Nagaharu U. 1935. On the classification of cultivated Brassica species. Agriculture and Horticulture, 10 (1):1-20.
[72]	Naseri E, Kong X, Hu C, Ayaz A, Rahmani M, Nasim M, Hamdard E, Zahir A, Zhou Q, Wang J, Hou X. 2020. Bok-choy promotes growth performance,lipid metabolism and related gene expression in Syrian golden hamsters fed with a high-fat diet. Food Function, 11 (3):2693-2703.
[73]	National Industrial Technology System for Bulk Vegetables. 2023. Annual industry report 2023. (in Chinese)
	国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系. 2023. 2023年度产业报告.
[74]	Peng H T, Wang L, Li Y, Li Y X, Guang W, Yang Y, Xu X H, Hou X L. 2012. Differential gene expression in incompatible interaction between turnip mosaic virus and non-heading Chinese cabbage. Eur J Plant Pathol,132:393-406.
[75]	Peng Haitao, Song Xiaoming, Hou Xilin, Li Ying. 2012. Inheritance and SSR marker of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28 (2):396-401. (in Chinese)
	彭海涛, 宋小明, 侯喜林, 李英. 2012. 不结球白菜抗芜菁花叶病毒基因的遗传分析及SSR标记. 江苏农业学报, 28 (2):396-401.
[76]	Ren Chengwei, Cao Shouchun. 1992a. Improvement of yellowing defects in male sterile materials of radish cytoplasmic non-bulbs Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 15 (1):13-19. (in Chinese)
	任成伟, 曹寿椿. 1992a. 萝卜胞质不结球白菜雄性不育材料黄化缺陷的改良研究. 南京农业大学学报, 15 (1):13-19.
[77]	Ren Chengwei, Cao Shouchun. 1992b. Breeding and application potential of male sterility materials in non-bulbs cabbage// Proceedings of the First Youth Academic Annual Conference of Jiangsu Province(Agricultural Fascicle). Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press:144-149. (in Chinese)
	任成伟, 曹寿椿. 1992b. 不结球白菜雄性不育材料选育及应用潜力研究// 江苏省首届青年学术年会论文集(农业分册). 北京:中国农业科学技术出版社:144-149.
[78]	Ren H L, Xu D L, Xiao W Y, Zhou X Y, Li G G, Zou J W, Zhang H, Zhang Z B, Zhang J, Zheng Y S. 2023. Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of Zicaitai(Brassica rapa var. purpuraria). Sci Data, 10 (1):759.
[79]	Rishmawi L, Pesch M, Juengst C, Schauss AC, Schrader A, Hülskamp M. 2014. Non-cell-autonomous regulation of root hair patterning genes by WRKY75 in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol, 165 (1):186-195.
[80]	Shao Guirong, Chen Wenhui, Fang Shugui, Zeng Xiaoling. 2006. Preliminary report of comparative experiment on nitrate content of different Chinese cabbage varieties. Fujian Agricultural Science and Technology,(1):56-57. (in Chinese)
	邵贵荣, 陈文辉, 方淑桂, 曾小玲. 2006. 不同小白菜品种硝酸盐含量比较试验初报. 福建农业科技,(1):56-57.
[81]	Shen Lulu. 2015. The effect of osmotic stress and ABA on anthocyanins synthesis and physiological traits in purple non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	沈露露. 2015. 渗透胁迫和ABA对紫色不结球白菜花色苷合成及生理特性的调控[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[82]	Shen Nana. 2007. Study on artificial innoculation and mechanism of resistance to downy mildew in non-heading Chinese cabbage[M. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	申姗娜. 2007. 不结球白菜霜霉病人工接种鉴定方法及抗性机制的研究[硕士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[83]	Shibata M, Breuer C, Kawamura A, Clark N M, Rymen B, Braidwood L, Morohashi K, Busch W, Benfey P N, Sozzani R, Sugimoto K. 2018. GTL1 and DF1 regulate root hair growth through transcriptional repression of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6-LIKE 4 in Arabidopsis. Development, 145 (3):dev159707.
