砧木和缓释肥对乌桕‘红紫佳人’生长及观赏性状的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2024-0339

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以乌桕（Triadica sebifera）新品种‘红紫佳人’为材料，分别以乌桕和山乌桕（Triadica cochinchinensis）一年生容器苗为砧木开展嫁接，并对所得嫁接无性系进行不同水平缓释肥处理，测定和分析其生长性状和观赏性状，以及叶片变色过程中色素、可溶性糖含量变化，筛选出生长和观赏的最适施肥量和砧木。结果表明：以乌桕为砧木的处理苗的株高和根系生长较优且更早进入观赏期，而以山乌桕为砧木落叶较迟。不施肥情况下，嫁接无性系叶片中花色素苷积累较快，叶片变色较早；随着施肥量的增加，叶片中花色素苷的积累呈减缓趋势，但落叶盛期则呈延后趋势。因此，施肥不仅能通过减缓叶片中花色素苷的积累来推迟叶片变色，还可通过推迟落叶盛期来增加观赏期时长。砧木为乌桕、施肥量为2 kg · m^-3处理苗的株高、砧木直径、地下部及总干质量、根系性状等生长性状和苗冠大小、苗冠厚度、叶片数等观赏性状均最大，观赏期较长。因此，砧木为乌桕且施肥量为2 kg · m^-3的处理更利于‘红紫佳人’生长和观赏。

关键词: 乌桕, 砧木, 缓释肥, 生长, 生理指标, 观赏性状

Abstract:

This study selected the new cultivar‘Hongzi Jiaren’as the material with one-year-old container seedlings of Triadica sebifera and T. cochinchinensis used as rootstocks，the grafted clones were subjected to different levels of slow-release fertilizer treatment. The growth and ornamental traits，changes in pigment and soluble sugar contents during color change of leaves were measured and analyzed to identify the optimal fertilization and rootstock. The results showed that the grafted clones with T. sebifera as the rootstock had better seedling height and root growth and entered the ornamental period earlier，while the grafted clones with T. cochinchinensis as the rootstock leaves fallen down later. Without fertilization，the anthocyanins accumulation of leaves of grafted clones was faster，and the leaves began to change color earlier. With the increasing of fertilization，the anthocyanins accumulation of leaves were retarded，while the time of most leaves fallen were delayed. Therefore，fertilizations might not only delay leaf color change by slowing down anthocyanins accumulation，but also extended the ornamental period by delaying the time of most leaves fallen. The treatment with T. sebifera used as rootstock and the fertilization amount 2 kg · m^-3 showed the highest values of growth traits（seedling height，rootstock diameter，belowground dry mass，total dry mass and root indicators）and ornamental traits（crown size，crown thickness and number of leaves），suggested a longer ornamental period than the other grafted clones. Thus，the treatment with T. sebifera used as rootstock and the fertilization amount 2 kg · m^-3was better for growth and ornamental effect of‘Hongzi Jiaren’.

Key words: Triadica sebifera, rootstock, slow-release fertilization, growth, physiological indices, ornamental traits

王甜甜, 周琦, 诸葛菲, 蒋冬月, 李因刚. 砧木和缓释肥对乌桕‘红紫佳人’生长及观赏性状的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2025, 52(4): 1037-1050.

WANG Tiantian, ZHOU Qi, ZHUGE Fei, JIANG Dongyue, LI Yingang. The Effects of Rootstocks and Slow-release Fertilizer on the Growth and Ornamental Traits of Triadica sebifera‘Hongzi Jiaren’[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2025, 52(4): 1037-1050.

