生物有机肥加专用肥对葡萄园土壤养分、微生物和产量的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0157

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以设施栽培‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为研究对象，以常规施肥处理为对照，探究生物有机肥 + 专用化肥对土壤养分、土壤微生物多样性和葡萄产量的影响。研究结果表明，与对照相比，生物有机肥 +专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥处理下的土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾和交换性钙、镁含量均显著增加，土壤细菌多样性Chao1指数、Shannon指数以及OTU总数均显著上升（P < 0.05），但土壤真菌多样性Chao1指数和Shannon指数没有明显变化。通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析获得土壤细菌菌群分属于40门、108纲、240目、326科和595属，土壤真菌菌群分属于13门、32纲、71目、126科和172属。与对照相比，生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥处理，在细菌门水平上，放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度提高了80.33%，在细菌纲水平上，α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）相对丰度提高了29.62%，放线细菌纲（Actinobacteria）相对丰度提高了108.56%，在真菌门水平上，子囊菌门（Ascomycota）提高了4.48%，在真菌纲水平上，粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）提高了10.42%，但散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）和座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）分别降低了26.38%和29.42%。冗余分析（RDA）发现，土壤细菌和真菌群落在门水平上，环境因子解释率分别为64.21%和56.91%，其中土壤pH、速效钾和交换性钙、镁对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大。生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥处理的产量和可溶性固形物含量比常规施肥对照分别提高了25.91%和5.61%。

关键词: 生物有机肥, 施肥模式, 葡萄园, 养分, 微生物多样性

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of biological-organic fertilizer combined with specialized fertilizer on soil nutrients，soil microbial diversity and yield in vineyards，this study selected the‘Shine Muscat’grape under protected cultivation as the research object，and conventional fertilization treatment as the control treatment. The research results showed that the soil pH，available phosphorus，available potassium，and exchangeable calcium or magnesium contents under the biological-organic fertilizer combined with specialized fertilizer and specialized water-soluble fertilizer treatment were significantly increased（P < 0.05）compared with the control treatment. The value of soil bacterial diversity Chao1 index，Shannon index，and total OUT on showed a significant increase，but the soil fungal diversity Chao1 index and Shannon index had no significant changes. The results of Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that soil bacterial communities can be classified into 40 phyla，108 classes，240 orders，326 families，and 595 genera，while soil fungal communities can be classified into 13 phyla，32 classes，71 orders，126 families，and 172 genera. Compared with control treatment，biological-organic fertilizer combined with specialized fertilizer and specialized water-soluble fertilizer treatments at the bacterial phyla level，the relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased by 80.33%，and the bacterial classes level，the relative abundance of α-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased by 29.62% and 108.56%，respectively. At the fungi phyla level，the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased by 4.48%，and at the fungi classes level，Sordariomycetes increased by 10.42%，but Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes decreased by 26.38% and 29.42%. Redundancy analysis（RDA）found that at the phyla level，the explanation rates of environmental factors for soil bacterial and fungal communities change were 64.21% and 56.91% respectively. Soil pH，available potassium，and exchangeable calcium or magnesium had a significant impact on the structure of soil microbial communities in vineyards. Compared to the control treatment，the yield and soluble solid content increased by 25.91% and 5.61% under the biological-organic fertilizer combined with specialized fertilizer and specialized water-soluble fertilizer treatment，respectively.

Key words: biological-organic fertilizers, fertilization patterns, vineyards, nutrients, microbial diversity

伍少福, 韩科峰, 吴良欢. 生物有机肥加专用肥对葡萄园土壤养分、微生物和产量的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2024, 51(5): 1099-1112.

WU Shaofu, HAN Kefeng, WU Lianghuan. Effects of Biological-Organic Fertilizer Combined with Specialized Fertilizer on Soil Nutrients，Microbial Diversity and Yield in Vineyards[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2024, 51(5): 1099-1112.