[84]	Si J, Zhou X Q, Chen X Y, Ming H L, Liu H Q, Hui M X. 2025. Identification and characterization of a key gene controlling purple leaf coloration in non-heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa). Planta,261:80.
[85]	Song Yanzhi, Ke Guilan. 1998. A preliminary report on the breeding of male sterile lines of non-bulbing cabbage. Northwest Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7 (1):41-44. (in Chinese)
	宋胭脂, 柯桂兰. 1998. 不结球白菜雄性不育系选育研究初报. 西北农业学报, 7 (1):41-44.
[86]	Sun C Z, Wang L, Hu D, Liu T K, Hou X L, Li Y. 2014. Proteomic analysis of non-heading Chinese cabbage infected with Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Journal of Proteomics,98:15-30.
[87]	Vavilov N. 1951. The origin,variation,immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Soil Sci, 72 (6):482.
[88]	Walsh J, Sharpe A, Jenner C, Lydiate D. 1999. Characterization of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape(Brassica napus)and genetic mapping of TURBO 1. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 99 (7):1149-1154.
[89]	Wang Feng. 2011. Differential expression screening and functional analysis of candidate genes involved in cold response in non-heading Chinese cabbage [Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	王枫. 2011. 不结球白菜冷诱导差异表达基因的筛选及功能分析[博士论文]. 南京:南京农业大学.
[90]	Wang H Y, Zheng Y S, Wang M Y, Liu W S, Li Y, Xiao D, Liu T K, Hou X L. 2025. BcWRKY25-BcWRKY33A-BcLRP1/BcCOW1 module promotes root development for improved salt tolerance in Bok choy. Horticulture Research, 12 (1):280.
[91]	Wang H Y, Zheng Y S, Zhou Q, Li Y, Liu T K, Hou X L. 2024a. Fast,simple,efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system to non-heading Chinese cabbage with transgenic roots. Horticultural Plant Journal, 10 (2):450-460.
[92]	Wang Junwei, Huang Ke, Huang Yingjuan, Mao Shuxiang, Bai Aimei, Liu Mingyue, Wu Qiuyun. 2019. Research progress on the regulation of transcription factors related to glucosinolate synthesis in cruciferous vegetables. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 46 (9):1752-1764. (in Chinese).
	王军伟, 黄科, 黄英娟, 毛舒香, 柏艾梅, 刘明月, 吴秋云. 2019. 十字花科蔬菜硫代葡萄糖苷合成相关转录因子调控研究进展. 园艺学报, 46 (9):1752-1764.
[93]	Wang Liping, Xiang Changping, Wang Yunhua. 2004. Study on the difference of nitrate content in different genotypes of Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 31 (1):43-46. (in Chinese)
	汪李平, 向长萍, 王运华. 2004. 白菜不同基因型硝酸盐含量差异的研究. 园艺学报, 31 (1):43-46.
[94]	Wang Nan. 2020. Excavation and identification of mutations in the greenness of Chinese cabbage [Ph. D. dissertation]. Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University. (in Chinese).
	王楠. 2020. 白菜持绿性突变的发掘与鉴定[博士论文]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学.
[95]	Wang Shumin, Hou Xilin, Li Ying, Cao Xuewei, Zhang Shuo, Wang Feng. 2011. Effects of turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)on endogenous hormones and transcriptional level of related genes in infected non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 34 (5):13-19. (in Chinese)
	王淑敏, 侯喜林, 李英, 曹学伟, 张硕, 王枫. 2011. 芜菁花叶病毒对不结球白菜内源激素含量及代谢相关基因转录水平的影响. 南京农业大学学报, 34 (5):13-19.
[96]	Wang X H, Zhang S, Hu D, Zhao X J, Li Y, Liu T K, Wang J J, Hou X L, Li Y. 2014. BcPMI2,isolated from non-heading Chinese cabbage encoding phosphomannose isomerase,improves stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Molecular Biology Reports, 41 (4):2207-2216.