图/表 14

参考文献 31

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砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3）Fertilization amount	苗高/cm Seedling heigh	砧木直径/mm Rootstock diameter	接穗直径/mm Scion diameter	地下部分干质量/g Dry mass of underground parts	地上部分干质量/g Dry mass of aboveground parts
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	71.93 ± 2.97 de	12.97 ± 1.60 d	7.87 ± 0.47 c	27.96 ± 2.50 c	24.62 ± 1.66 e
	1	104.47 ± 8.42 a	16.07 ± 0.40 ab	10.87 ± 0.21 ab	42.48 ± 2.48 a	50.16 ± 1.83 d
	2	106.93 ± 4.46 a	16.66 ± 0.40 a	11.49 ± 0.89 ab	42.51 ± 2.63 a	65.46 ± 2.31 b
	3	98.87 ± 10.28 ab	15.93 ± 0.80 ab	10.92 ± 0.69 ab	38.08 ± 2.04 b	54.74 ± 2.66 c
	4	88.53 ± 10.63 bc	15.14 ± 1.25 ab	10.21 ± 1.19 b	35.44 ± 1.34 b	54.66 ± 2.24 c
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	59.80 ± 8.62 e	13.53 ± 0.64 cd	7.16 ± 0.31 c	14.53 ± 0.75 e	20.27 ± 1.30 f
	1	78.73 ± 10.46 cd	14.69 ± 1.14 bc	10.51 ± 1.08 b	23.52 ± 1.34 d	58.20 ± 2.09 c
	2	87.27 ± 1.45 bc	15.46 ± 0.43 ab	11.41 ± 0.49 ab	23.90 ± 1.64 d	65.94 ± 1.25 b
	3	97.13 ± 11.67 ab	15.71 ± 0.49 ab	12.07 ± 0.76 a	24.70 ± 0.73 d	69.95 ± 1.90 a
	4	84.60 ± 5.61 bcd	15.20 ± 0.91 ab	11.13 ± 0.72 ab	16.76 ± 1.14 e	56.97 ± 1.64 c
砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3） Fertilization amount	总干质量/g Total dry mass	根长/cm Root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface area	根体积/cm³ Root volume
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	52.58 ± 4.03 e	1 167.19 ± 188.72 c	429.77 ± 54.26 cd	33.89 ± 18.90 bcd
	1	92.64 ± 1.01 b	1 827.09 ± 76.85 a	657.94 ± 14.45 a	67.05 ± 3.35 a
	2	107.97 ± 4.85 a	2 032.70 ± 439.37 a	723.01 ± 50.99 a	74.89 ± 2.79 a
	3	92.82 ± 4.69 b	1 512.58 ± 11.12 b	525.51 ± 44.16 b	42.90 ± 0.67 b
	4	90.11 ± 2.62 b	1 472.99 ± 131.21 b	479.89 ± 78.28 bc	40.84 ± 11.42 b
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	34.80 ± 1.87 f	742.11 ± 54.29 d	284.72 ± 20.15 f	18.71 ± 3.09 e
	1	81.73 ± 3.23 c	1 091.00 ± 27.17 c	395.30 ± 11.99 de	26.55 ± 3.56 cde
	2	89.84 ± 2.74 b	1 150.76 ± 19.11 c	468.49 ± 42.13 bcd	30.46 ± 2.70 bcde
	3	94.66 ± 2.54 b	1 292.61 ± 63.93 bc	487.43 ± 28.25 bc	40.28 ± 4.87 bc
	4	73.72 ± 2.31 d	1 029.02 ± 73.63 c	341.10 ± 35.85 ef	21.05 ± 0.59 de

砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3）Fertilization amount	苗高/cm Seedling heigh	砧木直径/mm Rootstock diameter	接穗直径/mm Scion diameter	地下部分干质量/g Dry mass of underground parts	地上部分干质量/g Dry mass of aboveground parts
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	71.93 ± 2.97 de	12.97 ± 1.60 d	7.87 ± 0.47 c	27.96 ± 2.50 c	24.62 ± 1.66 e
	1	104.47 ± 8.42 a	16.07 ± 0.40 ab	10.87 ± 0.21 ab	42.48 ± 2.48 a	50.16 ± 1.83 d
	2	106.93 ± 4.46 a	16.66 ± 0.40 a	11.49 ± 0.89 ab	42.51 ± 2.63 a	65.46 ± 2.31 b
	3	98.87 ± 10.28 ab	15.93 ± 0.80 ab	10.92 ± 0.69 ab	38.08 ± 2.04 b	54.74 ± 2.66 c
	4	88.53 ± 10.63 bc	15.14 ± 1.25 ab	10.21 ± 1.19 b	35.44 ± 1.34 b	54.66 ± 2.24 c
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	59.80 ± 8.62 e	13.53 ± 0.64 cd	7.16 ± 0.31 c	14.53 ± 0.75 e	20.27 ± 1.30 f
	1	78.73 ± 10.46 cd	14.69 ± 1.14 bc	10.51 ± 1.08 b	23.52 ± 1.34 d	58.20 ± 2.09 c
	2	87.27 ± 1.45 bc	15.46 ± 0.43 ab	11.41 ± 0.49 ab	23.90 ± 1.64 d	65.94 ± 1.25 b
	3	97.13 ± 11.67 ab	15.71 ± 0.49 ab	12.07 ± 0.76 a	24.70 ± 0.73 d	69.95 ± 1.90 a
	4	84.60 ± 5.61 bcd	15.20 ± 0.91 ab	11.13 ± 0.72 ab	16.76 ± 1.14 e	56.97 ± 1.64 c
砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3） Fertilization amount	总干质量/g Total dry mass	根长/cm Root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface area	根体积/cm³ Root volume
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	52.58 ± 4.03 e	1 167.19 ± 188.72 c	429.77 ± 54.26 cd	33.89 ± 18.90 bcd
	1	92.64 ± 1.01 b	1 827.09 ± 76.85 a	657.94 ± 14.45 a	67.05 ± 3.35 a
	2	107.97 ± 4.85 a	2 032.70 ± 439.37 a	723.01 ± 50.99 a	74.89 ± 2.79 a
	3	92.82 ± 4.69 b	1 512.58 ± 11.12 b	525.51 ± 44.16 b	42.90 ± 0.67 b
	4	90.11 ± 2.62 b	1 472.99 ± 131.21 b	479.89 ± 78.28 bc	40.84 ± 11.42 b
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	34.80 ± 1.87 f	742.11 ± 54.29 d	284.72 ± 20.15 f	18.71 ± 3.09 e
	1	81.73 ± 3.23 c	1 091.00 ± 27.17 c	395.30 ± 11.99 de	26.55 ± 3.56 cde
	2	89.84 ± 2.74 b	1 150.76 ± 19.11 c	468.49 ± 42.13 bcd	30.46 ± 2.70 bcde
	3	94.66 ± 2.54 b	1 292.61 ± 63.93 bc	487.43 ± 28.25 bc	40.28 ± 4.87 bc
	4	73.72 ± 2.31 d	1 029.02 ± 73.63 c	341.10 ± 35.85 ef	21.05 ± 0.59 de

