茶园有机肥替代化肥对土壤养分和茶叶产量与品质的影响

doi:10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0481

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以‘景白1号’茶树品种为试验材料，通过不施肥、常规施肥、100%施化肥、30%有机肥替代化肥和100%有机肥替代化肥5个处理，研究对茶园土壤养分和茶叶产量与品质影响。3年的试验结果表明，施肥处理显著提高茶园土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效镁等含量，并提高了茶树对N、P、K、Mg等元素的吸收量，但有机肥替代处理下茶树对各元素吸收呈现不同趋势。施肥处理均提高了茶叶产量，其中30%有机肥替代化肥处理增产最显著，3年平均增产27.28%。此外，不同施肥结构对茶叶品质成分的影响不同。与不施肥相比，各施肥处理不同程度地促进了茶叶游离氨基酸的累积，降低茶叶酚氨比；不同施肥结构作用于茶树3年后，GA、EC、EGCG、EC、酯型儿茶素、非酯型儿茶素及总儿茶素等含量降低，常规施肥和30%有机肥替代化肥处理较不施肥处理茶叶咖啡碱含量有所提高。同时，施肥处理提高茶叶氨基酸含量，且30%有机肥替代化肥处理提高幅度更明显。试验结果综合表明，30%有机肥替代化肥处理能够在提高茶叶产量的同时提升茶叶品质。

关键词: 施肥结构, 土壤养分, 茶叶产量, 茶叶品质

Abstract:

The effect of soil nutrients and tea yield and quality to different fertilization structures was studied by using the‘Jingbai 1’tea cultivar as experimental material through five fertilization treatments: no fertilization，conventional fertilization，100% chemical fertilizer fertilization，30% organic fertilizer substitution and 100% organic fertilizer substitution. The results of three-year experiment showed that fertilization treatments significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter，total nitrogen (N)，available phosphorus (P)，available potassium (K) and available magnesium (Mg)，and increased the absorption of N，P，K and Mg. Whereas organic fertilizer substitution treatment showed divergent variation in nutrient absorption. Meanwhile，fertilization treatments displayed a positive effect on tea yield. 30% organic fertilizer substitution treatment revealed the highest increase in tea yield with a 27.28% average increase in the three years. In addition，the components of tea quality showed diverse responses to different treatments. When compared with no fertilization，other fertilization treatments promoted the accumulation of free amino acids，decreased the polyphenol/amino acids. After three years，compared to no fertilization treatment，other fertilization treatments decreased the contents of GA，EC，EGCG，EC，ester catechin，Non-ester catechin and total catechin. Furthermore，conventional fertilization and 30% organic fertilizer substitution treatments increased the caffeine content compared with no fertilization treatment. Meanwhile，fertilization treatment increased the content of umami amino acid，organic fertilizer substitution treatment increased obviously. In summary，the results showed that 30% organic fertilizer substitution treatment can effectively improve the tea yield and quality.

Key words: fertilization structure, soil nutrient, tea yield, tea quality

疏再发, 吉庆勇, 邵静娜, 郑生宏, 周慧娟, 何卫中. 茶园有机肥替代化肥对土壤养分和茶叶产量与品质的影响[J]. 园艺学报, 2023, 50(10): 2207-2219.

SHU Zaifa, JI Qingyong, SHAO Jingna, ZHENG Shenghong, ZHOU Huijuan, HE Weizhong. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Replacement on Soil Nutrients in Tea Garden and Yield-quality of Tea Plant[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2023, 50(10): 2207-2219.

图/表 9

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肥料Fertilizer	pH	有机质Organic matter	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Mg
羊粪Sheep manure	7.9	27	0.714	0.219	0.316	0.0303
菜籽饼Rape seed cake	7.1	68	3.350	1.120	1.290	0.5970

肥料Fertilizer	pH	有机质Organic matter	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Mg
羊粪Sheep manure	7.9	27	0.714	0.219	0.316	0.0303
菜籽饼Rape seed cake	7.1	68	3.350	1.120	1.290	0.5970

施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	肥料及施肥量/（kg · hm^-2） Fertilizer and application amount						各元素施用量/（kg · hm^-2）
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	羊粪 Sheep manure	菜籽饼 Rapeseed cake	尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Superphosphate	氯化钾 KCl	茶叶专用肥 Tea special fertilizer	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Mg
不施肥No fertilization	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
^a常规Conventional	2 250	2 250	750	600	125		428.94	82.63	126.14	14.11
^b化肥Chemical（C）			114			1 125	298.80	90.00	135.00	11.81
^c C70% + O30%	12 855		79.5			787.5	300.82	91.16	135.13	12.16
^d有机肥Organic（O）	42 857						306.00	93.86	135.43	12.99

