秸秆覆盖降温栽培对马铃薯生长的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0254

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以马铃薯主栽品种‘青薯9号’为材料，研究水稻秸秆覆盖栽培对其生长的影响，在马铃薯春、夏季净作和马铃薯玉米间作条件下，设置稻草秸秆覆盖和无秸秆覆盖处理，测定土壤温度及马铃薯的块茎产量、品质、冠层温度、生育时期、地上部的生长状况等。结果表明，在2020年的夏季马铃薯净作试验中，秸秆覆盖处理下的土壤最高温度（23.81 ℃）显著低于无秸秆覆盖（30.44 ℃），而产量和商品薯率则均显著高于无秸秆覆盖，但对于块茎干物质和淀粉含量均无显著影响。2021年夏季马铃薯净作试验结果与2020年相似，并表明秸秆覆盖比无秸秆覆盖处理播种至出苗、播种至成熟的天数分别增加5和6 d，但地上部的存活时间无显著差异，且土温日变化幅度更小。马铃薯玉米间作时，高位玉米的遮荫作用并不能有效降低马铃薯的冠层气温和土壤最高温度，还会导致马铃薯的产量、商品薯率和地上部存活时间低于净作。2022年春、夏季马铃薯净作试验结果与2021年相似，此外还表明，秸秆覆盖与无秸秆覆盖处理的出苗率、植株形态特征、生物量、各器官干物质含量（分配比例）、叶片气体交换参数和生理指标等无显著差异。综上所述，秸秆覆盖栽培是田间种植马铃薯避免高温胁迫的有效手段。

关键词: 马铃薯, 生长, 秸秆覆盖, 土壤温度, 土壤温度日变化

Abstract:

The experiment investigated the effects of rice straw mulching on potato growth used the main potato cultivar‘Qingshu 9’as the material. Under the conditions of potato mono-cropping in the spring and summer seasons and potato-corn intercropping，treatments with straw mulching and without straw mulching were established. And the soil temperature，potato tuber yield，quality，canopy temperature，growth stage and aboveground growth conditions were measured. The results showed that in the summer of 2020，the maximum soil temperature under straw mulching treatment（23.81 ℃）was significantly lower than under no straw mulching（30.44 ℃），with the yield and commercial tuber rate also significantly higher than no straw mulching，although there were no significant effects on tuber dry matter and starch content. The results from the potato mono-cropping in the summer seasons of 2021 were similar to 2020，and the straw mulching treatment delayed the number of days from sowing to emergence and from sowing to maturity by 5 and 6 days，respectively，compared with no straw mulching，but no significant difference in the survival time of the aboveground parts and smaller diurnal variations in soil temperature. When potato-corn intercropping，the shading by tall corn did not effectively reduce the canopy air temperature and maximum soil temperature of potatoes，and also resulted in lower yields，commercial tuber rates，and aboveground survival times compared with mono-cropping. The spring and summer mono-cropping trials of 2022 showed similar results to 2021，further indicating that straw mulching treatment did not significantly affect emergence rate，plant morphological characteristics，biomass，dry matter content of various organs，and leaf gas exchange parameters compared with no straw mulching. In summary，straw mulching cultivation is an effective method to mitigate high temperature stress in field-grown potatoes.

Key words: potato, growth, straw mulching, soil temperature, daily variation of soil temperature

周进华, 白磊, 张锐, 郭华春. 秸秆覆盖降温栽培对马铃薯生长的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(2): 453-466.

ZHOU Jinhua, BAI Lei, ZHANG Rui, GUO Huachun. The Effect of Reducing Soil Temperature with Straw Mulching Cultivation on Potato Growth[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(2): 453-466.

图/表 7

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试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	单株产量/kg Yield per plant	产量/（kg • hm^-2） Yield	商品薯率/% Marketable tuber weight percentage
2020夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching（SM）	0.43 ± 0.04 a	20 698 ± 2 128 a	78.47 ± 4.60 a
2020夏Summer	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching（NSM）	0.15 ± 0.01 b	6 311 ± 587 b	45.76 ± 10.63 b
2021夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	0.43 ± 0.07 a	17 689 ± 5 308 a	85.87 ± 0.80 a
	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.26 ± 0.02 b	10 169 ± 1 087 ab	79.79 ± 1.78 ab
	间作秸秆覆盖Intercropping & SM	0.14 ± 0.02 c	6 566 ± 821 b	58.99 ± 13.26 bc
	间作无秸秆覆盖Intercropping & NSM	0.12 ± 0.02 c	4 444 ± 765 b	54.18 ± 15.28 c
2022春Spring	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	1.03 ± 0.17 a	45 851 ± 11 311 a	88.94 ± 3.68 a
2022春Spring	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.83 ± 0.10 b	39 672 ± 5 705 a	88.87 ± 3.82 a
2022夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	0.54 ± 0.08 a	22 321 ± 5 932 a	85.60 ± 2.66 a
2022夏Summer	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.40 ± 0.04 b	18 963 ± 2 498 a	77.64 ± 7.38 a