[97]	Wang Xia, Sun Feifei, Li Yuehong, Sun Xuehua, Liu Qingye. 2016. Development and characterization of autotetraploid germplasm in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 44 (1):173-175. (in Chinese).
	王夏, 孙菲菲, 郦月红, 孙雪花, 刘庆叶. 2016. 不结球白菜同源四倍体种质创建及特性研究. 江苏农业科学, 44 (1):173-175.
[98]	Wang Yanhua, Hou Xilin, Shen Shuxing. 2007. Cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA of WRKY transcription factor gene in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,(5):810-815. (in Chinese)
	王彦华, 侯喜林, 申书兴. 2007. 白菜WRKY转录因子cDNA全长的克隆及分析. 农业生物技术学报,(5):810-815.
[99]	Wang Wenlong, Liu Zhaokun, Lu Wenjun, Wang Yaolong, Li Xiaofeng, Zhu Hongfang, Liu Tongkun, Li Ying, Hou Xilin, Zhang Changwei. 2025. Enhancing ascorbic acid content in non-heading Chinese cabbage using gene editing technology. Acta Horticulturae Science, 52 (5):1317-1325. (in Chinese).
	王文龙, 刘照坤, 鲁文君, 王耀龙, 李晓锋, 朱红芳, 刘同坤, 李英, 侯喜林, 张昌伟. 2025. 利用基因编辑技术提高不结球白菜抗坏血酸的含量. 园艺学报, 52 (5):1317-1325.
[100]	Wang Y L, Yang X D, Wang W L, Wang Y, Chen X S, Wu H, Gao Z Y, Xu H H, Liu T K, Li Y, Xiao D, Liu W S, Hou X L, Zhang C W. 2024b. Efficient genetic transformation and gene editing of Chinese cabbage using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Physiology,197:kiae543.
[101]	Wang Zhen. 2015. Identification and transcriptional pathway of cold related CBF genes in non-heading Chinese cabbage[Ph. D. Dissertation]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	王镇. 2015. 不结球白菜冷相关CBF基因的鉴定及调控路径[博士论文]. 南京: 南京农业大学.
[102]	Wu Chunyan, He Qiwei, Song Yanyu. 2012. GC-MS analysis of volatile components in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Food Science, 33 (20):252-256. (in Chinese)
	吴春燕, 何启伟, 宋廷宇. 2012. 白菜挥发性组分的气相色谱—质谱分析. 食品科学, 33 (20):252-256.
[103]	Wu Jue, Shi Yinghong, Tang Yuying, Wang Xinman, Zhan Xiuping. 2026. Analysis and evaluation of agronomic traits and nutritional quality in different types of non-heading chinese cabbage for autumn-winter cultivation in Shanghai. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 53 (1):219-228. (in Chinese)
	吴珏, 施颖红, 唐玉英, 王馨曼, 占绣萍. 2026. 上海地区不结球白菜农艺性状和营养品质分析与评价. 园艺学报, 53 (1):219-228.
[104]	Xiao Dong, Wei Yanping, Li Ying, Hou Xilin. 2018. Cloning and expression analysis of pathogenesis-related protein gene BcPR5 in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 41 (4):640-646. (in Chinese)
	肖栋, 韦艳萍, 李英, 侯喜林. 2018. 不结球白菜病程相关蛋白基因BcPR5的克隆及表达分析. 南京农业大学学报, 41 (4):640-646.
[105]	Xu H M, Wang C H, Shao G R, Wu S S, Liu P, Cao P, Jiang P, Wang S B, Zhu H, Lin X, Tauqeer A, Lin Y Z, Chen W, Huang W Q, Wen Q F, Zhong F L, Wu S. 2022. The reference genome and full-length transcriptome of pakchoi provide insights into the cuticle formation and heat adaption. Horticulture Research,9:uhab080.