图/表 9

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处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer				追肥 Top fertilizer
					催芽肥 Germinating fertilizer	坐果肥 Fruiting fertilizer				膨果肥 Bentonite fertilizer				转色肥 Chromogenic fertilizer
					催芽肥 Germinating fertilizer	第1次 First time		第2次 Second time		第1次 First time		第2次 Second time		转色肥 Chromogenic fertilizer
	OM1	F1	OM2	F4	F2	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1 + F2，F3（Control）	7 500	375			75	120		120		120		120		120
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3			7 500	638	75	120		120		120		120		120
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2+ F4 + F2，F5			7 500	638	75		105		105		105		105		105

处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer				追肥 Top fertilizer
					催芽肥 Germinating fertilizer	坐果肥 Fruiting fertilizer				膨果肥 Bentonite fertilizer				转色肥 Chromogenic fertilizer
					催芽肥 Germinating fertilizer	第1次 First time		第2次 Second time		第1次 First time		第2次 Second time		转色肥 Chromogenic fertilizer
	OM1	F1	OM2	F4	F2	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5	F3	F5
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1 + F2，F3（Control）	7 500	375			75	120		120		120		120		120
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3			7 500	638	75	120		120		120		120		120
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2+ F4 + F2，F5			7 500	638	75		105		105		105		105		105

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	全氮/（g · kg^-1） Total N	碱解氮/（mg · kg^-1） Available N
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1 + F2，F3（Control）	6.04 ± 0.11 b	58.27 ± 24.73 a	2.92 ± 0.05 a	386.40 ± 24.73 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3	6.22 ± 0.35 b	60.50 ± 23.13 a	2.95 ± 0.29 a	396.66 ± 23.13 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F5	6.90 ± 0.07 a	62.17 ± 20.07 a	3.08 ± 0.28 a	403.67 ± 20.07 a
处理 Treatment	有效磷/ （mg · kg^-1） Available P	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available K	交换性钙/ （cmol · kg^-1）Exchangeable Ca	交换性镁/ （cmol · kg^-1） Exchangeable Mg
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1+ F2，F3（Control）	45.00 ± 2.46 c	338.33 ± 24.14 b	10.64 ± 0.88 b	2.15 ± 0.20 b
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3	54.96 ± 3.85 b	384.00 ± 37.13 b	11.33 ± 0.79 b	2.50 ± 0.05 ab
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F5	65.47 ± 1.89 a	505.67 ± 44.99 a	14.42 ± 0.39 a	2.97 ± 0.29 a

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	全氮/（g · kg^-1） Total N	碱解氮/（mg · kg^-1） Available N
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1 + F2，F3（Control）	6.04 ± 0.11 b	58.27 ± 24.73 a	2.92 ± 0.05 a	386.40 ± 24.73 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3	6.22 ± 0.35 b	60.50 ± 23.13 a	2.95 ± 0.29 a	396.66 ± 23.13 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F5	6.90 ± 0.07 a	62.17 ± 20.07 a	3.08 ± 0.28 a	403.67 ± 20.07 a
处理 Treatment	有效磷/ （mg · kg^-1） Available P	速效钾/（mg · kg^-1） Available K	交换性钙/ （cmol · kg^-1）Exchangeable Ca	交换性镁/ （cmol · kg^-1） Exchangeable Mg
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1+ F2，F3（Control）	45.00 ± 2.46 c	338.33 ± 24.14 b	10.64 ± 0.88 b	2.15 ± 0.20 b
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3	54.96 ± 3.85 b	384.00 ± 37.13 b	11.33 ± 0.79 b	2.50 ± 0.05 ab
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F5	65.47 ± 1.89 a	505.67 ± 44.99 a	14.42 ± 0.39 a	2.97 ± 0.29 a

处理 Treatment	OTU	Chao1	Shannon	Simpson
有机肥 + 复合肥 + 水溶肥（对照） OM1 + F1 + F2，F3（Control）	4 471 ± 41 c	4 470.90 ± 20.34 c	3.07 ± 0.01 b	0.49 ± 0.06 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F3	4 679 ± 41 b	4 679.17 ± 12.76 b	3.12 ± 0.02 a	0.51 ± 0.04 a
生物有机肥 + 专用复合肥 + 专用水溶肥 OM2 + F4 + F2，F5	4 870 ± 26 a	4 870.47 ± 16.05 a	3.13 ± 0.01 a	0.52 ± 0.01 a