试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	单株产量/kg Yield per plant	产量/（kg • hm^-2） Yield	商品薯率/% Marketable tuber weight percentage
2020夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching（SM）	0.43 ± 0.04 a	20 698 ± 2 128 a	78.47 ± 4.60 a
2020夏Summer	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching（NSM）	0.15 ± 0.01 b	6 311 ± 587 b	45.76 ± 10.63 b
2021夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	0.43 ± 0.07 a	17 689 ± 5 308 a	85.87 ± 0.80 a
	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.26 ± 0.02 b	10 169 ± 1 087 ab	79.79 ± 1.78 ab
	间作秸秆覆盖Intercropping & SM	0.14 ± 0.02 c	6 566 ± 821 b	58.99 ± 13.26 bc
	间作无秸秆覆盖Intercropping & NSM	0.12 ± 0.02 c	4 444 ± 765 b	54.18 ± 15.28 c
2022春Spring	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	1.03 ± 0.17 a	45 851 ± 11 311 a	88.94 ± 3.68 a
2022春Spring	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.83 ± 0.10 b	39 672 ± 5 705 a	88.87 ± 3.82 a
2022夏Summer	秸秆覆盖Straw mulching	0.54 ± 0.08 a	22 321 ± 5 932 a	85.60 ± 2.66 a
2022夏Summer	无秸秆覆盖No straw mulching	0.40 ± 0.04 b	18 963 ± 2 498 a	77.64 ± 7.38 a

试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	土壤温度Soil temperature			冠层气温Canopy air temperature
试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	最高值 Maximum	平均值 Average	最低值 Minimum	最高值 Maximum	平均值 Average	最低值 Minimum
2020夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching（SM）	23.81 ± 0.24 b	20.54 ± 0.87 a	18.87 ± 0.14 a	33.85 ± 0.97 a	21.32 ± 4.45 a	14.47 ± 0.06 a
2020夏 Summer	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching（NSM）	30.44 ± 1.37 a	22.01 ± 2.90 a	16.66 ± 1.10 a	34.24 ± 1.20 a	21.15 ± 4.04 a	14.48 ± 0.05 a
2021夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	23.80 ± 0.53 b	20.10 ± 1.10 a	17.35 ± 0.09 a	38.82 ± 2.42 a	20.95 ± 4.98 a	10.84 ± 0.07 a
	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	32.64 ± 1.31 a	21.36 ± 2.46 a	17.34 ± 0.19 a	39.13 ± 1.64 a	21.03 ± 4.32 a	10.99 ± 0.09 a
	间作秸秆覆盖 Intercropping & SM	22.78 ± 1.31 b	20.35 ± 0.83 a	17.23 ± 0.24 a	39.25 ± 1.82 a	20.63 ± 4.63 a	11.96 ± 0.29 a
	间作无秸秆覆盖 Intercropping & NSM	32.71 ± 0.73 a	21.21 ± 2.46 a	17.44 ± 0.04 a	38.91 ± 2.21 a	20.71 ± 4.45 a	12.52 ± 0.35 a
2022春 Spring	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	23.51 ± 0.63 a	18.04 ± 2.28 a	12.72 ± 0.26 a	35.04 ± 1.34 a	19.15 ± 5.76 a	4.08 ± 0.02 a
2022春 Spring	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	24.17 ± 0.37 a	18.41 ± 2.05 a	12.40 ± 0.58 a	35.92 ± 0.75 a	19.22 ± 5.81 a	4.20 ± 0.04 a
2022夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	24.70 ± 0.13 b	20.28 ± 1.17 a	17.70 ± 0.02 a	35.65 ± 0.64 a	20.45 ± 4.84 a	10.55 ± 0.06 a
2022夏 Summer	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	29.84 ± 1.26 a	20.74 ± 2.10 a	16.63 ± 0.08 a	36.44 ± 1.02 a	20.36 ± 4.75 a	10.60 ± 0.02 a