施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	肥料及施肥量/（kg · hm^-2） Fertilizer and application amount						各元素施用量/（kg · hm^-2）
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	羊粪 Sheep manure	菜籽饼 Rapeseed cake	尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Superphosphate	氯化钾 KCl	茶叶专用肥 Tea special fertilizer	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Mg
不施肥No fertilization	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
^a常规Conventional	2 250	2 250	750	600	125		428.94	82.63	126.14	14.11
^b化肥Chemical（C）			114			1 125	298.80	90.00	135.00	11.81
^c C70% + O30%	12 855		79.5			787.5	300.82	91.16	135.13	12.16
^d有机肥Organic（O）	42 857						306.00	93.86	135.43	12.99

年份 Year	施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	pH	有机质/（g · kg^-1） Organic matter	全N/（g · kg^-1） Total N	P₂O₅/ （mg · kg^-1）	K₂O / （mg · kg^-1）	总Mg/（mg · kg^-1） Total Mg
2019	不施肥No fertilization	4.59 ± 0.35 b	20.85 ± 3.33 a	2.02 ± 0.17 ab	39.56 ± 3.31 b	86.54 ± 3.00 c	20.50 ± 0.66 c
	常规Conventional	4.45 ± 0.42 ab	45.94 ± 4.41 c	3.05 ± 0.24 bc	58.54 ± 5.08 c	144.60 ± 2.74 e	27.07 ± 1.91 d
	化肥Chemical（C）	4.16 ± 0.26 a	31.73 ± 2.67 b	2.78 ± 0.19 b	52.05 ± 2.49 c	102.38 ± 5.50 d	20.83 ± 2.01 c
	C70% + O30%	4.49 ± 0.31 ab	47.77 ± 3.83 cd	2.83 ± 0.30 b	58.65 ± 5.51 c	138.56 ± 3.64 e	31.45 ± 1.65 de
	有机肥Organic（O）	4.88 ± 0.45 b	55.47 ± 3.39 d	2.89 ± 0.26 b	74.62 ± 6.87 d	210.08 ± 10.34 fg	30.67 ± 1.37 de
2020	不施肥No fertilization	4.56 ± 0.39 b	18.55 ± 1.63 a	1.62 ± 0.16 a	35.07 ± 2.46 b	66.64 ± 1.46 b	15.51 ± 0.56 ab
	常规Conventional	4.32 ± 0.16 ab	55.94 ± 3.96 d	3.85 ± 0.41 c	81.95 ± 3.52 de	121.16 ± 2.60 de	22.21 ± 1.75 cd
	化肥Chemical（C）	4.16 ± 0.22 a	34.73 ± 3.66 b	2.68 ± 0.17 b	74.89 ± 5.11 d	115.30 ± 7.77 de	13.05 ± 0.40 ab
	C70% + O30%	4.45 ± 0.39 ab	52.77 ± 3.54 d	3.13 ± 0.30 bc	84.73 ± 4.30 de	146.38 ± 8.21 e	17.72 ± 1.55 abc
	有机肥Organic（O）	4.70 ± 0.25 b	59.47 ± 6.65 d	2.99 ± 0.40 bc	91.90 ± 5.08 e	196.05 ± 10.01 f	19.30 ± 0.90 c
2021	不施肥No fertilization	4.51 ± 0.32 b	15.96 ± 2.58 a	1.42 ± 0.16 a	19.48 ± 1.33 a	49.23 ± 3.00 a	12.21 ± 0.30 a
	常规Conventional	4.49 ± 0.44 ab	54.94 ± 4.49 d	3.35 ± 0.34 bc	145.00 ± 3.82 g	175.00 ± 7.13 ef	32.21 ± 1.98 de
	化肥Chemical（C）	4.24 ± 0.43 a	45.73 ± 6.07 c	2.78 ± 0.09 b	111.95 ± 4.01 f	126.60 ± 3.82 de	25.05 ± 0.87 cd
	C70% + O30%	4.59 ± 0.36 b	56.77 ± 5.36 d	2.93 ± 0.19 bc	154.66 ± 10.34 g	156.46 ± 6.76 e	27.72 ± 0.22 d
	有机肥Organic（O）	4.76 ± 0.31 b	63.47 ± 3.25 d	3.39 ± 0.20 bc	188.14 ± 9.3 6h	253.33 ± 11.33 g	33.30 ± 1.80 e