物种、亚种、变种 Species，subspecies，variety	进化时间/MY Evolutionary time
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	~ 14.5
盐芥 Thellungiella parvula	~ 10.0
芸薹属 Brassica	~ 6.5
芸薹种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa)	~ 4.6
油菜 Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sarson Pain	~ 2.24
芜菁亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. rapifera	~ 1.95
不结球白菜亚种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis	~ 1.54
大白菜亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. pekinensis	~ 1.44
薹菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. tai-tsai	~ 1.63
普通白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis	~ 1.26
分蘖白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. multiceps	~ 1.05
乌塌菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis	~ 1.04
菜薹变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis	~ 0.94
菜心变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis	~ 0.92

物种、亚种、变种 Species，subspecies，variety	进化时间/MY Evolutionary time
拟南芥 Arabidopsis thaliana	~ 14.5
盐芥 Thellungiella parvula	~ 10.0
芸薹属 Brassica	~ 6.5
芸薹种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa)	~ 4.6
油菜 Brassica campestris var. Yellow Sarson Pain	~ 2.24
芜菁亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. rapifera	~ 1.95
不结球白菜亚种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis	~ 1.54
大白菜亚种 Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. pekinensis	~ 1.44
薹菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. tai-tsai	~ 1.63
普通白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis	~ 1.26
分蘖白菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. multiceps	~ 1.05
乌塌菜变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. rosularis	~ 1.04
菜薹变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. utilis	~ 0.94
菜心变种 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis	~ 0.92

材料 Material	基因组大小/Mb Assemble genome	基因数量 Number of genes	Contig N50/Mb	完整的基准通用单拷贝直系同源基因比例（C）/% Comple BUSCOs（C）	挂载率/% Mount rate	参考文献 References
苏州青Suzhouqing	405.33	48 158	2.83	97.90	91.67	Li et al.,2020
Pak Cho	370.42	45 363	2.82	98.10	98.50	Li et al.,2021
PC-fu	411.40	52 511	4.70	97.50	96.50	Xu et al.,2022
香青菜Xiangqingcai	466.11	47 570	15.15	99.40	99.75	Liu et al.,2023
紫菜薹Zicaitai	474.12	42 051	21.56	99.30	90.89	Ren et al.,2023
矮脚白Aijiaobai	441.72	49 308	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024
红山菜薹Hongshan Caitai	430.16	49 243	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024

材料 Material	基因组大小/Mb Assemble genome	基因数量 Number of genes	Contig N50/Mb	完整的基准通用单拷贝直系同源基因比例（C）/% Comple BUSCOs（C）	挂载率/% Mount rate	参考文献 References
苏州青Suzhouqing	405.33	48 158	2.83	97.90	91.67	Li et al.,2020
Pak Cho	370.42	45 363	2.82	98.10	98.50	Li et al.,2021
PC-fu	411.40	52 511	4.70	97.50	96.50	Xu et al.,2022
香青菜Xiangqingcai	466.11	47 570	15.15	99.40	99.75	Liu et al.,2023
紫菜薹Zicaitai	474.12	42 051	21.56	99.30	90.89	Ren et al.,2023
矮脚白Aijiaobai	441.72	49 308	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024
红山菜薹Hongshan Caitai	430.16	49 243	—	99.50	100.00	Zhou et al.,2024

性状 Character	水平 Level	品种 Cultivar	参考文献 Reference
耐寒 Cold-resistant	极强 Extremely strong	南京白叶、无锡黑麻菜、扬州二青子、黑叶四月慢，等 Nanjing Baiye，Wuxi Heimacai，Yangzhou Erqingzi，Heiye Siyueman，etc.	中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,2001；方智远,2017
	强Strong	南京矮脚黄、四月白、无锡三月白、常州三月白、苏州上海菜、四月白、扬州大头青、三月慢、毛叶白油菜、杭州蚕白菜、合肥四月青，等 Nanjing Aijiaohuang，Siyuebai，Wuxi Sanyuebai，Changzhou Sanyuebai，Suzhou Shanghaicai，Siyuebai，Yangzhou Datouqing，Sanyueman，Maoye Baiyoucai，Hangzhou Canbaicai，Hefei Siyueqing，etc
	中等 Medium	南京二白、高桩、青大头、小圆菜、黑油菜、常州白梗菜、五月慢、杭州半早儿，等 Nanjing Erbai，Gaozhuang，Qingdatou，Xiaoyuancai，Heiyoucai，Changzhou Baigengcai，Wuyueman，Hangzhou Banzaoer，etc.
