兰属种间杂种花香成分特征分析

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0471

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以春兰‘宋梅’（Cymbidium georingii‘Songmei’）作为母本、墨兰‘翠玉’（C. sinense‘Cuiyu’）作为父本，培育筛选出两个杂交子代O1和O2，测定其花形态指标，并采用顶空—固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气相色谱—质谱联用技术（GC-MS）测定挥发性成分。结果表明：在形态指标上，杂交子代的主瓣宽、捧瓣宽、副瓣宽和一箭着花数等特征与母本亲缘关系更近；而花莛颜色、花色、舌色和花瓣条纹等特征与父本亲缘关系更近。在花香成分上，共检测出38种挥发性成分，包括醇类、萜烯类、酯类、烃类、醛类、酮类、烷烃类和酸类等8类。相较于父本，子代株系的共有成分相对含量显著降低，香气物质种类表现出明显的特异性。O1的香型特征为果香型和清香型，主要香气影响物质为醛类；O2香气成分种类的丰富度更高，香型特征为清香型，主要香气影响物质为醇类。结合成分种类和含量，萜烯类、醇类和酮类是国兰重要的香气成分，甲基庚烯酮为国兰香味的特征物质。挥发性成分的种类和含量是构成国兰香气的物质基础，利用杂交手段可以培育出具有独特香气类型的杂交后代。

关键词: 兰属, 国兰, 花香, 挥发性成分

Abstract:

Two hybrid progenies，O1 and O2，screened from Cymbidium georingii‘Songmei’（female）and C. sinense‘Cuiyu’（male），were evaluated. The floral morphological indicators were determined. Besides，headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME）combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）was used to determine the volatile components. Results showed that morphological indicators，such as main petal width，hold flap width，side petal width，and the number of inflorescence of hybrid progenies，were more similar to those of the female parent. On the contrary，traits like scape color，flower color，tongue color，and petal stripes of hybrid progenies were more similar to those of the male parent. Thirty-eight components were identified and sorted into eight major compounds based on their chemical structures：alcohols，terpenoids，esters，alkanes，aldehydes，ketones，alkanes，and acids. Compared with the male parent，the relative contents of common components of progenies significantly reduced，and the aroma substances showed specificity. The O1 had a fruity and green odor，with aldehydes as the main aroma-influencing substances；in contrast，O2 had a higher diversity of fragrance components，with a green odor characterized mainly by alcohol. Based on the characteristics of the components，terpenoids，alcohols，and ketones were critical aroma components of Chinese orchids，with methyl heptenone being a fundamental fragrance substance. The types and content of volatile components determine the material basis of the fragrance of Chinese orchids，and hybrids with unique fragrance types can be bred through hybridization.

Key words: Cymbidium, Chinese orchid, floral scent, volatile compounds

汪锦, 高丽, 贺红宇, 涂勋良, 蒋彧. 兰属种间杂种花香成分特征分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(4): 897-907.

WANG Jin, GAO Li, HE Hongyu, TU Xunliang, JIANG Yu. Characteristic Analysis of Aroma Components in Interspecific Hybrids of Cymbidium[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(4): 897-907.

图/表 8

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样本 Sample	形态指标Morphological indices
样本 Sample	一箭着花数 Number of inflorescence	花莛颜色 Scape color	花色 Flower color	舌色 Tongue color	花瓣是否有红色条纹Whether the petals have red stripes
墨兰‘翠玉’ Cymbidium sinense‘Cuiyu’	6 ± 2 a	青红 Cyanine red	紫红色 Violet red	长舌，外卷，黄色，有红斑点、斑块 Long tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red spots and plaques	是 Yes
春兰‘宋梅’ C. georingii‘Songmei’	1 b	绿 Green	绿 Green	圆舌，白色，有红斑点 Round tongue，white，with red spots	否 No
杂交兰O1 Hybrid orchid O1	3 ± 1 b	红 Red	红 Red	长舌，外卷，黄色，有红斑点 Long tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red spots	是 Yes
杂交兰O2 Hybrid orchid O2	2 ± 1 b	红 Red	红 Red	圆长舌，外卷，黄色，有红色斑块 Long round tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red plaques	是 Yes

样本 Sample	形态指标Morphological indices
样本 Sample	一箭着花数 Number of inflorescence	花莛颜色 Scape color	花色 Flower color	舌色 Tongue color	花瓣是否有红色条纹Whether the petals have red stripes
墨兰‘翠玉’ Cymbidium sinense‘Cuiyu’	6 ± 2 a	青红 Cyanine red	紫红色 Violet red	长舌，外卷，黄色，有红斑点、斑块 Long tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red spots and plaques	是 Yes
春兰‘宋梅’ C. georingii‘Songmei’	1 b	绿 Green	绿 Green	圆舌，白色，有红斑点 Round tongue，white，with red spots	否 No
杂交兰O1 Hybrid orchid O1	3 ± 1 b	红 Red	红 Red	长舌，外卷，黄色，有红斑点 Long tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red spots	是 Yes
杂交兰O2 Hybrid orchid O2	2 ± 1 b	红 Red	红 Red	圆长舌，外卷，黄色，有红色斑块 Long round tongue，curling outward，yellow，with red plaques	是 Yes

样本 Sample	相对含量/% Relative content
样本 Sample	萜烯类 Terpenoids	醇类 Alcohols	酯类 Esters	醛类 Aldehydes	酮类 Ketones	酸类 Acids	烷烃类 Alkanes	其他 Others
墨兰‘翠玉’Cymbidium sinense‘Cuiyu’	24.37	12.94	4.99	—	18.98	0.28	15.92	22.52
春兰‘宋梅’C. georingii‘Songmei’	14.08	65.20	3.18	—	2.41	0.82	3.09	11.23
杂交兰O1 Hybrid orchid O1	8.28	28.98	—	41.83	17.71	—	0.67	2.52
杂交兰O2 Hybrid orchid O2	28.11	49.59	—	1.16	10.44	—	4.76	5.96