变异来源 Source of variation	砧木 Rootstock	缓释肥Slow-release fertilization	砧木 × 缓释肥 Rootstock × slow-release fertilization	机误 Machine error
苗高Seedling height	1 198.272^**	1 031.338^**	155.935	67.179
砧木直径Rootstock diameter	1.426	7.432^**	1.035	0.806
接穗直径Scion diameter	0.258	16.186^**	0.985	0.556
地下部分干质量Dry mass of underground parts	2 069.966^**	162.006^**	12.880^**	3.215
地上部分干质量Dry mass of aboveground parts	141.050^**	1 781.126^**	84.896^**	3.743
总干质量Total dry mass	1 130.333^**	2 871.017^**	105.911^**	10.282
根长Root length	2 198 459.194^**	356 304.046^**	105 080.176^*	26 545.950
根表面积Root surface area	211 216.066^**	54 253.150^**	13 013.151^**	1 823.933
根体积Root volume	4 502.716^**	717.784^**	465.185^**	56.080

变异来源 Source of variation	砧木 Rootstock	缓释肥Slow-release fertilization	砧木 × 缓释肥 Rootstock × slow-release fertilization	机误 Machine error
苗高Seedling height	1 198.272^**	1 031.338^**	155.935	67.179
砧木直径Rootstock diameter	1.426	7.432^**	1.035	0.806
接穗直径Scion diameter	0.258	16.186^**	0.985	0.556
地下部分干质量Dry mass of underground parts	2 069.966^**	162.006^**	12.880^**	3.215
地上部分干质量Dry mass of aboveground parts	141.050^**	1 781.126^**	84.896^**	3.743
总干质量Total dry mass	1 130.333^**	2 871.017^**	105.911^**	10.282
根长Root length	2 198 459.194^**	356 304.046^**	105 080.176^*	26 545.950
根表面积Root surface area	211 216.066^**	54 253.150^**	13 013.151^**	1 823.933
根体积Root volume	4 502.716^**	717.784^**	465.185^**	56.080

砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3） Fertilization amount	叶全变色期/（M-D） The time of most leaves color changed	落叶盛期/（M-D） The time of most leaves fallen	观赏期/d Ornamental period
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	10-02	10-21	19.00 ± 1.00 e
	1	10-10	11-02	23.00 ± 1.00 c
	2	10-17	11-15	29.33 ± 1.53 b
	3	10-30	11-20	21.00 ± 1.00 d
	4	11-04	11-23	19.33 ± 0.58 de
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	10-12	10-28	16.67 ± 1.15 f
	1	10-16	11-04	19.33 ± 0.58 de
	2	10-26	11-15	20.33 ± 0.58 de
	3	11-02	12-03	32.00 ± 1.00 a
	4	11-05	11-28	23.67 ± 1.53 c
砧木 Rootstock	施肥量/（kg · m^-3） Fertilization amount	一级分枝数/条 Number of primary branch	苗冠大小/cm Crown size of seedling	苗冠厚度/cm Canopy thickness of seedling	叶片数/片 Number of leaf
乌桕 Triadica sebifera	0（对照Control）	3.27 ± 0.12 g	29.03 ± 0.93 d	22.60 ± 1.20 d	82.00 ± 5.33 e
	1	4.47 ± 0.31 e	64.20 ± 7.20 ab	66.60 ± 3.02 ab	147.22 ± 2.80 d
	2	5.93 ± 0.23 b	67.57 ± 4.76 a	70.07 ± 9.68 a	222.44 ± 12.54 a
	3	4.87 ± 0.12 d	67.00 ± 5.26 a	66.33 ± 7.54 ab	171.78 ± 5.27 bc
	4	4.47 ± 0.12 e	64.20 ± 10.39 ab	58.47 ± 7.46 ab	153.00 ± 15.72 cd
山乌桕 Triadica cochinchinensis	0（对照Control）	2.33 ± 0.12 h	20.70 ± 3.39 d	20.40 ± 9.83 d	57.22 ± 2.01 f
	1	3.87 ± 0.12 f	48.40 ± 6.56 c	44.13 ± 7.02 c	130.56 ± 13.52 d
	2	5.00 ± 0.20 cd	55.70 ± 6.56 bc	54.20 ± 6.08 bc	170.78 ± 15.50 bc
	3	6.80 ± 0.35 a	67.27 ± 4.45 a	64.20 ± 10.93 ab	220.78 ± 23.01 a
	4	5.27 ± 0.12 c	60.17 ± 0.40 ab	56.67 ± 2.91 abc	190.61 ± 15.20 b