抗高温高湿 Resistant to high temperature and high humidity	中等 Medium	南京高桩、二白、常州白梗菜、苏州白叶、苏州青、杭州火白菜、荷叶白、佛山乌白菜、黑叶高脚白菜，等 Nanjing Gaozhuang，Erbai，Changzhou Baigengcai，Suzhou Baiye，Suzhouqing，Hangzhou Huobaicai，Heyebai，Foshan Wubaicai，Heiye Gaojiao Baicai，etc.
抗病 Disease resistance	极强 Extremely strong	常州雪克青，等 Changzhou Xuekeqing，etc.
	强Strong	常州乌塌菜，等 Changzhou Wutacai，etc.
	中等Medium	常州短白梗，等 Changzhou Duanbaigeng，etc.
熟性 Ripeness	极早熟Very Early-maturing	广东矮脚乌、江门白菜，等 Guangdong Aijiaowu，Jiangmen Baicai，etc.
熟性 Ripeness	早熟 Early-maturing	南京矮脚黄、高桩、苏州青、上海矮箕白菜，等 Nanjing Aijiaohuang，Gaozhuang，Suzhouqing，Shanghai Aiji Baicai，etc.
硝酸盐含量 Nitrate content	较低 Lower	早生华京、绿冠、上海青、热优2号、矮脚奶白菜，等 Zaosheng Huajing，Lüguan，Shanghaiqing，Reyou 2，Aijiao Naibaicai，etc.	汪李平等,2004；邵贵荣等,2006
耐抽薹 Late-bolting	极强 Extremely strong	上海五月慢，等 Shanghai Wuyueman，etc.	方智远,2017
	强Strong	上海四月慢、南京四月白，等 Shanghai Siyueman，Nanjing Siyuebai，etc.
	中等 Medium	上海三月慢、无锡三月白，等 Shanghai Sanyueman，Wuxi Sanyuebai，etc.

The Origin，Evolution，Research，and Industrial Development of Non- Heading Chinese Cabbage

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 105

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

阶段Stage	品种（数量）Cultivar（Number）
2004—2015 年国家鉴定及省市审定（鉴定、认定）的品种 Cultivars Approved at the National，Provincial，and Municipal Levels (Certified，Recognized) from 2004 to 2015	暑绿、寒笑、龙虎寒1号、锦绣、春绿、徽乌1号/2号/3号、热火1号/2号、矮杂一号/二号/三号、矮抗一号/二号/三号/四号、青伏令、绿领1407、翠夏、青优4号等 Shulü，Hanxiao，Longhuhan 1，Jinxiu，Chunlü，Huiwu 1/2/3，Rehuo 1/2，Aiza 1/2/3，Aikang 1/2/3/4，Qingfuling，Lüling 1407，Cuixia，Qingyou 4，etc
2016年后登记、认定的品种 Cultivars registered and recognized after 2016	白玉青2号、苏秀4号、苏青2号、寒香2号、热优4号、南农-21A004、南农-2108、扬丽1号、乌秀1号、新快白191、新黄乌504、理想HS2、热火19号、南农热抗1号/4号/6号、紫秀丽002、暑绿3号、浙大玉青、金品501、金品552、夏雨季、夏奈尔、青盈、绿盈金品558、金品008、菁冠青梗菜、夏福青梗菜、利农夏优青梗小白菜、皖翠绿、申抗青1号、华夏白玉、中赏青2号、新夏青7号、皖翠白、夏青9号、华夏白玉、皖绿1号、海青3号、速俊101、徽乌19、艳绿、夏尊、望春亭80等 Baiyuqing 2，Suxiu 4，Suqing 2，Hanxiang 2，Reyou 4，Nannong-21A004，Nannong-2108，Yangli 1，Wuxiu 1，Xinkuaibai 191，Xinhuangwu 504，Lixiang HS2，Rehuo 19，Nannong Rekang 1/4/6，Zixiuli 002，Shulü 3，Zheda Yuqing，Jinpin 501，Jinpin 552，Xiayuji，Xianaier，Qingying，Lüying Jinpin 558，Jinpin 008，Jingguan Qinggengcai，Xiafu Qinggengcai，Linong Xiayou Qinggeng Xiaobaicai，Wan Cuilü，Shenkangqing 1，Huaxia Baiyu，Zhongshangqing 2，Xinxiaqing 7，Wan Cuibai，Xiaqing 9，Huaxia Baiyu，Wanlü 1，Haiqing 3，Sujun 101，Huiwu19，Yanlü，Xia Zun，Wangchunting 80，etc.