样本 Sample	相对含量/% Relative content
样本 Sample	萜烯类 Terpenoids	醇类 Alcohols	酯类 Esters	醛类 Aldehydes	酮类 Ketones	酸类 Acids	烷烃类 Alkanes	其他 Others
墨兰‘翠玉’Cymbidium sinense‘Cuiyu’	24.37	12.94	4.99	—	18.98	0.28	15.92	22.52
春兰‘宋梅’C. georingii‘Songmei’	14.08	65.20	3.18	—	2.41	0.82	3.09	11.23
杂交兰O1 Hybrid orchid O1	8.28	28.98	—	41.83	17.71	—	0.67	2.52
杂交兰O2 Hybrid orchid O2	28.11	49.59	—	1.16	10.44	—	4.76	5.96

挥发性成分 Volatile components		相对含量/% Relative content
分类 Classification	组分 Components	墨兰‘翠玉’ Cymbidium sinens ‘Cuiyu’	春兰‘宋梅’ C. georingi ‘Songmei’	杂交兰O1 Hybrid orchid O1	杂交兰O2 Hybrid orchid O2
萜烯类 Terpenoids	α-蒎烯α-Pinene	7.61 ± 0.98	3.14 ± 0.34	—	4.13 ± 0.45
	柠檬烯D-Limonene	7.81 ± 1.21	—	4.59 ± 0.98	—
	罗勒烯 (E)-β-ocimene	—	—	—	11.44 ± 2.21
	3-蒈烯 3-Carene	—	—	—	4.56 ± 0.09
	4,8-二甲基-1,7-壬二烯 4,8-Dimethyl-1,7-nonadiene	8.95 ± 0.35	—	—	—
	大柱头-4,6(E),8(Z)-三 (6E,8Z)-Megastigma-4,6,8-triene	—	—	—	3.30 ± 0.19
	石竹烯 β-Caryophyllene	—	10.94 ± 1.71	—	2.99 ± 0.55
	α-香柠檬烯 α-Bergamotene	—	—	—	0.44 ± 0.09
	胡萝卜烯 Daucene	—	—	3.69 ± 0.28	1.25 ± 0.08
醇类 Alcohols	β-二氢香芹醇（1S,2R,4S）-Neo-dihydrocarveol	12.94 ± 1.54	—	—	2.94 ± 0.11
	6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇 6-Merhyl-5-hepten-2-ol	—	—	15.98 ± 2.63	34.73 ± 4.37
	苯甲醇 Benzyl alcohol	—	58.54 ± 6.53	—	—
	苯乙醇 Phenethyl alcohol	—	3.74 ± 0.60	—	—
	桉叶油醇 Eucalyptol	—	—	13.00 ± 1.24	—
	2,7-二甲基-2，6-辛二烯-1-醇 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 2,7-dimethyl-	—	—	—	5.19 ± 0.29
	α-松油醇 α-Terpineol	—	0.35 ± 0.05	—	—
	木焦油醇 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol	—	2.57 ± 0.37	—	1.97 ± 0.35
	2-乙烯基-2,5-二甲基-4-己烯-1-醇 2-Ethenyl-2,5-dimethyl-4-hexen-1-ol	—	—	—	2.61 ± 0.19
	4-萜烯醇 Terpinen-4-ol	—	—	—	2.15 ± 0.32
酯类Esters	己酸乙酯 Ethyl hexanoate	4.99 ± 0.55	—	—	—
酯类Esters	亚硝酸仲丁酯 sec-Butyl nitrite	—	3.18 ± 0.52	—	—
醛类Aldehyde	异戊醛 3-Methylbutanal	—	—	20.88 ± 3.89	—
	正庚醛 Heptanal	—	—	0.75 ± 0.06	1.16 ± 0.17
	己醛 Hexanal	—	—	14.30 ± 1.45	—
	6,6-二甲基双环[3.1.1]庚烷-2-甲醛; 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo(3.1.1)heptane-2-carbaldehyde	—	—	5.90 ± 0.46	—
酮类Ketone	侧柏酮 α-Thujene	—	—	—	4.38 ± 0.59
酮类Ketone	甲基庚烯酮 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	18.98 ± 1.56	2.41 ± 0.45	17.71 ± 2.01	6.06 ± 1.03
酸类Acids	Z-L-精氨酸 Nalpha-Cbz-L-Arginine	0.28 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.08	—	—
烷烃类Alkanes	rel-（2R，3S））-2,3-环氧庚烷rel-(2R,3S)-2,3-Epoxyheptane	—	3.09 ± 0.29	—	—
	(1-甲基丁基)-环氧乙烷 2-pentan-2-yloxirane	15.92 ± 2.06	—	—	4.50 ± 0.79
	(±)-茶螺烷 Theaspirane	—	—	0.67 ± 0.07	0.26 ± 0.07
其他Others	对甲基苯甲醚 4-Methylanisole	—	8.95 ± 1.58	—	—
	(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3-蒎烷胺 (-)-Isopinocampheylamine	8.48 ± 0.79	—	—	1.90 ± 0.51
	2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole	—	—	2.52 ± 0.23	1.72 ± 0.31
	3,4-二甲氧基甲苯 3,4-Dimethoxytoluene	—	—	—	2.34 ± 0.25
	对甲酚 4-Methylphenol	9.73 ± 1.03	—	—	—
	对苯二甲醚 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene	—	2.28 ± 0.33	—	—
	2-甲氧基-3-甲基苯酚 2-Methoxy-3-methylphenol	4.31 ± 0.63	—	—	—