试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	土壤温度Soil temperature			冠层气温Canopy air temperature
试验时间 Experiment time	栽培方式 Cultivation method	最高值 Maximum	平均值 Average	最低值 Minimum	最高值 Maximum	平均值 Average	最低值 Minimum
2020夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching（SM）	23.81 ± 0.24 b	20.54 ± 0.87 a	18.87 ± 0.14 a	33.85 ± 0.97 a	21.32 ± 4.45 a	14.47 ± 0.06 a
2020夏 Summer	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching（NSM）	30.44 ± 1.37 a	22.01 ± 2.90 a	16.66 ± 1.10 a	34.24 ± 1.20 a	21.15 ± 4.04 a	14.48 ± 0.05 a
2021夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	23.80 ± 0.53 b	20.10 ± 1.10 a	17.35 ± 0.09 a	38.82 ± 2.42 a	20.95 ± 4.98 a	10.84 ± 0.07 a
	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	32.64 ± 1.31 a	21.36 ± 2.46 a	17.34 ± 0.19 a	39.13 ± 1.64 a	21.03 ± 4.32 a	10.99 ± 0.09 a
	间作秸秆覆盖 Intercropping & SM	22.78 ± 1.31 b	20.35 ± 0.83 a	17.23 ± 0.24 a	39.25 ± 1.82 a	20.63 ± 4.63 a	11.96 ± 0.29 a
	间作无秸秆覆盖 Intercropping & NSM	32.71 ± 0.73 a	21.21 ± 2.46 a	17.44 ± 0.04 a	38.91 ± 2.21 a	20.71 ± 4.45 a	12.52 ± 0.35 a
2022春 Spring	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	23.51 ± 0.63 a	18.04 ± 2.28 a	12.72 ± 0.26 a	35.04 ± 1.34 a	19.15 ± 5.76 a	4.08 ± 0.02 a
2022春 Spring	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	24.17 ± 0.37 a	18.41 ± 2.05 a	12.40 ± 0.58 a	35.92 ± 0.75 a	19.22 ± 5.81 a	4.20 ± 0.04 a
2022夏 Summer	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	24.70 ± 0.13 b	20.28 ± 1.17 a	17.70 ± 0.02 a	35.65 ± 0.64 a	20.45 ± 4.84 a	10.55 ± 0.06 a
2022夏 Summer	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	29.84 ± 1.26 a	20.74 ± 2.10 a	16.63 ± 0.08 a	36.44 ± 1.02 a	20.36 ± 4.75 a	10.60 ± 0.02 a

测定指标 Measurement parameter	春作 Spring planting		夏作 Summer planting
测定指标 Measurement parameter	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching	秸秆覆盖 Straw mulching	无秸秆覆盖 No straw mulching
出苗率/% Emergence rate	91.67 ± 10.91	97.80 ± 5.38	97.71 ± 3.62	98.81 ± 2.92
株高/cm Plant height	86.37 ± 11.87	90.35 ± 4.73	82.67 ± 6.47	85.10 ± 5.20
茎粗/mm Stem diameter	9.77 ± 0.88	9.41 ± 1.01	8.97 ± 0.43	8.29 ± 0.61
节数 Number of pitch	19.36 ± 1.87	19.30 ± 1.10	19.10 ± 1.14	18.40 ± 0.92
节间长/cm Internode length	4.47 ± 0.51	4.69 ± 0.32	4.34 ± 0.35	4.64 ± 0.41
主茎数 Number of main stems	1.64 ± 0.48	2.50 ± 0.96	3.00 ± 0.63	4.00 ± 1.18
叶面积/cm² Blade area	33.41 ± 4.56	27.63 ± 2.70	28.39 ± 4.11	30.04 ± 3.36
单株生物量（干）/g Biomass per plant（DW）	79.86 ± 16.61	86.11 ± 14.76	58.41 ± 9.90	57.49 ± 18.37
整株干物质含量/% Dry matter content of the whole plant	8.69 ± 1.00	10.02 ± 0.46	8.31 ± 1.27	8.34 ± 0.38
净光合速率/（μmol ∙ m^-2 ∙ s^-1）P_n	25.70 ± 1.59	24.08 ± 2.20	26.43 ± 1.85	25.77 ± 2.69
干物质含量/% Dry matter content	19.77 ± 0.40	19.78 ± 0.75	19.39 ± 0.21	18.81 ± 0.76
淀粉含量/% Starch content	13.20 ± 0.39	13.23 ± 1.19	14.20 ± 0.11	13.95 ± 1.10