2018—2025年已获新品种权的品种（308） Cultivars granted new plant variety rights from 2018 to 2025	福建（123）：金品143、丽美2号、常青2号、S28、夏颜，等安徽（2）：PW14032、PW1413 北京（5）：京绿1号、京绿6号、奶白5号、国夏3号，等广东（36）：粤翠1号、粤苔2号、广府1号、和丰70，等湖北（17）：宝御60、宝御70、紫金云苔、汉白玉，等
2018—2025年已获新品种权的品种（308） Varieties Granted New Plant Variety Rights from 2018 to 2025	湖南（3）：青芸1号、青芸2号、翻羽一号江苏（22）：紫秀丽006、齐心黄001、南农L046、苏青1号、东方903，等江西（3）：青梗91、青梗2201、青梗117 辽宁（2）：沈农GMS41、持绿01 山东（22）：青秀、玥秀、德高609、德高1259、夏爽，等上海（20）：上海青、夏青9号、申薹紫裳、艳青，等浙江（53）：浙紫青2号、甬青8号、俏冬、菱歌，等 Fujian（123）：Jinpin 143，Limei 2，Changqing 2，S28，Xiayan，etc Anhui（2）：PW14032，PW1413 Beijing（5）：Jinglü 1，Jinglü 6，Naibai 5，Guoxia 3，etc Guangdong（36）：Yuecui 1，Yuetai 2，Guangfu 1，Hefeng 70，etc Hubei（17）：Baoyu 60，Baoyu 70，Zijin Yuntai，Hanbaiyu，etc Hunan（3）：Qingyun 1，Qingyun 2，Fanyu 1 Jiangsu（22）：Zixiuli 006，Qixinhuang 001，Nannong L046，Suqing 1，Dongfang 903，etc Jiangxi（3）：Qinggeng 91，Qinggeng 2201，Qinggeng 117 Liaoning（2）：Shennong GMS41，Chilü 01 Shandong（22）：Qingxiu，Yuexiu，Degao 609，Degao 1259，Xiashuang，etc Shanghai（20）：Shanghaiqing，Xiaqing 9，Shentai Zishang，Yanqing，etc Zhejiang（53）：Zheziqing 2，Yongqing 8，Qiaodong，Lingge，etc

地区 Area	主栽品种 Predominant cultivar
长三角传统核心区 Traditional Core Area of the Yangtze River Delta	上海青、苏州青、矮脚黄和乌塌菜系列品种、暑绿、寒笑、黄玫瑰、紫秀丽，等 Shanhaiqing，Suzhouqing，Aijiaohuang，Wutacai series varieties，Shulü，Hanxiao，Huangmeigui，Zixiuli，etc
全国范围推广的特色新品种 Nationwide promotion of distinctive new cultivars	暑绿、寒笑、紫秀丽、黄玫瑰、南农矮脚黄、热火19号、上海青、抗热605、夏帝，等 Shulü，Hanxiao，Zixiuli，Huangmeigui，Nannong Aijiaohuang，Rehuo 19， Shanghaiqing，Kangre 605，Xiadi，etc

[1]	CHEN Yanyan, YUE Chenxi, TU Hui, SHI Jikang, TAO Junjie, PAN Hui, LI Wenyi, LI Li, HUANG Chunhui. Evaluation of Resistance to Bacterial Canker Disease and Fungal Soft Rot and Fruit Quality of Jinfeng Kiwifruit Seed Offspring [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(3): 763-774.
[2]	WANG Fang, FAN Yanping. Molecular Insights into the Formation and Regulation of Floral Scent Traits in Ornamental Plants [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(2): 359-385.
[3]	TIAN Min, DONG Yanmei, ZHENG Tao, LI Hui, XIA Fei, WANG Di, BAI Hongtong, ZENG Haitao, SHI Lei. A Review of Iris pallida Germplasm Resources and Volatile Components [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(2): 437-446.
[4]	WU Jue, SHI Yinghong, TANG Yuying, WANG Xinman, ZHAN Xiuping. Analysis and Evaluation of Agronomic Traits and Nutritional Quality in Different Types of Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage for Autumn-Winter Cultivation in Shanghai [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2026, 53(1): 219-228.
[5]	LI Peirong, ZHAO Xiuyun, ZHANG Fenglan, YU Yangjun, ZHANG Deshuang, YU Shuancang, WANG Weihong, XIN Xiaoyun, ZHANG Bin, SU Tongbing. A New Heat-Resistant Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Guoxia 3’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S2): 97-98.
[6]	ZHANG Wenqi, YANG Qinyu, YANG Xiao, ZHANG Li, HUANG Tao, OUYANG Lin, XU Hai, CHENG Longzheng, JING Zange, SONG Bo, YANG Qichang, LI Yuejian. A New Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Zhongshangqing 2’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S2): 99-100.
[7]	LIU Zhaokun, WANG Huan, HAN Jianjun, WANG Yingying, ZHOU Hongzhang. A New Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Suqing 1’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S2): 101-102.
[8]	ZHOU Jie, ZHANG Lei, WEI Lijun, WANG Qingming, WANG Yue’e, CAI Huaqing, LIU Daomin. A New Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Wan Cuilü’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S2): 103-104.
[9]	LIU Chong, YI Dandan, ZOU Danrong, ZHOU Lixue, WANG Hui, SHENG Lili, CHEN Xiaofeng, ZHANG Yaming, GUI Hang. A New Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Qingmei 1’of High-Yield and High-Quality [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S1): 87-88.
[10]	ZHANG Lei, WANG Qingming, ZHOU Jie, WANG Yue’e, CAI Huaqing, WEI Lijun, LIU Daomin. A New Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Wancuibai’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S1): 89-90.
[11]	YU Xiaolin, PING Fan, HUANG Li, CAO Jiashu, SONG Jianwei, LU Gang. A New Early-Mid Maturing Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage Cultivar‘Qiantangqing’ [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(S1): 91-92.
[12]	LI Zuo, XIAO Wenfang, CHEN Heming, and LÜ Fubing. Genetic Diversity and Core Collection Construction of Phalaenopsis Germplasm Resources [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(6): 1519-1529.
[13]	SUN Deling, YAO Xingwei, CHEN Rui, YANG Yingxia, SHAN Xiaozheng. Review and Prospects of Cauliflower Breeding During the Past 50 Years in China [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(5): 1159-1179.
[14]	SHA Tongyun, LI Zhangping, HU Zhongyuan, ZHANG Mingfang, YANG Jinghua. Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding in Brassica juncea [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(5): 1189-1212.
[15]	CHU Wenlong, ZHANG Xiaoli, XU Liang, WANG Yan, LIU Liwang. Advances in Genomics and Molecular Breeding in Radish [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(5): 1251-1270.